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취업여성의 ‘자녀유무별 임금격차(Family gap)’에 관한 연구
허수연(Su-Yeon Heo),유태임(Tae-Im Yoo) 연세대학교 사회복지연구소 2011 한국사회복지조사연구 Vol.26 No.-
본 연구는 자녀양육으로 인해 여성 근로자가 겪게 되는 노동시장 불평등 양상을 확인하기 위해 한국노동패널조사의 종단자료(2000년~2008년)를 활용하여 취업여성의 ‘자녀유 무별 임금격차(family gap) 을 분석하였다. 분석모형으로는 여성 근로자 개인의 측정되지 않는 속성(unobserved heterogeneity) 을 통제하기 위해 고정효과모형(fixed-effect model)을 사용하였으며, 분석결과 여성 근로자의 연령, 교육수준, 결혼상태와 같은 인적 변수와 경력, 노동시간, 직업, 시간제 근로여부, 정규직 여부를 통제하였을 때에도 6세미만 자녀의 수와 6세이상 18세이하 자녀유무는 여성 근로자의 임금을 통계적으로 유의미한 수준으로 낮추고 있음을 확인하였다. 한국 여성비정규직의 낮은 임금수준을 감안하여 시간제근로와 6세미만 자녀의 상호작용 효과를 검증한 결과 6세미만 자녀가 둘 이상 있는 시간제 근무 여성은 약 20.6%의 큰 임금손실을 경험하고 있음을 확인하였다. 이와 같은 연구결과를 바탕으로 ‘자녀가 있는 여성’의 노동시장 지위의 상승과 임금을 지원하기 위한 ‘일-가족 양립정책’의 필요성을 제시하였다. This Study aims to seek an explanation for the Family gap -the wage gap between mothers and non-mothers- in Korea, using data from the 2000-2008 Korean Labor and Income Panel Study with fixed-effect models. Results show a wage penalty of 2.2 percent per child under age 6 and 3.3 percent for a child over age 6 to 18, with controlling women s age, education, marital status, potential experience, job, working hours, part time job, employment type, and unobserved heterogeneity. The interaction effect between part time job and the number of child(under 6) shows that when mothers with one or more children under age 6 work part time, they suffer more severe wage losses (7~21%). With these results, the authors suggest family policies to support mothers decent work and the reconciliation of work and family.
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유태임 大韓神經精神醫學會 1976 신경정신의학 Vol.15 No.1
As the preliminary study of "Sexual Function of Korea Female", the author surveyed the materials on menstruation of Korean females composed of 120 rural females and 120 urban females. The results obtained from the survey are as follows: 1. The average age of menarche of the rural females are 16.62 years, whereas the urban females are 15.27 years. The menarche comes earlier in urban females than in rural females, and in younger age than in older age group. 2. More than half of the Korean females experience embarrassment and anxiety at the occurrence of the menarche. However, some females feel "happy" or "natural". 3. Knowledge concerning menarche is obtained mostly from friends or sisters. Ancther important sources of information are school teachers, particularly for urban females and female group of younger generation. 4. The average length of normal menstrual cycle are 27.7 days. 5. The bleeding intervals tend to range between 2-7 days. The most frequent interval, however falls within 4-5 days. 6. Most females have premenstrual symptoms, which can be categorized into physical and psychological ones. Among the former, low abdominal pain, back ache are the most frequent ones. Among the psychological symptoms, nervousness, depression are the most frequent complaint. There are also females who have no complaint during the premenstrual period, especially rural females. 7. Symptoms associated with menstral period are mostly physical complaints such as low abdomenal pain and backache. Psychological symptom such as nervousness, depression, anxiety are rarely complained during menstrual period. 8. Mother's complaints associated with menstruation are not easily perceived by her daughters. It is probably due to the traditional culture in which women are shy and extremely secretive to their menstrual flow. 9. During the pre and post menstrual period the sexual drive tend to increase but not during menstural period.
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