名譽革命후의 英國의 外交政策

이헌균 安東大學 1985 安東大學 論文集 Vol.7 No.1

The Glorious Revolution has brought to England great changes in politics, economy, and society, which were not originally anticipated by its performers. The most important one among them has been occured in relations between European countries and England. The Revolution has made England to give up her previous relations to Europe and to meddle actively in the European matters. These changes of English attitude toward Europe after the Revolution were caused by William`s concern for European affairs and Louis XIV`s threat to the English succession. So, the maintenance of the European power balance and the safeguard of Protestant succession became two aims of the English foreign policy after the Revolution. To achieve these two aims England was vigorously engaged in the war against France for 20 years by making alliances with other European countries. England achieved to some extent her aims by the Ryswick Treaty and the Utrecht Treaty which were concluded as a result of the struggle against France, and obtained much commercial interests as well as the position of a leading power in Europe as its byproducts. Also, there was great change in the process of decision and execution of foreign policy after the Revolution; Parliament began to exercise its influence over the foreign policy by challenging the crown`s power in this part. This process was carried through a series of affairs such as the condemnation of parliament to the method of conclusion of two Partion Treaties and changes of the European circumstancies caused by the division and succession of Spain after the death of Charles II. As a result govern nent had to mike more efforts than before to get support of parliament in executing its foreign policy. This process was also accelerated by M. P.s". getting easily accurate informations on European countries through the newspapers which appeared after the abolition of the Licencing Act in 1695. But the result was not infallibly desirable, and the extent of the consolidation of parliament power to decide and execute the foreign policy was not so deep as to exceed the crown`s power in this part. Crown`s power still exceeded that of parliament in the foreign policy in the early eighteenth century, and the process of strengthening parliament power in this part was continued in Hanoverian dynasty.

도버(Dover) 비밀조약:그 풀리지 않는 의문들

이헌균 대구사학회 2004 대구사학 Vol.77 No.-

The secret treaty of Dover was concluded on May 22, 1670 in a week after CharlesⅡ's sister Henrietta, duchess of Orleans, arrived at Dover harbor under the guise of visiting her family. The treaty was the linchpin of his diplomatic policies as well as an enigma, because it not only changed his policies to pro-French and anti-Holland but also had many doubtful points. These were caused by the fact that the relevant parties to this treaty didn't make clear their thoughts and motivations, the fact that related materials were short due to intentional destruction of them and the fact that materials weren't also clear because of the limitation of translations of the related materials and the lack of the integrities of writers. The first question was why Charles clarified his conversion to Catholicism and included this fact into the treaty and the second one was what motivated Charles to conclude this treaty. And the last one was if his pro-France and anti-Holland policy concluded by the Dover treaty was beneficial for England or not. Though many scholars presented various opinions about the previous two questions, they couldn't find an answer that all could agree on. But, when it comes to the last one, unlike insistences of the Catholics and a group of historians who appeared to take advantage of reconciliation mood between England and France in the 1920s, people came to an agreement that his anti-Holland and pro-France policy was the biggest mistake he made during the whole period of his reign.

復古王政 初期 英國의 外交政策 - 폴투칼, 스페인 및 프랑스와의 관계를 중심으로 -

李憲均 안동사학회 1994 안동사학 Vol.1 No.-

왕정복고 체제: 종교

이헌균 역사교육학회 2006 역사교육논집 Vol.37 No.-

Restoration Settlements: Religion Lee, Hun-kyun The traditional ruling class-the aristocracy and the gentry-who had broken down the Anglican Church organization in the 1640s wanted to restore the Church of England as the time goes by. It was because of the facts that they were disappointed at the presbyterians' strict principles and erections of sects, that they had no mind to depart from the Church, and that they lost their traditional political influences. At the Convention there were attempts to make the tolerant religious settlement that Charles and Clarendon had promised in the Declaration of Breda. But these attempts were frustrated. So it has been recovered quickly along with the Restoration. All over the country, chapters were reconstructed, administrative affairs of bishops restored, the church courts revived, and the ordination was made publicly. The Cavalier Parliament made a series of penal laws against the dissenters, called the Clarendon Code-Corporation Act, Act of Uniformity, the first and second Conventicle Acts, Five Mile Act-to exterminate the dissenters from England, taking the opportunity of the Venner's rising. The condition of re-established Anglican Church along with the Restoration was outwardly recovered as much as that of the Church of England before the rebellion, but actually it wasn't. It was because the dissenters survived strong suppressions of the Anglican Church against the expectations of the Church of England. The reasons were that the king continued supporting religious toleration, all nobility and gentry objected to suppressing the dissenters, and most local administrators except in special periods or except of special religious sects-for example, Quakers-didn't carry out penal laws severely.

復古王政 初期 英國의 外交政策 : 폴투갈, 스페인 및 프랑스와의 관계를 중심으로 Articles ; Diplomacy of the Early Restoration England

이헌균 安東大學校 史學會 1994 安東史學 Vol.1 No.1

Charles의 왕정복고가 이루어진 1660년 무렵의 유럽은 크게 볼 때는 오랬동안 강대국으로 알려져 왔던 Habsburg 가의 스페인이 정치적, 경제적, 군사적으로 쇠퇴하고 Burbon 가의 프랑스가 이에 대신하여 새로운 강대국으로 부상하고 있던 과도기였으며, 작게 볼 때는 아직 해결되지 않고 있는 과거의 분쟁요소들이 남아있을 뿐만 아니라 새로운 불평요소들이 생겨나고 있던 불안정한 시기였다고 할 수 있다.

실차 시험을 통한 ER 현가장치의 성능평가

이헌균,최승복,한승직,장유진,이성범,Lee, Heon-Gyun,Choe, Seung-Bok,Han, Seung-Jik,Jang, Yu-Jin,Lee, Seong-Beom 대한기계학회 2000 大韓機械學會論文集A Vol.24 No.2

This paper presents performance characteristics of a semi-active suspension featuring continuously variable ER (electro-rheological) dampers. These are evaluated through the field test of a passeng er car. Four ER dampers (two for front and two for rear part) are manufactured and their field-dependent damping properties are experimentally investigated. The damping force responses to step input fields are also identified by employing small size of high voltage amplifiers which are made adaptable to the field test. A skyhook controller considering the vertical, pitch and roll motions is formulated and incorporated with a car to be tested. The field test is then undertaken in order to evaluate both comfortability and steering stability showing bump, dive and squat responses.

先山業化時代(1500~1700) London의 成長

이헌균 安東大學 1983 安東大學 論文集 Vol.5 No.1

The Growth of London was the most particular development in English urban society between 1500 and 1700. London`s importance was growing in the period. The most obvious aspect of metropolitan growth in the period was demographic. It seems probable that the number of inhabitants in London rose from about 60,000 (about 2.6% of England population) at the start of the sixteenth century to 575,000 (about 10.4% of England population) in 1700. London`s demographic growth was due not to natural increase but to provincial imigrants. Demographic growth of London resulted in the expansion of the areas beyond the city limits, especially to the east with the poor and to the west with the wealthy. Not less important was the rapid growth of the London port. The port made its development through 16~17C., became the centre of foreign trade in Western Europe, and controlled two parts of the total domestic trading amounts in 1700. Closely related to the growth of the port was the development of several major industries, such as shipbuilding, sugar refining, textile manufacturing, silk weaving, dyeing, metalworking, and tanning etc. Another growth in London occurred in services and professions in the period. Shops, schools, beauty shops, coffee houses, theaters and public houses were developed and publications of newspapers and books were increased. Legal professions were developed and the number of scriveners, physicians, apothecaries, bookbinders, astrologers and schoolmasters was multiplied. As the result of these growth London was very different from the typical pre-industrial city for which Sjorberg accounts and had many side effects: food riots, sporadic attacks on aliens, guild conflicts, the great number of slums, the lack of sanitary arrangements in the majority of houses, the prevalence of poverty, unemployment and crime, the frequent plagues and the pollution of smoke and dust etc. The causes of London`s growth were national population growth, the diversity of London'`s mixed economy, good condition to satisfy the demands generated by the growth of conspicuous consumption, the advantage metropolis enjoyed as the country's political pattern toward the direction which could helped these growth. These metropolitan expansion had great effect on politics, social behaviors, and economy. London`s influence in England politics was caused by the consequence of its size, its close proximity to central government and parliament, its growing wealth, and its role in making public opinion through the monopoly of news media, and was witnessed in the Puritan Revolution, Restoration, the Glorious Revolution, and struggle with France. London also acted as a powerful solvent of the customs, prejudices and modes of action of traditional, rural England. But the greatest effect of London`s growth occurred in the economy. Metropolitan expansion has been seen as giving a major boost to the internal trade, agricultural specialization and product, many technical improvements which were to come to a fuller fruition during the classical years of the industrial revolution, manufacturing industries including shipbuilding, and the development of transport system.

영국의 1710년 총선거

李憲均 안동사학회 1996 안동사학 Vol.2 No.-

名譽革命後의 臨時遵敎問題

이헌균 安東大學 1986 安東大學 論文集 Vol.8 No.1

Occasional Conformity practice was an outgrowth of the Restoration Settlement. But this practice became one of the most important problems, and created violent controversies between Tory and Whig after the Glorious Revolution (1688). Tories opposed the practice, and Whigs supported it. These attitudes of both parties toward the practice seemed to be reflection of differences of both parties` view of religion. Occasional Conformity controversies vehemently went on in and outside the parliament. Controversies outside the parliament began in 1697, when Daniel Defoe criticized the practice. But it was intensified during parliamentary struggles on the issue. Opposers to the practice argued these; ① One can be a Conformist or a Dissenter, but not both, and thus Occasional Conformity is a contradiction in terms, ② Occasional Conformists bring their bodies to us, but leave their consciences behind them, therefore they become not a member of the church but an intruder. Supporters to the practice proclaimed those; ① Occasional Conformist`s Communion with Church of England is Communion with Catholic church, and not with a party. ② When dissenters are called to an office, the law requires the Occasional Comformity. That`s the reason they do it. And the doing what the law requires is no fault. On the other hand, parliamentary struggles on the issue lasted just over two years, from November 1702, when the first Occasional Conformity bill was introduced in the House of Commons, until December 1704, when the 3rd bill was repealed in the House of Lords. All three bills were introduced in the Commons, and passed the Commons, but all were destroyed by the Lords. Tories at last succeeded to make the Occasional Conformity bill into the act by the well-calculated support of Whigs in 1711. But the act failed to live up to the Tories` expectations, and it was repealed in 1719. At any rate, both parties` vehement struggles on the issue in and outside the parliament became fuel in the conflict between Tory and Whig in this period.

제임스 2세의 의회 자파채우기 운동

이헌균 역사교육학회 1999 역사교육논집 Vol.23·24 No.-