장시간 근로와 생활시간 확보에 관한 쟁점과 과제

이나경 사단법인 한국법이론실무학회 2024 법률실무연구 Vol.12 No.2

근로시간은 임금과 함께 가장 중요한 근로조건이다. 근로시간은 근로자가 사용자의 지휘명령 하에 놓여지는 시간의 범위를 긋고 그 이외의 자유로운 시간을 보장한다는 의미를 가지고 있다. 이러한 근로시간 관련 법에서 크게 두 가지 문제가 있다. 첫째는 최근 다양해진 고용 형태로 인하여 기존의 정형적인 근로시간 관련 법으로는 대응할 수 없는 상황이 발생하고 있다는 점, 둘째는 장시간 근로의 문제이다. 한국의 장시간 근로는 국제적으로 오랫동안 문제시되면서 근로시간 단축 정책으로 추진되었다. 그럼에도 아직 그다지 상황이 나아지지 않은 이유는 무엇일까? 거기에는 아마도 법 제도의 결함뿐만 아니라 근로시간을 법으로 규제하는 목적을 파악하는 방식 자체에 문제가 있어 보인다. 이에 본고는 장시간 근로의 해소라는 관점에서 현재의 근로시간 관련 법의 과제를 밝히고, 또한, 근로자의 근로시간과 생활시간에 대해 개괄적으로 살펴본다. 특히 충실한 혹은 바람직한 생활시간이란 무엇인가를 생각할 때 업무시간을 포함한 각각의 행동 시간의 길고 짧음만으로 좋고 나쁨을 판단하는 것이 아니라, 가정생활에 소요되는 시간을 충분히 고려한 후 일과 생활의 균형을 도모할 수 있는 제반 제도를 재검토하는 것이 필요하다. 장시간 근로로 인하여 일상생활에 여유를 갖지 못하고, 나아가 과로사로 이어지는 일하는 방식은 국제노동기구(ILO)가 주장하는 양질의 일자리(decent work)에 해당하지 않는 상황이다. 이러한 장시간 근로를 시정하기 위하여 근로자의 건강과 안전 측면을 충분히 고려한 새로운 생활시간에 대한 개념 확대가 필요하다. Working hours are the most important working conditions besides wages. The meaning of working hours is to limit the time a worker is under the employer's orders and to guarantee free time outside this limit. However, there are two major problems with working time laws. First, the recent diversification of employment patterns has created situations that cannot be addressed by existing laws related to working hours. Second, there is the problem of long working hours. Long working hours in Korea have long been an international problem, and a policy of shortening working hours has been promoted. So why hasn't the situation improved much? There seems to be a problem not only with the legal system, but also with the way in which the purpose of legally regulating working hours is understood. Accordingly, from the perspective of solving long working hours, the tasks of the current law on working hours are studied and the current status of workers' working hours and time for everyday life is reviewed and summarized. When we think about what a fulfilling or desirable time of everyday life is, we cannot judge whether it is good or bad based solely on the length or shortness of each action time, including working hours. However, it is necessary to build a society that can promote work-life balance, at least depending on the individual's life stage and living environment. For this, it will be essential to take full account of the time spent on family life and then to review the practices and systems related to working methods. A work style that does not allow for daily leisure time due to long working hours and further leads to death from overwork can be said to be a situation that does not correspond to a quality job as advocated by the International Labor Organization (ILO). In order to correct such long working hours, it is necessary to expand the new concept of time for everyday life, which fully takes into account the health and safety aspects of workers.

피부미용과 학생들의 직업 및 직장선택 시 직무환경의 선호도에 관한 연구

이나경,이보미,권승빈 한국피부과학연구원 2013 대한피부미용학회지 Vol.11 No.1

In this study, we deducted standards of selection for vacation and work place and analyzed correlation between office environment and vacation and workplace choice in student of skin beauty of college. In addition, we demonstrate that first priority factor to choice vacation and workplace and difference depending on year in college. To analyze object research, we composed four class (vacation selection, work place selection, environment, feature of population) and carry out a survey targeting student of skin beauty of college. As a result, freshmen preferred potential of self-development, performance compensation, valid workplace and valid break area to select vacation and workplace. Sophomore preferred potential of self-development, performance compensation and valid break area, except valid workplace. Especially, both freshmen and sophomore preferred potential of self-development. Furthermore, organization efficiency was first selecting factor for vacation selection in whole year of college. Therefore, we suggest that office environment was researched for satisfaction of employer in skin beauty. In addition, standards for selection vocation and work place were established by sufficient study and advice and education.

Bacillus strains as human probiotics: characterization, safety, microbiome, and probiotic carrier

이나경,김원석,백현동 한국식품과학회 2019 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.28 No.5

Both spore and vegetative forms of Bacillus species have been used as probiotics, and they have high stability to the surrounding atmospheric conditions such as heat, gastric conditions, and moisture. The commercial Bacillus probiotic strains in use are B. cereus, B. clausii, B. coagulans, B. licheniformis, B. polyfermenticus, B. pumilus, and B. subtilis. These strains have antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, and vitamin production properties. However, Bacillus probiotics can also produce toxins and biogenic amines and transfer antibiotic resistance genes; therefore, their safety is a concern. Studies on the microbiome using probiotic Bacillus strains are limited in humans. Most microbiome research has been conducted in chicken, mouse, and pig. Some Bacillus probiotics are used as fermentation starters in plant and soybean and dietary supplement of baking foods as a probiotic carrier. This review summarizes the characterization of Bacillus species as probiotics for human use and their safety, microbiome, and probiotic carrier.

환상과 현실의 경계에서 : 크리스토퍼 놀런 영화에 나타나는 주체의 모색

이나경 신영어영문학회 2012 신영어영문학 Vol.51 No.-

On the Border between Fantasy and Reality: Searching for the Subject in Christopher Nolan's Films. The New Studies of English Language & Literature 51 (2012): 135-154. This article proposes to examine the relationship between identity and traumatic memory as a theme consistently found in Christopher Nolan's critically acclaimed movies, Memento (2000), The Dark Knight (2008), and Inception (2010). Facing tragic and traumatic incidents, the main characters in these films are forced to question who they really are and to reintegrate their shattered identities through fantasy and reconstructed reality. Therefore, despite the genre variations, Nolan's films show that the subject can be secured paradoxically through recognizing the ultimate ambiguous boundary between self and other, fantasy and reality. This theme is along the same line with Lacanian analysis of "fragmented subject" and the entailing philosophical questions in the contemporary cultural studies. (Ewha Womans University)

Prophylactic effects of probiotics on respiratory viruses including COVID-19: a review

이나경,백현동 한국식품과학회 2021 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.30 No.6

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), causedby the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2), is mainly transmitted through respiratorydroplets. The symptoms include dry cough, fever, andfatigue; however, high propagation, mutation, and fatalityrates have been reported for SARS-CoV-2. This reviewinvestigates the structure of SARS-CoV-2, antiviralmechanisms, preventive strategies, and remedies against it. Effective vaccines have been developed by Pfizer (95%effective), AstraZeneca (90% effective), Moderna (94.5%effective) vaccine, among others. However, herd immunityis also required. Probiotics play a major role in the guthealth, and some are known to have therapeutic potentialagainst viral infections. Their modes of antiviral activitiesinclude direct interaction with targeted viruses, productionof antiviral metabolites, and immunomodulatory effects onthe host. Hence, probiotics can be a useful prophylacticagainst COVID-19, and more studies are required on theeffects of probiotics against other viral infections that mayoccur in future.

Probiotic Bacillus subtilis KU201 Having Antifungal and Antimicrobial Properties Isolated from Kimchi

이나경,김소연,최신양,백현동 한국식품과학회 2013 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.22 No.5

Bacillus subtilis KU201 was isolated from kimchi and characterized for probiotic use. B. subtilis KU201 was stable in artificial gastric condition, and adhered strongly against intestinal cell. B. subtilis KU201was not produce a carcinogenic enzyme. B. subtilis KU201showed a broad-spectrum antimicrobial effect. Bacteriocin KU201 was sensitive against protease XIV, proteinase K,and α-chymotrypsin, stable over a pH range of 3 to 9 for 4 h, and withstood exposure to temperatures of 50-90oC for 30 min. The molecular weight of bacteriocin KU201 was 3.5 kDa. The bactericidal effect of bacteriocin KU201 was observed by morphological changes in cell membrane. These results show that B. subtilis KU201 may be used as a potential probiotic strain, also bacteriocin KU201 can be used as a natural food preservative.

『안토니와 클레오파트라』에 나타난 이분법적 구도의 해체와 자결의 의미

이나경 현대영미어문학회 2012 현대영미어문학 Vol.30 No.1

William Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra constructs and then unsettles the binary structure in which Cleopatra and her Egypt embodies the perpetual otherness. The drama makes it clear that the image of Antony as an effeminate hero and gender ideology working behind it stem from Caesar and his political agenda. Through distinguishing the mature hero from the young, ambitious, and politic successor/conqueror, it reveals the real, significant opposition lying in the rivalry between its male heroes. As true protagonists, Antony and Cleopatra ultimately prove their virtues and provide the vision of the harmonious union of the binary oppositions through their suicides.

Medium Optimization for the Production of Probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus A12 Using Response Surface Methodology

이나경,박여랑,최가진,장효일,백현동 한국축산식품학회 2010 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.30 No.3

Lactobacillus acidophilus A12 was isolated from chicken feces for use as an immunostimulating livestock probiotic. The purpose of this study was to optimize the production of L. acidophilus A12 using response surface methodology (RSM). Initially, the influence of growth medium was studied in terms of carbon sources (glucose, fructose, lactose, glycerol,sucrose, ethanol, and mannitol), nitrogen sources (beef extract, yeast extract, malt extract, and tryptone), and inorganic salts (CaCl2, MgSO4, KH2PO4, (NH4)2SO4, FeSO4, and NaCl). Through one factor-at-a time experiment, lactose, yeast extract,and CaCl2 were determined to be the best sources of carbon, nitrogen, and inorganic salt, respectively. The optimum composition was found to be 17.7 g/L lactose, 18.6 g/L yeast extract, and 0.9 g/L CaCl2. Under these conditions, a maximum cell density of 9.33 Log CFU/mL was produced, similar to the predicted value.

세계관과 위험지각에서 전문가와 일반인의 차이: 문화이론 다시보기

이나경,임혜숙,이영애 한국심리학회 2008 한국심리학회지 일반 Vol.27 No.3

The present study examined a culture theory regarding the relations between worldviews and risk perception of lay people (N=350) and experts (N=190) in science and technology. The culture theory suggests that worldviews are associated with concerns about distinct types of risks and that risk perception can be explained by worldviews. We explored this hypothesis because lay people and experts show difference in worldviews and risk perception and because the variance in risk perception are predicted by worldviews. Both group showed qualitative and quantitative differences in correlations between worldviews and risk perception. Most difference emerged from the risks in scientific technology such as nuclear power as shown by experts. While lay people showed positive correlations between egalitarianism and perception of risks, experts showed negative correlations. The hypothesis of the culture theory about relations between worldviews and risk perception was confirmed only for lay people. The variances in risk perception explained by worldviews and also by trust were very different for both groups, specially in technology risks. Worldviews were significant predictors of risk perception for expert, but not for lay people. Contrary to worldviews, trust explained the risk perception for lay people, but not for experts. The results of present study were discussed in the context of culture theory and the characteristics of risk perception of the Korean people. 본 연구는 과학기술 분야의 전문가(N=190)와 일반인(N=350)의 세계관과 위험지각의 관계를 조사하여 위험지각의 문화이론(Douglas와 Wildavsky, 1982)을 검증하였다. 문화이론은 특정 세계관과 특정 위험유형에 대한 지각이 연합되어 있기 때문에 세계관으로 위험지각을 설명할 수 있다고 주장한다. 위험에 대한 전문지식 또는 인지의 차이 때문에 세계관과 위험지각과의 관계 및 세계관의 설명력에서 두 집단이 차이를 보일 것이라는 가설을 검증하였다. 세계관과 위험유형 사이의 관계에서 두 집단은 양적 또는 질적 차이를 보여주었다. 가장 큰 차이는 전문가 집단과 관련이 깊은 과학기술 분야의 위험들에서 나타났다. 일반인은 평등주의와 과학기술 위험사이의 정적상관을 보인 반면에, 전문가의 경우 부적상관이 나타났다. 따라서 세계관과 위험지각 사이의 관계에 대한 문화이론의 가설은 일반인 집단에서만 지지되었다. 또한 위험지각에 대한 세계관 및 신뢰의 설명력에서 두 집단은 큰 차이를 보였다. 원자력 공학기술 위험과 같은 전문가와 관련된 위험지각에서 세계관의 설명력은 전문가 집단의 경우 유의미한 것으로 나타났지만 일반인 집단에서는 그렇지 않았다. 이와 반대로 신뢰의 설명력은 일반인 집단에서는 유의미하였지만 전문가 집단에서는 그렇지 않았다. 문화이론 및 한국인의 위험지각 특성과 관련하여 연구결과들을 논의하였다.

유전공학 응용 식품 및 의약품에 대한 위험 지각의 성차

이나경,임혜숙,이영애 한국심리학회 2008 한국심리학회지 일반 Vol.27 No.2

Two hypotheses of sex difference in risk perception of genetically engineered food and medicine - a gender role and an institution trust hypothesis - were evaluated in the present psychometric study using a student sample(N=519). The gender role hypothesis that emphasizes differences in social roles proposes that the female care takers should feel strong risk perception because they are sensitive to risks. The institution trust hypothesis explains gender differences in risk perception by differences in the trust in risk management systems and/or institutions. The present study replicated the finding that the female participants had stronger risk perception of genetically engineered food and medicines than did the male participants. No sex differences were found in the knowledge and fear dimension regarding the risk perception of genetic engineering. Though the female and male participants did not show any difference in their trust in the risk managements systems, a clear sex difference was observed in the fear response. A regression analysis demonstrated that a fear variable did indeed predict the strength of risk perception whereas a trust variable did not. Furthermore, the finding that the fear variable was the strongest predictor for the female participants also supports the gender role hypothesis while rejecting the institution trust hypothesis. 본 연구는 유전공학 응용 식품 및 의약품에 대한 남녀 간 위험 지각의 차이를 설명하는 성역할 이론과 제도신뢰 가설의 타당성을 519명의 대학생을 대상으로 심리측정 연구방법을 이용하여 검증하였다. 남녀 간 사회적 역할의 차이를 강조하는 성역할 이론은 양육자의 역할을 담당하는 여성들이 위험에 대하여 두려움과 같은 부정적 정서를 더 강하게 경험하기 때문에 위험을 더 크게 지각한다고 주장한다. 제도신뢰가설은 위험 관리 기관 또는 제도에 대한 남녀 간 신뢰 수준의 차이로 위험지각의 성차를 설명한다. 선행 연구들과 마찬가지로 본 연구의 조사대상인 여성들은 남성들보다 유전공학 위험을 더 강하게 지각하고 있었다. 유전공학 위험을 지식과 두려움의 차원에서 지각하는 것은 남녀 간 차이가 없었다. 유전공학 위험을 관리하는 제도 또는 기관에 대한 신뢰에서는 성차가 나타나지 않았지만, 두려움이라는 정서 반응의 강도에서 남녀 간 차이가 확실히 나타났다. 회귀분석에서 신뢰 변수는 지각된 위험 강도를 예측하지 못하였지만, 두려움과 관련된 위험특성들이 주요 예측 변수로 밝혀졌다. 또한 두려움은 남성보다 여성에게서 보다 강력한 예측 변수로 작용하고 있었다. 이 결과들은 제도신뢰가설보다 성역할 이론을 지지한다.