‘머무르다’의 통시적 고찰

이래호(Lee Raeho) 한국언어문학회 2008 한국언어문학 Vol.64 No.-

The conjugation of the verb ‘meomeul-’ in Korean language during the Middle Ages (15-16th century) was regular. Grammatically, it functioned as an intransitive verb. Its causative form were ‘meomeulo-/meomeulu-’, denoted by the causative suffix ‘-o/u-’. Today ‘meomeul-’ in modern Korean functions as an intransitive verb and the conjugation is regular just as it was during the Middle Ages. It could be highlighted that in modern Korean language, ‘meomeur?-/ meomeureu-’, a new form coming out of the category of the conjugated form of ‘meomeul-’, began to appear and functioned as a transitive verb with a causative meaning. The form of ‘meomeureu-’ is a form in which its verb stem became restructuralized through the process of ‘meomeulu-> meomeuru/meomuru>meomeureu/meomureu->meomureu-’. The coexistence of ‘meomeureu-’ and ‘meomeulu-’ continued until the 19th century, On the other hand, the spread of existing derivatives ‘meomeulo/meomeulu-’ were replaced by ‘meomeureu-’ from 17th century. ‘meomeureu-’ conjugated regularly when they first appeared, However, they started to show irregular conjugation in the late 18th century. The irregular conjugation of ‘meomeureu-’ seems to be inferred from the inflection of words having a stem ‘reu’ such as ‘gareu-’. From the 18th century, ‘meomeulge h?-’, the causative form of ‘meomeul-’, appeared. Therefore, there are three types of the causative expression of ‘meomeul-’ in modern Korean language; ‘meomeureu-’ in thelexical dimension, ‘meomeul-+-o/u-’ in the derivative dimension, and ‘meomeul-+-ge h?-’ in the grammatical dimension. ‘meomeureu-’와 ‘meomulo-/meomulu-’ of the same meaning and the same grammatical structure were in competitive relations and the distribution of ‘meomeulu-’ shrank as a result of getting behind in the competition. ‘meomeureu- functioned only as a transitive verb before Oryunhaengsildo: A book for moral rules to govern the Five Human Relations), however, many examples that they functioned as an intransitive verb appeared in the late 19th century. There were no restrictions in connecting ‘meomul-’ with the suffixes begin with vowels until the mid-19th century. However, this trend declined in the late 19th century, and finally it was settled that ‘meomeul-’ would connect only with suffixes that begin with consonants and ‘meomeureu-’ would connect with both types of suffixes in 20th century. At present, ‘meomureu-’ has no transitive verb function and can be divided into allomorphic types ‘meomul-’ and ‘meomureu-’ that function as an intransitive verb. The causative function of ‘meomeureu-’ was replaced by the form of ‘-ge ha-’ which has historically competed with ‘meomureu-’.

〈이덕열언간〉을 통해 본 신하와 가장의 한 모습

이래호(Lee, Raeho) 중앙어문학회 2021 語文論集 Vol.86 No.-

언간에 나타난 ‘-고져’와 ‘-과뎌’에 대한 연구

이래호(Lee, Raeho) 중앙어문학회 2020 語文論集 Vol.84 No.-

본고의 목적은 언간에 나타나는 ‘-고져’와 ‘-과뎌’의 출현 양상에 대해 살펴보고 중세국어와 근대국어 간본 자료의 그것과 어떠한 차이를 보이는지 살펴 보는 것이다. ‘-고져’는 서술어의 주어가 무엇을 하고 싶어 하는 의도?목적을 뜻하며 ‘-과뎌’는 제삼자가 무엇을 하였으면 하고 서술어의 주어가 바라는 의도?목적을 뜻한다. 언간에서 ‘-고져’는 ‘-고져, -고뎌, -고쟈’로 나타나고, ‘-고라쟈’의 표기도 보인다. ‘-과뎌’는 ‘-과뎌, -과져, -과쟈, -과댜’로 나타난다. 언간에서 ‘-고져’와 ‘-과뎌’는 각각의 기능대로 쓰이는 경우가 많지만 드물게는 상하위문의 주어가 일치하지 않는 문장에서 ‘-고져’가, 주어가 일치하는 문장에서 ‘-과뎌’가 쓰이기도 한다. ‘-고져’와 ‘-과뎌’가 결합하는 서술어는 주로 동작성을 띠는 용언인데, 형용사와 결합하는 ‘-고져’가 드물게 나타나며, ‘-과뎌’가 서술격 조사에 결합하는 예도 보인다. 언간에서는 ‘-고져’의 상위문 동사로 ‘?-’가 가장 많이 쓰였으며, 드물게는 “희망”이나 “사유”의 의미를 나타내는 동사가 쓰이기도 하였다. ‘-과뎌’의 상위문 동사는 대부분 ‘?-’가 나타나며 아주 드물게 ‘식브-’가 쓰이기도 하였다. 언간에서 ‘-고져’와 ‘-과뎌’는 18세기까지 그 통사적 환경을 대부분 유지하면서 사용되다가, 19세기에 ‘-과뎌’의 쓰임이 갑자기 줄어들면서 ‘-과뎌’ 대신 ‘-고져’가 쓰이게 되었다. The purpose of this paper is to examine the appearance of “-gojyeo” and “-gwodyeo” in the Eon"gan and to study how it differs from the medieval and modern language of woodblock-printed books. “-gojyeo” means the intention and purpose of the subject of the predicate. “-gwodyeo” means the intention and purpose desired by the subject of the predicate, which is what a third party wants to do. In Eon"gan, “-gojyeo” also appears in such forms as “-godyeo” and “-gojya,” and, in particular, “-gorajya” form appeared. “-gwadyeo” also appears in such forms as “-gwajyeo,” “-gwajya,” and “-gwadya.” “-gojyeo” and “-gwadyeo” are often used as they are. In rare cases, however, “-gojyeo” is used in sentences that do not match the subjects of matrix and embedded clauses, and “-gwadyeo” is used in sentences in which the subject is matched. Predicate words that combine “-gojyeo” and “-gwodyeo” are mainly active verbs, but in rare cases, they are combined with adjectives or copula “ida.” In Eon"gan, the most frequently used predicate word in matrix phrase in the “-gojyeo” sentences is “ha-“ and the predicate of meaning of intention and thought is rarely used. The most frequently used predicate word in the matrix phrase in the “-gwodyeo” sentences is “ha-,” and “sikbeu-“” is rarely used. In Eon"gan, “-gojyeo” and “-gwadyeo” were used to maintain most of the syntactic constraints until the eighteenth century. In the nineteenth century, the use of “-gwadyeo” suddenly decreased, and “-gojyeo” replaced “-gwadyeo.”

한국어 교재에서 제약 중심의 연결어미 기술의 방향과 그 교육에 대한 연구

이래호(Raeho Lee) 한국중원언어학회 2014 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.31

The purpose of this study is to examine the technical aspects of the constraint of conjunctive ending in Korean textbooks and search for the need for the education of constraint-driven conjunctive ending in Korean language education and educational methods. Korean textbooks describe the semantic and phonological constraints, morphological constraints, and predicate constraints of conjunctive ending rather substantially, but hardly describes tense constraints, subject agreement constraints, sentence type constraints, negative sentence constraints, semantic and pragmatic constraints. The education of constraints-driven conjunctive ending is necessary in a way that it makes Korean language learners prevent syntactic and semantic errors and substitution errors while it also makes them realize the reason for such errors. In Korean textbooks, the meanings must be described briefly centering on constraints in a way that it is easy for teachers to teach and easy for students to learn.

19세기 말 20세기 초 밀양 방언 모음의 음운론적 특징

이래호 ( Lee Raeho ) 영주어문학회 2022 영주어문 Vol.51 No.-

본고는 19세기 말 20세기 초 경남 밀양 방언을 반영하는 자료들을 소개하고 이를 바탕으로 자료들에 나타나는 언어적 특징들을 통해 당시 밀양의 방언의 모음 음운론적 특징을 밝히는 데 목적이 있다. 19세기 말 20세기 초의 밀양 지역(또는 주변)에서나 밀양 지역 출신이 작성하여 이 시기 밀양 언어를 반영하였다고 볼 수 있는 자료들은 『수겡옥낭좌전』, 『동몽수독천자문(童蒙須讀千字文)』, 언간 등이 있다. 이들 자료를 통해 19세기 말부터 20세기 초까지의 밀양 방언은 다른 지역의 방언과 마찬가지로 ‘ㅣ’모음 역행동화나 전설모음화가 활발히 일어나고 있었다. 본고에서는 밀양 방언의 모음 음운론적 특징으로, ‘ㅕ>ㅔ’, ‘ㅕ>ㅓ’의 단모음화, ‘ㅓ>ㅕ’, ‘ㅗ>ㅛ’, ‘ㅜ>ㅠ’의 이중모음화, ‘ㅔ>ㅣ’의 고모음화, ‘ㅡ’와 ‘ㅓ’의 합류, ‘ㆎ(ㅐ)’와 ‘ㅔ’의 변별을 제시하였다. The purpose of this paper is to introduce materials that reflect the Miryang dialect of Gyeongsangnam-do in the late 19th century and early 20th century, and to reveal the phonological features of vowel of Miryang’s dialect through the linguistic features that appear in the materials. The materials that reflect the Miryang dialect from the late 19th century to the early 20th century include “Sugeng’oknangjwajeon”, “Dongmongsudokcheonjamun”, and Eon’gan. These data show that Miryang dialects from the late 19th century to the early 20th century, like other regional dialects, were actively engaged in “i” umlaut, phenomena of high-front vowelizing etc. In this paper, the phonological features of the Miryang dialect were presented with the distinction between ‘ㆎ(ㅐ)’ and ‘ㅔ’, the monophthongization of ㅕ>ㅔ and ㅕ>ㅓ, the diphthongization of ‘ㅗ>ㅛ’ and ‘ㅜ>ㅠ’, the high-front vowelizing of ‘ㅔ>ㅣ’ and the non-distinction between ‘ㅡ’ and ‘ㅓ’.

한국어 교육에서의 신어 교육 방안에 대한 연구

이래호(Raeho Lee) 한국중원언어학회 2011 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.20

This study investigates the necessity of teaching neologism and its teaching methodology for more efficient Korean language education. Regardless to say, teaching neologism is necessary in various educational, social and communicative respects. From a methodological perspective, there are two ways of teaching neologism. One way is to collect a group of newly coined words showing similar syntactic and semantic properties and designate some of them as ‘head’’ vocabulary. Through comparison with the head vocabulary, a new word can be registered as the so-called ‘passive vocabulary’ in the group of the head words in case it shows similar structural and semantic properties. Another way to teach neologism is to provide social, ethnic and cultural background for it. Usually accompanied with detailed cultural information, a newly coined word can be better understood. Regarding the range of teaching neologism, a new word must be selected to teach in the classroom to the extent that it is frequently used in daily life and that it can represent Korean culture properly.

고등학교 국어 검정 교과서의 ‘음운 규칙’ 관련 기술에 대한 고찰

이래호(Lee, Raeho) 한국언어문학회 2011 한국언어문학 Vol.77 No.-

The goal of the study is to clarify problems anticipated in the description of “phonological phenomena” in high school Korean language textbooks and to suggest alternatives. The Korean Ministry of Education, Science and Technology(MEST) promulgated the revised curriculum of Korean language study in 2007. As a result, Korean high schools have begun to issue newly government-authorized textbooks of Korean language. At present, 16 kinds of textbooks being passed the MEST’s official approval are used in Korean high school. I suggest that the phonological section of the language textbook should be composed of the following parts: first, learners should understand and explain the difference between orthography and pronunciation; second, learners should learn the phonological rules, thereby enhance their ability about applying and improving their standard pronunciation. However, in some pedagogical point of view, the textbooks have some problems because the descriptions of phonological rules are misleading due to author’s personal opinion and bias. And in another cases, textbooks’ descriptions are too simple to provide sufficient explanations. These problems are found most often in such parts as “alternation”, “contraction”, “deletion” and “addition”. In my view, descriptions of phonological rules in the textbooks require more consistency and precision for the learner to fully understand and practice the phonological rules.

조선시대 한글편지의 ‘아니’ 부정문 연구

이래호(Raeho Lee) 한국중원언어학회 2015 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.37

The purpose of this study is to examine the trend of ‘ani’ negative sentence appearing in hangeul letters of the Joseon Dynasty. ‘Aniha-’ was replaced with ‘anih-’ or ‘anin-’ from the 16<SUP>th</SUP> century and with ‘anha-’ or ‘anh-’ from the 19<SUP>th</SUP> century. ‘Anh-’ was derived through ‘aniha->anha->anh-.’ Since the use of ‘anha-/anh-’ was found the beginning of 17<SUP>th</SUP> century according to manuscript data and the use of ‘anha-’ and ‘anh-’ is already found in the 18<SUP>th</SUP> century, the restructuring of ‘aniha->anha-’ began in the 17<SUP>th</SUP> century, and ‘anha-’ and ‘anh-’ coexisted in the 18<SUP>th</SUP> centuryafter their restructuring was completed. ‘An’ was analogized from ‘anha-’ at the end of the 18<SUP>th</SUP> century. In hangeul letters, the negative sentence of ‘Xha-’ appeared as ‘ani Xha-’ or ‘Xhadi aniha-’ when ‘X’ is 1-syllable Chinese root and ‘X aniha-’, ‘ani Xha-’, or ‘Xhadi aniha-’ when ‘X’ is 2-syllable or longer Chinese root. In hangeul letters written in the 17<SUP>th</SUP>~19<SUP>th</SUP> centuries, the ratio of long negation has increased in each century, which shows the gradual development of long negation in hangeul letters.

“경셩유록”의 서지와 언어

이래호(Raeho Lee) 한국문화융합학회 2023 문화와 융합 Vol.45 No.12

본고는 “경셩유록”의 서지 사항을 자세히 살펴보고, “경셩유록”에 나타나는 1910년대 전후의 강릉 방언의 특징 몇 가지를 제시하며, 강릉 김씨와 그의 아들의 표기를 비교하는 데 목적이 있다. “경셩유록”은강릉 김씨가 작성한 “셔유록”과 그의 아들이 작성한 “황셩신문”으로 구성되어 있다. “셔유록”은 1913년9월이 얼마 지나지 않은 시점, “황셩신문”은 1906년 1월 초중순에 작성된 것으로 추정된다. “경셩유록” 의 표기를 통해 당시 강릉 방언에 나타나는 구개음화, ‘애’와 ‘에’의 합류, 관형격조사 ‘어’, ‘이가’ 주격중가 현상, 연결어미 ‘-어더가’, ‘-더가’, ‘-더’와 종결어미 ‘-ㄹ너라’를 살펴보았다. 마지막으로 “셔유록” 과 “황셩신문”에 나타난 표기를 통해 강릉 김씨와 그의 아들의 표기 차이를 살펴보았다. The purpose of this paper is to examine the bibliographic information of “GyeongsyeongYurok” in detail and to present several characteristics of the Gangneung dialect in the 1910s, focusing on a comparison between Gangneung Kim and his son in terms of their writing system. The “Gyeongsyeong-Yurok” consists of “Syeoyurok” written by Gangneung Kim and “Hwangsyeng Sinmun” written by his son. It is estimated that the “Syeoyurok” was written shortly after September 1913, and the “Hwangsyeng Sinmun” was written in early-mid January 1906. Through the notation of the “Gyeongsyeong-Yurok”, we examined the palatalization, the integration of [ɛ] and [e] into [E], the genitive case maker ‘eo(어)’ and subject marker ‘iga(이가)’, the connection ending ‘-eodeoga(-어더가)’, ‘-deoga(-더가)’, ‘-deo(-더)’, and the sentenceterminating ending ‘-rneora(-ㄹ너라)’. Finally, we looked at the difference between the notation of Gangneung Kim and his son through the notation shown in “Syeoyurok” and “Hwangsyeng Sinmun”.

중국 『조선말규범집』 2007년판과 2016년판 비교 연구

이림 ( Li Lin ),이래호 ( Lee Raeho ) 한국공공언어학회 2023 공공언어학 Vol.10 No.0

In this study, The contents and causes of the revision to the 'four norms' such as 'Joseon Language Standard Pronunciation', 'Joseon Language Spelling', 'Joseon Language Spacing', and 'Joseon Language Punctuation Marks' were researched by comparing the 2007 and 2016 editions of the China's “Joseon Language Standard Noms”. As a result, it was revealed that the revision of the 2016 edition of the “Joseon Language Standard Noms” reflected a lot of inter-Korean agreements of the Inter-Korean Joint Compilation Project of the Gyeremal Keunsajeon. In the 2016 edition of the China's “Joseon Language Standard Noms”, some independent corrections, supplements, and arrangements were made, but the order of vowels, names of geminate consonants, and the order of final consonants were revised according to the inter-Korean agreements. In particular, most of the parts of the 'Joseon Language spacing' were revised according to the inter-Korean agreements. The reason for this is that after the publication of the 2007 edition of China's “Joseon Language Standard Noms” the joint inter-Korean compilation project reached some agreement on language norms for dictionary compilation, so the China's Joseon Language Evaluation Committee needed to increase the common parts of China's and inter-Korean norms.