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이원택 대한임상신경생리학회 2002 Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology Vol.4 No.2
Autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a part of peripheral and central nervous system primarily concerned with the regulation and control of visceral functions. This system controls visceral activities by regulating the actions of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and various exocrine glands. Three subsystems of ANS, the sympathetic, the parasympathetic and the enteric systems are divided by both an anatomical and a functional basis. Sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent system are consist of two neuron chains, preganglionic and postganglionic neurons. Sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the intermediolateral nucleus of thoracolumbar region (C8 or T1 to L2 or L3), while parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the cranial nerve nuclei(Edinger-Westphal, superior salivatory, inferior salivatory nucleus and dorsal motor nucleus of vagus) and sacral intermediolateral nucleus (S2 to S4). Postganglionic sympathetic neurons are aggregations of neurons found in paravertebral sympathetic trunks and prevertebral ganglia. Ciliary, submandibular, pterygopalatine, otic and numerous visceral ganglionic plexuses are aggregations of postganglionic parasympathetic neurons. The cranial nerves III(oculomotor), VII (facial) and IX (glossopharyngeal) affect the pupil and salivary gland secretion, whilst the vagus nerve (X) carries fibers to the heart, lungs, stomach, upper intestine and ureter. The sacral fibers form pelvic plexuses which innervate the distal colon, rectum, bladder and reproductive organs. The chemical transmitter at both pre and postganglionic synapses in the parasympathetic system as well as sympathetic preganglionic synapses is acetylcholine. At most postganglionic sympathetic endings, the chemical transmitter is norepinephrine, which is present in the presynaptic terminal as well as in the adrenal medulla. In sweat glands, however, postganglionic sympathetic fibers release acetylcholine. There are many receptors in the viscera whose afferent fibers travel centrally by way of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. These afferent autonomic fibers which are concerned with the mediation of visceral sensation and the regulation of vasomotor and respiratory reflexes, for example the baroreceptors and chemoreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch which are important in the control of heart rate, blood pressure and respiratory activity. Autonomic afferent fibers are usually carried to the CNS, mostly nucleus tractus solitarius by major autonomic nerves. The enteric nervous system (ENS) also forms a part of the ANS. This system exhibits a complexity that is found in no other group of neurons outside the CNS. The ENS is remarkably brainlike, both structurally and functionally. The complex intrinsic neuronal circuits of the ENS regulates gastrointestinal motility, mucosal secretion and absorption by intrinsic reflexes. Although the activity of the ENS can be modified from sympathetic and parasympathetic inputs, much of the control of the gastrointestinal function can be achieved independently. Preganglionic neurons of the ANS are maintained by a multitude of segmental and suprasegmental mechanisms. The hypothalamus is regarded as the principal site of central autonomic integration. Regulation of specific patterned autonomic responses is also achieved by neurons in the reticular formation of the ventrolateral medulla, the parabrachial nucleus and the periaqueductal gray of the midbrain.
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이원택 동북아역사재단 2018 영토해양연구 Vol.16 No.-
The purpose of this paper is to correct copy-written year of “ Track Records in Ulleungdo Irelands(蔚陵島事蹟)” in Epitaph of the Two Generals (節度公兩世碑 銘) and to introduce another two copies of “ Track Records in Ulleungdo Irelands” discovered in 2014 and 2018. In 1694, Jang Han-sang’s military units patrol governance activities around Ulleungdo Irelands are recorded at official document and reported to royal government. That document made various written copies. Those copies prove the government-rule of Ulleungdo and Dokdo in the Joseon Dynasty. “ Track Records in Ulleungdo Irelands(蔚陵島事蹟)” in Epitaph of the Two Generals (節度公兩世碑銘) has been regarded as being copy-written in 1722. However Epitaph of the Two Generals (節度公兩世碑銘) has contained the epitaph of Jang Han-sang. Thus, I suggest that “ Track Records in Ulleungdo Irelands” was copy-written in 1782 or after. In 2018, I found two different copies of “ Track Records in Ulleungdo Irelands” through investigations of the relics of Jang Han-sang’s shrine, Gyeongdeoksa(景德祠) and Uiseongjomunguk Museum in Gyeongbuk Province. The two copies are contained in the Funeral Poetry to Kyodong Port Admiral Jang (喬桐水使公輓祭錄) and Real Records of the Two Generals (節度公兩 世實錄). In this paper, I compare the three copies to examine the relationship of each other. 에 대한 개략적 소개를 목적으로 작성되었다. 필자의 주장은 다음 몇 가지로 요약할 수 있다. 첫째, 『절도공양세비명』의 「울릉도사적」 발견 경위를 소개하고, 그와 관련하여 이 자료가 필사된 연도를 재검토하였다1. 722년에 필사된 것으로알려진 기존의 설에 대해 문제점을 지적하고 적어도1 782년 이후에 필사되었을 것으로 추정하였다. 둘째, 또 다른 필적의 「울릉도사적」이 들어 있는 책자 『절도공양세실록』 과 『절도공양세비명』을 비교하여 검토하고, 이들 책자의 주요 내용이 순천장씨 가문의 문적인 『승평문헌록』에 수록되었음을 밝혔다. 셋째, 아주 최근에 공개된 『교동수사공만제록』을 소개하였다. 이 책자에들어 있는 또 다른 필적의「 울릉도사적」이 나머지 2종의 「울릉도사적」보다먼저 필사된 것임을 밝혔다. 넷째, 「울릉도사적」은 이른바 『서계잡록』의 「울릉도」와 연결되어 연구되어 왔는데, 『서계잡록』의 「울릉도」와 『와유록』의 「울릉도」를 문헌학적인 측면에서 검토하여 양자의 관계를 검토하였다. 다섯째, 『서계잡록』의 「울릉도」 중 『와유록』의 「울릉도」와 겹치는 부분에 나타난 우산도(독도)와 장한상의 「울릉도사적」에 나타난 ‘멀리 동남쪽에 보이는 섬(독도)’의 관련성에 대한 기존 해석의 문제점을 지적하고『와, 유록』의 「울릉도」는『신증동국여지승람』의 우산도·울릉도 인식과 다름이 없으며「, 울릉도사적」은『신증동국여지승람』의 우산도·울릉도 인식을 넘어선 것이라고 보았다.
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이원택,Lee, Won-Taek 대한타이어공업협회 1991 타이어 고무 Vol.154 No.-
이 자료는 일본 Bridgestone사 기술기획부 디자인과장인 조천준남씨가 ‘일본고무협회사’와 인터뷰한 내용을 번역한 것이다.
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