峿堂 李象秀의 散文批評論 硏究

이향배(Hyang-Bae Lee) 어문연구학회 2008 어문연구 Vol.56 No.-

  This study examines the prose criticism by Sangsoo Lee. He was concerned about the deterioration of customs that respect scholars and letters caused by the unfair practice of the Goageo (State Examination). He criticized scholars who bribed sons of influential families to buy their governmental positions, and emphasized the attitude of scholars who depend on heaven"s will to enter into governmental positions after making themselves proficient.<BR>  Sangsoo Lee considered close and analytic reading important to write well. In those times, most scholars devoted themselves to studying poetry and prose to pass the Goageo so they memorized some phrases without closely reading the entire work. Thus, he presented a reading method to understand the deeper meaning of the passages because he thought it was an urgent goal to raise the level of reading. For good reading, readers must find the main purport first and then the conclusion. To find the conclusion is possible by analyses of arrangement, order, contextual connection, and organization into paragraphs. He believed that these analyses help readers to understand what meanings the authors wanted to deliver. He also thought that analytical reading was prerequisite to become a good writer.<BR>  Songsoo Lee was interested in the ancient texts as well. He classified the existing letters by "mun" and "pil" of Gogonggi, He considered Sigi of Samacheon and the ancient text of Hanyu as "pil". He argued that the scope of the ancient texts must be expanded to Byunryomun because "mun" means Daewomun. He thought he could acheive the truth through "mun." For bimun, he laid stress on "ganum" but he did not follow the old law unconditionally and pursued "bimun" that could fit to the time.<BR>  He found out the main purport, the conclusion, and descriptive techniques through the analytical examination of Hokrijon and Hoasikjon. He mostly analyzed the style and structure of the writing rather than its content to grasp what Samacheon"s intention was and what style he was using. This task needs critical perspectives towards writing and insights as a writer.

전통시대(傳統時代) 조석(潮汐)에 대한 변증 연구

이향배 ( Lee Hyang Bae ) 한국동양예술학회 2020 동양예술 Vol.49 No.-

In this paper, I analyzed the logic of the theory of tide by categories after compiling dialectical data which were raised in the traditional era. In this process, I looked into the discussion method of natural phenomenon in traditional times and into how scientific thoughts have been formed. This results in three categories of the traditional theory of tide in general. First, I reviewed the theory of tide by several virtuous scholars in our country focused on the theory of earth-breath. Discussion of the theory of tide was begun by Lee Gyu-bo in the middle period of Gyoryeo dynasty. He compared 'the theory in which tide is caused by the moon and the sun' by Nho Heup-ju with 《Juyeok周易》or the principle of < Honcheoneo 渾天儀 > after reviewing previous theories in 《Sugyeong水經》, < Haehobu海潮賦 > and 《Bulgeong佛經》etc. On the other hand, the intellectuals in the Joseon Dynasty like Kim Deuk-sin, Han Won-jin, and Wi Baek-gyu including Kim An-ro explained that the principles of the ebb and flood are based on the theory of earth-breath by So-ong, on the logic of working of yin-yang and Ghi氣 by Jeongja, and on the theory by Chu Hsi which related it to the moon, not to the sun. Second, there is a dialectics about the theory in which Dong-Hae, the East Sea is not affected by the tide. Scholars have raised lots of theories to explain the reasons for this phenomenon. Lee Hang-bok explained that Ghi氣 would be exhausted when the seawater reached to the east. Han Baek-gyeom suggested the theory that Ghi氣 passing through south and north cannot affect the right and left sides. Jang Yu suggested the theory of the North Sea 北海說 which explained that it was because the East Sea was close to the North Sea. Jo ik argued that there was no tide because the East Sea belonged to the part of the open sea while asserting the ocean had the inland sea and the open sea. Song Gyu-ryeom and Guoen Heon interpreted that it was due to the earthen energy地勢 and Song Byeon-seon agreed with the theory of North Sea. In this way, the reasons why there was no tide in the East Sea were logically inferred based on a variety of imagination. These discussions let us be confirmed that there was none of scientific system of information at all for most of traditional intellectuals until the end of the Joseon Dynasty. Third, there is an explanation according to scientific dialectics. This theory can be found mainly in the theory of tide by Seongho Lee Ik and Hyegang Choi Han-gi. They had extensive knowledge of Western science and accurate understanding of the relationship between the Earth, and the moon and the sun based upon heliocentric theory. In this way, they described the ebb and flood phenomenon in terms of scientific knowledge system in the organized and detailed manner. This seems to be the first case of interpreting natural phenomenon of the sea in a modern scientific way.

소설 되짚어 읽기의 묘미 - 존 스타인벡의 『에덴의 동쪽』과 영화

이향만(Hyang Mann Lee) 한국외국어대학교 영미연구소 2006 영미연구 Vol.15 No.-

  The situation of family is an important theme in the American East of Eden, though it has been criticized as a weak novel on account of its diffuse structure, contains one of Steinbeck"s important themes concerning ethics and human nature. And its adapted movie of Elia Kazan, as a superb film of auteurism, offers the cinematic vision to contrast the different worlds from the novel to the movie, and to reevaluate the author"s main theme, especially concentrating on the omission and traces of an oriental philosopher Lee.<BR>  It is not overstating to say that the hero of the novel is Lee who integrates all the conflicted worlds of the characters in the novel. With the philosophical Chinese servant missing, the director Kazan risks omitting the discussion of timshel . Lee may be regarded as a secondary character as an onlooker, but he represents the voice of wisdom and reason at the crucial time of the events of the story, and often articulates some of the novel’s most important themes.<BR>  The oriental philosopher has disappeared physically in the process of transference from one medium to another, but the traces of his philosophical idea and attitude toward life can be found in the transformed characters. So it can be said that the concept of Lee"s timshel in the movie is revealed not through his direct speeches but in the transformed acts of characters, especially through the changed images of Abra and Kate.

경기 일부지역 농업인의 급성농약중독 증상 유병률 및 직업성 위험요인

이향석(Hyang Seok Lee),이지훈(Ji Hoon Lee),노수용(Soo Yong Roh),김호길(Ho Gil Kim),이경준(Kyung Jun Lee),남궁선주(Sun Ju Nam-gung),권순찬(Soon Chan Kwon),이수진(Soo Jin Lee) 한국농촌의학 지역보건학회 2015 농촌의학·지역보건 Vol.40 No.4

본 연구는 2013∼2014년도 한양대학교 농업안전보건센터 현장검진에 참여한 경기 일부 지역 농업인을 대상으로 급성 농약중독 증상 유병률과 이와 관련된 위험요인을 규명하고자 하였다. 연구 결과, 급성 농약중독은 농업종사기간, 농약 살포년수, 연간 농약 살포일수, 평생 농약 살포일수가 길수록, 혼합 농약 사용 개수가 많을수록, 노지 재배를 하는 경우 위험도가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 향후, 급성 농약중독에 대한 취약 집단을 좀 더 체계적으로 관리 및 교육할 수 있는 방안의 마련이 필요할 것이다. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to measure the symptom prevalence of acute pesticide poisoning among farmers in Gyeong-gi province and to investigate the occupational risk factors. Methods: The subjects were 663 farmers using pesticide directly or indirectly and the survey was performed during 2013. 7. 11 – 2014. 8. 27. The data were analyzed by SPSS 21.0. Results: The prevalence of acute pesticide poisoning was 6.63% and dizziness was the most common symptom. Acute pesticide poisoning was related with ‘days of pesticide use per year’, ‘lifetime pesticide application days’, ‘the number of pesticide mixture’ and ‘type of farming’. Conclusions: It is necessary to manage and educate the pesticide poisoning-vulnerable group more systematically. Afterward additional study is needed to investigate the farming safety behavior and delicate amount of pesticide exposure.

횡문근융해증으로 발현된 피부근염 환자 1예

이향선 ( Hyang Sun Lee ),지용관 ( Yong Gwan Jee ),송신한 ( Sin Han Song ),성세용 ( Se Yong Sung ),이지호 ( Ji Ho Lee ),양재원 ( Jae Won Yang ),한병근 ( Byoung Geun Han ),정순희 ( Soon Hee Jung ),박정하 ( Jeong Ha Park ),강태영 ( T 대한류마티스학회 2011 대한류마티스학회지 Vol.18 No.3

Rhabdomyolysis is caused by injury to skeletal muscle and it involves leakage of intracellular contents into the plasma. Rhabdomyolysis is an extremely rare manifestation of dermatomyositis. Dermatomyositis is a rare idiopathic inflammatory myopathy that is characterized by chronic inflammation of skeletal muscles and skin, resulting in muscle weakness. A 20 year old Korean male soldier presented with acute muscle pain, weakness and skin rashes over the face, neck and anterior chest. He received military training with carrying a radio set one week previouslyago. The patient was treated for rhabdomyolysis. However, the patient`s symptoms did not improve. Muscle biopsy results suggested the diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis. Nevertheless, the features of skin and muscle inflammation raised the possibility of dermatomyositis. High dose steroid treatment was started, and then the symptoms and signs of muscle inflammation were improved. Rhabdomyolysis as the presenting sign of dermatomyositis has not been reported in Korea. Thus, we report on this case with a literature review.

일본 국립학교 특별회계의 성립과 전개에 관한 일고찰 : 국립대 법인화의 예비적 개혁으로서의 예산배분방식 개편을 중심으로

이향철(Lee Hyang-Chul) 한국교육재정경제학회 2009 敎育財政 經濟硏究 Vol.18 No.2

이 연구는 흔히 이사회의 구성, 총장선출제도, 각종 심의기구 및 교수회의 역할 등 대학의 지배구조나 정치구조에 치중한 일본 국립대 법인화 논의에 대한 비판의 일환으로 재정재무의 측면에서 대학관리운영체제 개혁에 이르는 경위와 과정을 분석한 것이다. 일본의 국립대 법인화는 국립학교특별회계를 통한 모든 국립대학의 통합관리에서 국립대학의 자기수입과 여기에 연계된 일반회계의 재정지원을 재원으로 하는 개별 국립대학의 자체관리로 전환하는 것을 의미한다. 여기에는 재정위기의 심화로 국립학교특별회계 세입에서 일반회계 전입금이 감소하는 가운데 고등교육에 대한 사회경제적 요구가 복잡·다양해짐에 따라 국립학교특별회계 세출의 증대압력이 거세져 국가에 의한 모든 국립대학의 통합관리가 더 이상 불가능하게 된 구조가 존재했다. 이는 고도성장의 종언과 함께 1980-1990년대 고등교육예산의 중점적·차등적·경쟁적 배분으로 모순이 내공하다가 2000년 지배구조·정치구조의 개혁에 앞서 국립대 법인화의 예비적 개혁이라고 자리매김할 수 있는 적산교비제에서 기반교비제로의 극적인 전환으로 표출되었다. This paper is to study the adoption and development of the national universities fiscal scheme, the Special Account for National Schools(kokuritsu gakkō tokubetsu kaikei) 1964 to 2004 in Japan. The corporatization of Japanese national universities that had been a part of government administrations gave school authority, expanded autonomy and independence regarding budget and organization. It means replacing line item budgets of special account with block grant budgets of the general account from the perspective of university funding. The National University Corporation is supposed to submit to the Ministry of Education six year-midterm goals and plans concerning education and research, the efficiency of the administrative operation, improvements to finances, self-evaluation, and disclosure of information.

디지털시대의 문화컨텐츠와 아바타 캐릭터

이향재(Hyang Jae Lee) 한국일러스아트학회 2002 일러스트레이션학 연구 Vol.10 No.-

디지털기술공학에 따른 급격한 변화는 현대인들을 가상공간의 새로운 감각속으로 이끌고 있다. 디지털시대의 문화컨텐츠와 일러스트레이션의 연계는 일러스트레이션에 대한 기존의 사고체계나 방법의 문제를 해결하려는데 응용할 수 있는 다양한 시도와 접근이 필요하다고 본다. 본 연구는 디지털 문화컨텐츠산업과 일러스트레이션을 연계시킬 수 있는 분야를 이해하려는 하나의 시도이다. 이와 같은 의미에서 디지털문화의 가상현실에 존재하는 아바타 캐릭터를 대상으로 비트로 만들어지는 사이버 문화가 우리에게 어떤 새로운 감성의 변화를 가져오는가에 대한 현상을 현대인의 정체성과 감성을 통하여 간단히 살펴본다. 끝으로 디지털시대의 문화컨텐츠산업으로 부각되고 있는 아바타 캐릭터의 현 시장 상황과 앞으로의 전망을 조명해봄으로써 디지털 시대의 문화컨텐츠산업과 일러스트레이션의 연계에 대한 발전 가능성을 모색해 본다.

이계(耳溪) 홍량호(洪良浩)의 고문론(古文論) 연구(硏究)

이향배 ( Lee Hyang-bae ) 근역한문학회 2021 한문학논집(漢文學論集) Vol.59 No.-

耳溪 洪良浩(1724-1802)는 영·정조시기에 활동한 소론계 대표문인이다. 어려서 저촌 심육에게 수학한 홍량호는 兩館大提學을 지낸 관각문인이지만 경세치용의 실학적 글쓰기를 통해 많은 저술을 남겼다. 그는 평소에 박학을 추구하여 경학은 물론, 한자학, 지리학에 이르기까지 실사구시의 학문을 추구했다. 학문의 근본을 經術에 두고는 경술을 다시 體와 用으로 나누었다. 性理를 체로, 政事를 용으로 설명함과 동시에 체용이 원활하기 위해서는 역사와 典章에 대한 넓은 지식이 필요함을 강조했다. 그의 실학적 글쓰기 이면에는 확고한 고문이론이 자리하고 있다. 그동안 연구자들이 이를 문학론의 차원에서 검토해왔지만 본고는 고문론의 관점에서 다시 분석하였다. 홍량호가 단순한 산문작가가 아니라 고문을 추구한 고문가이기 때문이었다. 이치가 象에 붙은 것이 문이며 도의 영화라고 정의한 그는 폭넓은 의미로 문을 설명하였다. 聖人의 문장을 行道와 傳道두 종류로 나누고는 학문을 통해 조화를 형용하고 사물의 변화를 다하는 글쓰기를 주창하였다. 결국 문장이 천하의 공리라고 선언한 그는 깊은 학문을 통해 공적으로 천하에 이치를 밝히는 글을 추구했다. 또한 문을 經緯라고 정의한 그는 도와 기가 錯綜이 되어야 지극한 문장이라 보았다. 도와 기를 기준으로 역대 고문의 흐름을 진단했는데 도기가 착종된 전범이 육경이었다. 진한 당송의 글은 도기가 온전하지 못하다고 보았다. 그래서 그는 경으로써 도를 중시하고 동시에 緯로써 기가 없다면 문이 될 수 없다면서 기의 배양을 중시했다. 기를 배양하는 방법이 바로 호연지기였다. 홍량호는 육경에 기준을 두고 선진 전한의 문장이 가장 근고하다고 보았다. 先秦 前漢 및 唐宋작가에 대해 학문을 기준으로 비평한 그는 사마천보다는 가의를 가장 높게 평가하였다. 가의가 서한 고문을 창도했다고 본 그는 『가자수언』을 편찬했으며 그의 글쓰기를 추종하였다. 서한시대 재주와 학문을 두루 갖추고 체용을 겸비한 유일한 학자로 가의를 꼽고는 서한시대 최고의 작가로 평가하였다. 이러한 홍량호의 고문론은 도학가의 문학이론과 진한고문가의 이론을 절충한 특징이 보인다. 이는 진한고문가와 당송고문가의 양대 흐름에서 벗어나 고문의 전범을 육경에 두고 경세치용의 실학적 글쓰기를 위한 새로운 고문이론이라고 할 수 있다. Igye(耳溪) Hong Ryang-ho(洪良浩)(1724-1802) was a writer who belonged to Young Doctrine and was active during the reign of King Yeongjo and King Jeongjo. Hong Ryang-ho was a Gwan-gak Writer who studied under Jeochon Shim Yook and served as Yanggwandaejehak(兩館大提學), but left many writings through the practical writing of pragmatic statecraft. He pursued wide knowledge, seeking truth from facts, ranging from classical studies to Chinese characters to geography. He put the foundation of learning to classical writing(經術), and divided it into substance(體) and function(用). At the same time, he explained the principle of the nature(性理) as substance and political affairs(政事) as function, and stressed the need for a broad knowledge of history and literature to ensure substance and function to work smoothly. Behind his practical writing lies a unique theory of literature. Researchers have reviewed this in terms of literature, but this paper analyzed it in terms of his theory of ancient scripts. It was because Hong Ryang-ho was not just a prose writer, but a writer who pursued ancient style writing. He defined writing as reason attached to image and manifestation of the Way, and explained writing in a broad sense. He divided sages’ writings into two types: practicing the Way(行道) and propagating the Way(傳道), and advocated writing to express harmony through studies and to fulfill change of things. He declared that fine writing should universal truth, and pursued writing that could bring light to truth publicly in the world through deep learning. He also defined writing as process(經緯) and saw it as fine writing only when the way and the spirit was entangled. He diagnosed the flow of ancient scripts based on the way and the spirit, and found Six Classics as a model where the way and the spirit was entangled. He considered the writings of Qin/Han and Tang/Song Dynasties short of perfection of the way and the spirit. Therefore, he emphasized the cultivation of the spirit, saying that writing is impossible without the spirit as process(緯) despite appreciating the way as rule. He presented Great Spirit as a method of cultivating the spirit. Hong Ryang-ho saw the writings of the Former Qin and the Former Han most solid, based on the Six Classics. He criticized the writers of the Former Qin, the former Han, and Tang and Soong Dynasties based onacademic standards, giving Ga-ui the highest rating over Sima Qian. Hong Ryang-ho believed that Ga-ui had advocated ancient scripts of West Han, compiled the book 『"Gaja Su-eon』 and followed his writing. He regarded Ga-ui as the only scholar who had both talent and scholarship, also with both substance and function, and evaluated him as the best writer in the Seo Han Period. Hong Ryang-ho's theory of ancient scripts is characterized by a compromise between the literary theory of moral scholars and the theory of ancient script scholars of Qin and Han. This is a new theory of the practical writing of pragmatic statecraft, with the model of ancient scripts in Six Classics, away from the two main trends of ancient script scholars of Qin and Han, and Tang and Song.

[논평에 대한 응답] 논평에 대한 발제자의 응답

이향만(Hyang-Man Lee) 한국그리스도사상연구소 2012 한국그리스도사상 Vol.- No.20

유가철학 : 술이부작(述而不作)의 해석학(2) - 비판적 계승자들: 양주와 묵적 -

이향만 ( Hyang Man Lee ) 동양철학연구회 2006 東洋哲學硏究 Vol.46 No.-