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이석원 낭만음악사 2003 낭만음악 Vol.- No.58
지금까지 악기 음향학에서 다루었던 현악기와 건반악기 관악기는 대부분 시대적 필요에 따라 구조와 기능이 바뀌었음을 보았다. 이들 악기는 서양 고전음악 문화의 산물이며, 음악양식의 변화에 따라, 또 연주 환경이 달라짐에 따라 악기와 연주법 역시 변화하였음을 말해준다. 그러나 인간의 목소리는 어느 시대, 어느 지역에든 공통적으로 있어온 악기이다. 아담 스미스가 “노래와 춤은 인간의 가장 기본적인 본능”이라고 말했으리만큼, 인간은 동서고금을 막론하고 본능적으로 목청을 이용해 노래를 불러왔다. 이 연재의 마지막 회가 될 이번 장에서는 인성을 낼 수 있는 악기로서 인체의 구조와 기능, 그리고 인성의 여러 가지 요소에 관해 살펴본다.
이석원,방창석,김연수,백광호,김동규,김영돈,한군희,이상진,박종규,서현일,박성철,이상혁,이경주 대한상부위장관ㆍ헬리코박터학회 2017 Korean Journal of Helicobacter Upper Gastrointesti Vol.17 No.1
Background/Aims: Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is an extraesophageal manifestation of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Endoscopic assessment of LPR is needed for convenient diagnosis and documentation of treatment efficacy. The aim of this study was to investigate the interrater reliability of LPR among endoscopists based on endoscopic laryngeal images. Materials and Methods: Nineteen endoscopists participated in this study. Before the test, they completed an intensive education program by an otorhinolaryngologist on the reflux finding score (RFS), which is a validated laryngoscopic assessment of LPR. A total of 100 endoscopic laryngeal images were used for 3 tests of RFS. Cohen’s and Fleiss’ kappa coefficients were used to determine the degree of interrater agreement in the diagnosis of LPR. Results: In the first test, the mean of Cohen’s kappa coefficients for LPR diagnosis between the otorhinolaryngologist and each of the 19 endoscopists was 0.3. In the second test, after additional education, the mean kappa value was 0.32. Fleiss’ kappa coefficients for diagnosis of LPR among the 19 endoscopists in the first and second tests were 0.30 and 0.26, respectively. Conclusions: A short-term education program for endoscopists did not result in an improvement of accuracy in the diagnosis of LPR. Further studies using advanced educational programs for endoscopists are required. (Korean J Helicobacter Up Gastrointest Res 2017;17:-32)
모바일 기기의 사용자 인터페이스 설계 도구로서 Trajectory Mapping 방법에 관한 연구
이석원,명노해 대한산업공학회 2009 산업공학 Vol.22 No.1
In mobile device's user interface, menu organization is very important as well as menu structure because small display of mobile device. Menu items should be organized based on user knowledge structure to design user-centered interface. Traditionally, MDS (Multidimensional Scaling) have been most often used to expose users' perceived organization of menu items. But, information that MDS reveals is just relative spatial location of concepts and not relevant to concepts connection. Unlike MDS, Trajectory Mapping explicitly finds users' cognitive links between perceived concepts. This study proposes a Trajectory Mapping technique for eliciting knowledge structure, especially a set of cognitive pathways linking menu items, from end user. With twelve participants, MDS and Trajectory Mapping were conducted using cellular phone's menu items. And user knowledge structure was analyzed through Visual Concept Map that combination of results of MDS and Trajectory Mapping. After then, menu items were organized according to users' perceived organization. Empirical usability test was also conducted. The results of usability test showed that usability, in terms of task performance time, number of errors, and satisfaction, for newly organized interface was significantly improved compare to original interface. The methodology of this study is expected to be applicable to design a user-centered interface. In other words, Trajectory Mapping technique can be used as a design tool of user interface for imposing user knowledge structure on the interface.
이석원 연세대학교 음악연구소 1992 음악이론포럼 Vol.2 No.-
In 1949, consolidating their previous efforts, Shannon and Weaver published The Mathematical Theory of Communication (i.e. Information Theory), which is, in short, a theory of measuring how effectively a message is transmitted from sender to receiver in a unit of time. Although the theory itself originates in communication engineering, it is also useful in the realm of music, especially in analysis, in twentieth-century composition, and in recent developments in aesthetics and psychology. The term "information," used in information theory, is to be understood not as used in ordinary usage, but as a technical term indicating the measured quantity of a message. Precisely speaking, the word "information" in communication theory rather refers to "the measured amount of information" or "a mathematical abstraction of information content" The notion of "entropy" was also introduced by Shannon and Weaver as a measurement of potential information contained in a message. By definition, the less predictable the communication system is (i.e. the more even the distribution of possible outcomes is), the higher entropy will be. In pitch class analysis, therefore, when the distribution is rectaguar (when all twelve pitch classes are evenly used), one can expect the maximum entropy (3.585). From 1956, many theorists have investigated musical works of various historical periods. Among them, R. Strauss' Lieder turn out to contain the most information, and nursary tunes yield the least information. In general, however, the results could be divided into several categories. That is, stylistic differences of music-historical periods in terms of the use of pitch-classes readily emerged. Although infromation theory is thus useful and even advantageous in music analysis, several questions can be raised with regard to the reliability of the data, the perceptual and cognitive validity of statistical results, and the contextual aspects of music which are totally ignored from the perspectives of statistics. Many scholars have attempted to overcome the technical and philosophical limatations and problems of information theory; as a result, recent research regarding music as a medium of communication has developed in both scope and quantity.