위헌심사기준으로서의 권력분립원리

윤정인(Jeong-In Yoon) 헌법이론실무학회 2018 헌법연구 Vol.5 No.2

When tbe framers of tbe U.S. Constitution created the presidential system, tbey intended to introduce tbe principle of separation of powers and checks & balances in the Constitution in order to prevent any institutions from acting beyond the limits of own authority as well as to enable them to function efficiently. These meticulously designed provisions related to tbe principle of separation of powers in the Constitution are the significant standard of constitutional review. Sometimes the U.S. Supreme Court interPreted those provisions in the Constitution very strictly and declared the parliament's legislation or delegated legislation unconstitutional in tbat they violated the power of other branch. On the other band, tbe Court interpreted them less rigidly in the functional perspective. The former is explained as 'formal interpretation', the latter is 'functional interpretation'. The U.S. Supreme Court tends to review strictly whether the parliament's legislation modifies and violates tbe constitutional provisions related to separation of powers, for example provisions on the legislative veto and president's appointment power, on the basis of protecting the parliament from expanding its authority through the legislation. The Court understands if the parliament's power goes for tbe legislation in quality, then the branch should conform to the legislative procedure (i.e. legislative veto provision) and should not violate tbe presidential power in tbat procedure. In other words, the Court takes the point tbat the constitutional provisions on the separation of powers should not be modified by the parliament's laws as a significant standard of constitutional review. However, such wariness against the parliament was not a problem in the intetpretation of the Korean Constitution in that the Korean Constitutional Court have more focused on whether the executive power violated the parliament's power. Therefore, the Korean Constitutional Court decided in the cases relating to the principle of separation of powers close to the functional intetpretation, to use U.S. terminology. The intetpretation of the provisions on the separation of powers may be different according to the different context of each country. But, the principle that the distribution of powers prescribed in the written constitution should not be modified or distorted by legislation will also hold good in the interpretation of Korean Constitution. 미국 헌법제정자들은 대통령중심제 삼권분립의 정부형태를 만들어내면서, 어느한 기관의 독주를 막으면서도 각 기관의 효율적인 권한행사를 위하여 권한의 공유와 상호 견제, 균형과 같은 원리를 헌법에 도입하였다. 이와 같이 세심하게 고안된 미국 헌법상 권력분립에 관한 규정들은 미국 연방대법원의 위헌심사의 중요한 기준이 되고 있다. 미국 연방대법원은 때로는 헌법상 권력의 분할 규정을 엄격하게 해석하여 의회의 입법이나 대통령의 행정입법에 대하여 헌법상 부여된 다른 부의 권한을 침해하였다는 이유로 위헌을 선언하고, 때로는 기능적 관점에서 이들 규정을 완화시켜 해석함으로써 권력의 공유를 인정하는 견제 하에 이익형량을 한 후 권력분립원리 위배 여부를 판단하였다. 전자를 형식적 해석론, 후자를 기능적 해석론이라고 한다. 연방대법원은 특히 입법부가 입법을 통하여 자신의 권한을 확대하는 것을 경계하여 의회가 제정한 법률이 성문 헌법전에 규정된 권력분립에 관한 조항들, 즉 입법절차에 관한 송부조항이나 대통령의 공무원임명조항의 내용을 실질적으로 변경시키는 것이 아닌지를 엄격하게 심사하는 경향이 있다. 의회가 행사하는 권한이 실질적으로 입법에 해당한다면 이러한 권한행사는 헌법상 입법절차(송부조항)를 준수하여야 하고, 송부조항에 규정된 대통령의 권한을 침해하여서는 안된다고 하면서, 권력분배에 관한 헌법조항들이 입법부가 제정하는 법률에 의하여 수정되어서는 안된다는 것을 사법심사의 중요한 기준으로 보고 있는 것이다. 이러한 의미의 입법부에 대한 경계는 우리나라의 헌정사에셔는 그다지 문제되지 않아 왔다. 우리나라에서 입법부와 행정부의 관계에서는 오히려 행정부가 입법부의 권한을 침해하는지 여부가 주로 문제되었고, 헌법재판소는 권력분립 원리가 쟁점이 되는 사안에서 미국식으로 표현하자면 기능적 해석론에 가까운 판단을 하여 왔다. 각 나라가 처한 현실의 차이가 있기 때문에 권력분립 규정에 대한 해석론은 상이할 수밖에 없을 것이나, 성문헌법전에 규정한 권한분배가 실질척인 입법에 의하여 수정되거나 변질되지 않아야 한다는 원칙은 우리 헌법의 해석에 있어서도 유효할 것으로 생각된다.

습냉매를 적용한 증기-증기 이젝터용 OTEC 시스템의 성능비교

윤정인(Jung-In Yoon),손창효(Chang-Hyo Son),김영복(Young-Bok Kim),예병효(Byung Hyo-Ye),하수정(Su-Jeong Ha),이호생(Ho-Saeng Lee),김현주(Hyeon-Ju Kim) 한국태양에너지학회 2014 한국태양에너지학회 논문집 Vol.34 No.4

In this paper, OTEC(Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion) system with vapor-vapor ejector is newly proposed. And 6 wet refrigerants are applied into the proposed OTEC system for performance comparison. The results of comparison performance are as follows. In the view of system efficiency, R32/R744(90:10) has the highest efficiency among the 6 refrigerants. In case of evaporation capacity, pump work and mass flow rate of working fluid, R744, R717 and R717 is lowest value, respectively. As this results, the vapor-vapor ejector is able to increase the efficiency of system. And It is necessary to select the optimized working fluid considering environmental and economic factors.

R-1234yf의 관경 변화에 따른 응축 열전달 특성

설성훈(Seol Sung-Hoon),윤정인(Yoon Jung-In),이준혁(Lee Joon-Hyuk),차승윤(Cha Seung-Yun),하수정(Ha Su-Jeong) 한국태양에너지학회 2021 한국태양에너지학회 논문집 Vol.41 No.4

In this study, the condensation heat transfer characteristics of the R-1234yf refrigerant were analyzed according to the variation in tube diameter, which were then considered as condenser design data. The inner diameter of the experimental tube was varied from 3.7 ㎜ to 5.3 ㎜. Subsequently, the heat transfer coefficient of R-1234yf was analyzed according to the changes in vapor quality, mass flux, saturation temperature, and pipe diameter. Slug flow was observed at a low mass flux, and annular flow was observed at a high mass flux. Furthermore, it was observed that the heat transfer coefficient’s value increased with increase in the vapor quality and mass flux, whereas it decreased with increase in the tube diameter and saturation temperature. By comparing the heat transfer coefficients of the refrigerants R-134a and R-1234yf, it was found that the heat transfer coefficient of R-134a is higher. Furthermore, four correlations were conducted, and it was found that the correlation of Dobson and Chato and the correlation of Bashar can predict the experimental condensation heat transfer coefficient within an error range of ±10%.

Moby-Dick 에 나타난 선악의 관점과 상징적 고찰

윤정인 ( Jeong In Yoon ) 국군간호사관학교 군진간호연구소 1990 군진간호연구 Vol.10 No.-

2단 증기 압축식 냉동시스템을 적용한 해상용 제빙장치의 냉매에 따른 성능 분석

윤정인(Jeong-In Yoon),손창효(Chang-Hyo Son),허성관(Seong-Kwan Heo),전민주(Min-Joo Jeon),전태영(Tae-Young Jeon) 한국동력기계공학회 2016 동력시스템공학회지 Vol.20 No.2

중간기 열원수 온도에 따른 만액식 해수냉각시스템의 성능 특성

윤정인(Jung-In Yoon),손창효(Chang-Hyo Son),이정목(Jeong-Mok Lee),강인호(In-Ho Kang) 한국동력기계공학회 2017 동력시스템공학회지 Vol.21 No.2

증기 - 증기 이젝터를 적용한 OTEC 시스템 성능의 수치적 분석

윤정인(Jung-In Yoon),손창효(Chang-Hyo Son),예병효(Byung-HyoYe),하수정(Ha-Soo Jeong),최인수(In-Soo Choi),이호생(Ho-Saeng Lee),김현주(Hyeon-Ju Kim) 한국태양에너지학회 2014 한국태양에너지학회 논문집 Vol.34 No.4

In this paper, the Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion(OTEC) with vapor-vapor ejector is proposed newly. At this OTEC system, a vapor-vapor ejector is installed at inlet of condenser. The vapor-vapor ejector plays a very important role in increasing of the production work of low-stage turbine throughout the decrement of outlet pressure of ejector. The performance analysis is conducted for optimizing the system with HYSYS program. The procedure of performance analysis consists of outlet pressure of high turbine, the mass ratio of working fluid at separator, total working fluidrate, and nozzle diameters of vapor-vapor ejector. The main results is summarized as follows. The nozzle diameter is most important thing in this study. When each nozzle diameter of vapor-vapor ejector is 10 mm, the efficiency of OTEC system with vapor-vapor ejector shows the highest value. So it is necessary to set the optimized nozzle diameters of vapor-vapor ejector for achieving the high efficiency OTEC power system.

지역별 프리쿨링 시스템의 에너지 절감 분석

윤정인(Yoon Jung-In),손창효(Son Chang-Hyo),최광환(Choi Kwang-Hwan),백승문(Baek Seung-Moon),허정호(Heo Jeong-Ho),김영민(Kim Young-Min) 한국태양에너지학회 2014 한국태양에너지학회 논문집 Vol.34 No.3

Using low outdoor temperature, free cooling system is used in a data center or industrial air-conditioning for energy saving. Because use of IT equipment has increased in some office building recently, there is a growing trend towards using free cooing system. Free cooling system performance is influenced by outdoor temperature. Therefore the performance is different with regions. In this study, performance characteristic of free cooling system is analysed and energy reduction is compared with some regions. Selected regions are 4 cities; including Ulsan analyzed in preceding research, Seoul, ChunCheon and Daejeon. The Aspentech software HYSYS 8.0v was used to conduct the analysis of free cooling system based on temperature per hour of 4 cities in 2013, respectively. The main result is following as. Free cooing system in this study has energy saving effect when outdoor temperature below 7℃. Becuase temperature of Chuncheon is relatively low, using free cooling system can conserve most air-conditioning energy. Energy reduction amount of Seoul is 11%, Chuncheon is 17.5%, Deajeon is 15%, Ulsan is 14%. In case of large scale of air-conditioning, it is reasonable to use free cooling system although the system is used in Seoul

설계사무소 남성 및 여성기술인력의 업무환경 실태분석 및 개선방안

윤정인 ( Yoon Jung-in ),고찬영 ( Ko Chan-yeong ),정현용 ( Jeong Hyun-young ),신원상 ( Shin Won-sang ),손창백 ( Son Chang-baek ) 한국건축시공학회 2022 한국건축시공학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.22 No.1

Recently, as the characteristics and production methods of the construction industry are changing, and women are actively entering the society, the view of women in the construction industry is also gradually changing. Although the government is currently improving the system to expand women's participation, nevertheless, women's participation in the construction industry is very low compared to other industries. The scope of this study was limited to presenting the actual working environment and improvement plans for male and female engineers in the design office. As a result of the survey on the insufficient part of the work environment, the item 'rest space such as lounge, bathroom, and conference room was narrow' was highly surveyed for men, and 'there was no rest space that required gender discrimination' was highly surveyed for women. As for the improvement measures, both men and women were surveyed highly in the category of 'My place for personal work'. In this study, the scope of the study has a limitation in that it only presents the actual situation and improvement measures for the working environment for male and female engineers in the design office.

가정용 흡수식 냉온수기용 냉각탑의 성능특성

김은필,정석권,민경현,김재돌,윤정인,Kim, Eun-Pi,Jeong, Seok-Kwon,Min, Kyung-Hyun,Kim, Jae-Dol,Yoon, Jung-In 한국마린엔지니어링학회 2004 한국마린엔지니어링학회지 Vol.28 No.7

The experiment of thermal performance about cross flow type cooling tower was conducted in this study. Generally the ambient air condition can affect the thermal performance of cooling tower to improve or not. However it is hard to control the cooling water temperature that we want under bad air condition or during rainy season. In this paper, the effect of variables, which the ambient air have. especially wet-bulb temperature, are experimentally investigated for controlling the cooling water temperature more successfully. The result is that there is appropriate air flow rate in respective air condition to preserve the cooling performance in the cooling tower and the maximum air flow rate can't overcome the approach under bad air condition.