18-19세기 한국 전통 종교와 옛 한글 문헌의 디자인적 특징 연구(2) - 동학 관련 한글 가사 글자체 및 민체 양식 고찰 -

유정숙 한국기초조형학회 2024 기초조형학연구 Vol.25 No.4

이 연구의 목표는 19세기 동학교 관련 한글 가사 글자체의 디자인적 특징 분석 아래 시대적으로 두드러진 <민체> 양식의 고찰 규명에 있다. 이에 새로운 동학교의 시대정신 아래 유일한 한글 문헌『용담유사』의 개별 한글 가사인 1883년 <교훈가>, 1921년 <경훈가>, 1929년 <논학가>, 1932년 <궁을가><인덕수선가><용담가>, 년대미상의 <상화대명가><시경가> 등 8개 가사를 선정하였다. 각 가사 대표 자모음의 특징, 글자 크기와 폭(비례), 균형감, 조판 방법, 궁체 양식과의 비교를 통한 디자인적 특징 고찰 결과는 다음과 같다. 이들은 노련하지 않은 붓 필획과 필법의 글자체들로 자유분방한 특징의 표현이 두드러졌다. 또한 순한글로만 이루어진 독창적 조판 구성, 특히 기독교의 전래로 도입된 신연활자본과 당시 유행한 석판본의 가사에서 전통적 목판본의 세로 1단과 달리 가로 2단과 3단의 새로운 인쇄 기술에 의한 조판 구성의 변화를 보여주었다. 이는 기하학적 특징으로 정형화된 <훈민정음해례본체>, <훈민정음언해본체> 그리고 18세기 붓 필획의 부드러운 곡선으로 정형화된 <궁체> 양식과 달리, 서민들의 주도 아래 민간신앙의 폭넓은 전파와 보급을 위한 동학 한글 가사를 통해 자유분방한 붓 필획과 비정형화된 글자 조형, 즉 <민체> 양식의 발전을 파악하게 하였다. 이 연구는 19세기 동학의 종교적 요인이 인쇄 기술의 발전과 더불어 사회적 기능으로 <민체> 양식의 발전에 어떻게 영향을 미쳤는지 고찰 규명하였다. 이와 함께 16세기부터 이미 유사한 양식 특징의 시사점을 제시하고, <민체> 양식에 대한 광범위한 역사적 연구의 필요성을 제기하였다. 아울러 후속 연구를 통해 한글의 다양한 변화와 역사적 맥락이 지속적으로 탐구되어야 함을 제언하였다. The purpose of this study is to analyze the type design characteristics of Donghak Hangul lyrics in the 19th century and to examine and identify of the Min-che style that was prominent at the time. Accordingly, under the spirit of the new Donghak zeitgeist, eight individual Korean lyrics of『Yongdamyusa』, written only in Hangul, have been selected: 1883 <Kyohoonga>, 1921 <Kyeonghoonga>, 1929 <Nonhakga>, 1932 <Gungulga><Inducksusunga><Yongdamga>, and undated <Sangwhadaemyeongga><Sikyungga>. The characteristics of each representative consonant and vowel, the letter or type size, width, balance, and typesetting were analyzed, as well as comparison with the Gung-che style. As a result, freedom of expression of letters or types in terms of balance and harmony was highlighted through unskilled and clumsy brushstrokes. In addition, the unique typesetting consisting of entirely Hangul characters stood out. In particular, Lyrics printed with New Lead Type that appeared with the introduction of Christianity and in the popular Lithographed lyric at the time saw the emergence of a new typeset composition of two and three columns. This represents a change from the single-column vertical composition of existing woodblock prints. There were established standardized styles characterized by geometric features and smooth brush strokes. In contrast, Donghak, led by powerless commoners, developed the Min-che style through Donghak Hangul lyrics to widely spread and propagate folk beliefs. This style is characterized by free-spirited brush strokes and non-standardized Type forms. This study investigated and identified how the religious factors of Donghak in the 19th century, along with the advancement of printing technology, influenced the development of the Min-che style as a social function. Additionally, it suggests that similar stylistic features may have existed as early as the 16th century, highlighting the need for extensive historical research on this style. It was proposed that future studies continue to explore the various changes and historical contexts of Hangul.

욕창 예방과 관리 활성화 방안

유정숙,김선영,최미리,심미영,박미옥,이수희,설정옥,엄인향,김영아,조은미,김유정,임효민 한국의료QA학회 2009 가을학술대회 Vol.2009 No.2

한글 타이포그래피에 있어서 활자가족으로 이탤릭체 연구 - 네모틀 디지털 돋움체의 오블리크 스타일을 중심으로-

유정숙 한국기초조형학회 2014 기초조형학연구 Vol.15 No.3

본 연구는 다양한 타이포그래피 표현의 시대적 요구 아래 현재 한글 활자가족에서는 정립되지 않은 이탤릭 활자로서 오블리크 스타일과 그 개발에 대한 기초연구이다. 한글 돋움체의 오블리크 스타일을 위한 기준 정립과 그 체계의 구축 확립을 위한 목적아래, 서구 알파벳 활자가족의 역사와 이탤릭의 특징을 고찰하고 이와 함께 한글 디지털 돋움체의 오블리크 스타일 실험과 분석을 통해 그에 상응하는 기준을 제시하고자 하였다. 본 연구 실험에서 기준으로 설정된 기울기 8도, 10도, 12도를 바탕으로 돋움체의 기초조형요소, 자모합성 및 타이포그래피 실험결과는 다음과 같다. 우선 기본 줄기 및 대표 자음인 “ㅋ”, “ㅌ”, “ㅁ”, “ㅈ”, “ㅇ” 과 모음에서 두드러진 주요특징으로는 가로 및 세로줄기, 덧 줄기, 삐침, 내리점, 동글 이응 등에서 줄기의 굵기, 길이의 착시 등의 왜곡현상이 나타났으며, 이로부터 발생되는 시지각 현상으로 자모합성 및 타이포그래피에서는 글자 폭과 글자크기, 글자사이와 낱말사이 그리고 혼합조판에서의 가독성과 판독성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같이 본 연구의 실험을 통해 한글은 영문보다 많은 줄기의 밀집된 기울기가 이탤릭체 개발에 시각 착시와 왜곡현상에 큰 영향을 미치는 요인으로 파악되었다. 따라서 한글의 특성에 적합한 기울기로 8도를 제안하였으나 이에 반드시 글자형태의 왜곡 및 착시현상에 따른 세밀한 시각보정을 통해 조화와 균형을 이룬 진정한 이탤릭으로서의 오블리크 스타일 개발의 기준을 삼아야 할 것임을 제시하였다. According to diverse typographic needs of the times, this paper focuses on a fundamental study of the oblique style, an italic type style which is yet to be established among typeface families of the Korean alphabet Hangul's typography. The main purpose of this study is to assess the existing standard and to develop a system for the oblique style of the Hanguel Dodum typeface. By analyzing the history of typeface families of western alphabets as well as the characteristics of italic types and conducting parallel experiments and analysis on the oblique style for the traditional Korean san-serif digital typeface, this study attempts to suggest a new standard. By applying 8, 10 and 12 degree angles as experiment standards for this paper's study, the following facts were discovered about basic formative elements, combinations of vowel and consonant letters, and typography. First of all, the characteristics of the basic stroke as well as archetypical Hangul consonants such as "ㅋ," "ㅌ," "ㅁ," "ㅈ," "ㅇ" and vowels turned out to display optical illusions as to their weight and length. Also, distortion appeared on vertical and horizontal strokes, additional stroke to the basic consonant "ㅋ," two opposite diagonal strokes from "ㅈ," and the letter "round ㅇ." The effects on visual perception, which originated from optical illusion and distortion in terms of weight and length, consequently influenced the width and size of letters and the spacing between letters and words with combinations of vowels and consonants and typography and also affected the readability and legibility of mixed typesets. This study recommends an 8-degree angle for the Korean alphabet Hangul. The recommendation is based on the unique characteristics of Hangul, especially due to the fact that greater optical illusion and distortion occurs with Hangul’s concentrated basic strokes compared to English typography. Therefore, it is imperative that detailed, sophisticated visual correction should be performed against optical illusion and distortion in order to develop the oblique style into a well-balanced true italic type.

신규간호사의 조직사회화 관련요인 탐색

유정숙,김주희,김미연,김성재,김영순,김정아,박승현,조은주,최은하,최희강 병원간호사회 2012 임상간호연구 Vol.18 No.2

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the factors related to new nurses’ organizational socialization (OS) process and to find out the strategic information for successful organizational socialization. Methods: The qualitative data were gathered from three focus group discussions with 13 new nurses and 5 experienced nurses. All interviews were recorded and transcribed. The transcript analyzed according to qualitative content analysis processes. Results: The factors related to new nurses’ OS derived from new nurses’ focus groups were ‘burdens related to the characteristics of nursing duties’, ‘emotional and psychological characteristics’ and ‘facilitating factors to OS’. Two factors at the forepart were interfering factors to new nurses’ OS. The factors related to new nurses’ OS derived from experienced nurses’ focus group classified to ‘facilitating factors to OS’, ‘interfering factors to OS’ and ‘supports to facilitate new nurses’ OS process'. Conclusion: The findings of the study revealed the facilitating and interfering factors to organizational socialization of new nurses. The main factors to interfere new nurses’ OS were individual factors such as professional incompetency and psychological characteristics. On the other hand, Interactional factors within the organization were important to facilitate new nurses’ OS. The findings can be applied for developing a special program to help new nurses adjust to the nursing organization successfully.

음악요법 및 소음차단 중재가 중환자실 환자의 활력징후에 미치는 영향

유정숙,권미수,고경숙,윤화남,박윤선,서경산,김은진,변년임 병원간호사회 2003 임상간호연구 Vol.8 No.2

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of music therapy and noise blocking intervention for the patient in the noisy Intensive Care Unit. Data were collected from June to August, 2002, the subjects were 57 patients admitted in the Intensive Care Unit of 'B' hospital which were divided into 3 groups of control group and music therapy group and noise blocking group. Each groups had 19 subjects. Method was quasi-experimental design, subjects were selected control group and music therapy group and noise blocking group by accidental sampling. Contents of data were composed of monitoring heart rate, systolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, axillary temperature and observed respiration rate. Data were analyzed using the SPSS/WIN program ; Pearson x^(2)-test was used to test the homogeneity of general characteristics ; oneway ANOVA was used to test the homogeneity of vital signs of pre intervention among three groups ; paired t-test was used to prove the hypotheses. The results of this study are summarized as follows : 1. During the period of each music therapy and noise blocking intervention, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, axillary temperature and respiration rate were reduced within the normal range. 2. During the 30 minutes after music therapy and noise blocking intervention, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, axillary temperature and respiration rate were elevated, but the level was lower than pre-intervention. Axillary temperature was continuously elevated within normal range after music therapy and noise blocking. 3. The difference of effect between music therapy and noise blocking intervention was not significant The results suggest that the noise of 'B' Intensive Care Unit was measured to 50~55dB in usual situation, and when intermittent noise was added, the level of noise was up to 60~73dB. This is needed to control of noise in Intensive Care Unit. In conclusion, the finding of this study showed that music therapy and noise blocking intervention were effective to stabilize vital signs for the patient in the noisy Intensive Care Unit. I recommend follows on the base of above results : 1. For the control of noise in the Intensive Care Unit, recommend to try not only implementing direct intervention to patient but also reducing environmental noise. 2. Give the chance to select music therapy or noise blocking intervention for patients-themselves. 3. I suggest that the repeated study for the alert patient to evaluate the effect of sleeping and affection.

중환자실 간호행위에 대한 간호소요시간 측정 및 분석

유정숙,김금순,Yoo, Cheong-Suk,Kim, Keum-Soon 한국중환자간호학회 2009 중환자간호학회지 Vol.2 No.2

Purpose: This study was done to suggest the standard ICU nursing procedure and standard ICU nursing practice time carried out according to the standard ICU nursing procedure. Methods: Through the literature review, 35 standard ICU nursing activities were selected and classified under 6 categories. Standard nursing procedures were described by research team and 4 clinical practice experts. Content validity of descripted nursing procedure was performed by 6 clinical practice experts. After that standard ICU nursing procedures were identified, standard nursing practice times were checked through 1:1 observation. Results: 35 ICU nursing activities were identified and categorized into 6 domains of activities. Also, their standard nursing procedures were identified, and finally 33 standard nursing practice times were measured and analyzed. The result of the measurement, 1 ICU nursing activity was spent above 30 minutes, 3 activities done within 10-20 minutes, 4 activities done within 5-10 minutes, and 25 activities were spent below 5 minutes. Conclusion: Through this study, 35 standard ICU nursing procedures were described and 33 standard ICU nursing practice times which carried out according to standard ICU nursing procedures were checked. The result can be as fundamental data for the study of nursing activity time in the ICU.

한국형 중환자간호 분류도구 개발

유정숙,심미영,최은하 병원간호사회 2015 임상간호연구 Vol.21 No.3

Purpose: This study was performed to develop a valid and reliable Korean Patient Classification System for Critical Care Nurses (KPCSC). Methods: Tertiary and general hospitals with various levels of ICU nurse staffing were included. To verify interrater reliability, data collectors and staff nurses of 15 ICUs in 11 hospitals classified 262 patients. To verify construct validity, the staff nurses classified 457 patients according to KPCSC comparing difference by medical department and type of stay in ICU. For conversion index, 195 patients from 10 ICUs in 7 hospitals were classified and nursing time was measured by 174 nurses, 7 head nurses, 18 charge nurses, 37 nurse aids and 1 secretary. Results: The developed KPCSC has 11 categories, 82 nursing activities and 115 criterias. Reliability was found to have high agreement (r=.96). Construct validity was verified by comparing differences in medical department and type of stay in ICU. According to scores, four groups in the KPCSC were identified. One score on the KPCSC indicates 6.12 minutes of nursing time. Conclusion: The findings show that the KPCSC can be used to measure new and complex nursing demands including rehabilitation and the safety of ICU patients. 목적 : 본 연구는 타당하고 신뢰성 있는 한국형 중환자간호 분류도구(KPCSC)를 개발하기 위해 시행되었다. 방법 : 간호인력 수준이 다양한 상급종합병원과 종합병원의 중환자실을 포함하였다. 관찰자간 신뢰도를 검증하기 위하여 11개 병원, 15개 중환자실의 자료수집담당자와 담당간호사들이 262명의 환자에 대해 환자분류를 시행하였다. 구성타당도를 검증하기 위해 457명의 환자를 대상으로 환자분류를 시행하여 진료과와 중환자실 재원형태에 따라 KPCSC 점수를 비교하였다. 환산지수 산출을 위해 7개 병원, 10개 중환자실 환자 195명의 환자분류를 시행했으며, 간호시간은 간호사 174명, 수간호사 7명, 책임간호사 18명, 간호보조원 37명, 서기 1명을 대상으로 측정하였다. 결과 : 개발된 KPCSC는 11개의 간호영역, 82개의 간호활동, 115개의 기준항목으로 구성되었다. 신뢰도는 높은 수준(r=.957)으로 검증되었다. 구성타당도는 진료과와 중환자실 재원형태에 따라 분류점수에 차이가 있는 것으로 검증되었다. 환자분류점수에 따라 KPCSC를 4개 군으로 분류하였다. KPCSC 1점당 간호시간은 6.12분이었다. 결론 : KPCSC는 중환자실 환자의 재활과 환자안전을 포함하여 새롭고 복잡한 간호요구도를 측정하는데 사용될 수 있다.

중환자 분류도구(WMSCN)의 신뢰도, 타당도 및 환산지수 검증

유정숙,권은옥,김순희,조용애,Yoo, Cheong-Suk,Kwon, Eun-Ok,Kim, Soon-Hee,Cho, Yong-Ae 한국중환자간호학회 2009 중환자간호학회지 Vol.2 No.1

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to establish reliability and validity and to identify the conversion index. Method: The WMSCN for ICU was revised from Workload Management System for Nurses(WMSN) of Walter Reed Army Hospital. Reliability of the WMSCN was evaluated interrater reliability between head nurses and staff nurses at 124 patients in April 2008. Validity through the correlation between direct nursing care hours and WMSCN score was conducted at 20 ICUs of 10 hospitals. Finally the conversion index was identified by total nursing hours and it divided by WMSCN score. Results: The scores by nurses were highly correlated with head nurses’(p=.967), and also scores of the WMSCN were highly correlated with the direct nursing care hours(p<.001). The distribution of patient classification ranks into class V(61.3%), class IV(24.2%) and class VI(11.3%). The scores of the WMSCN were no differences between MICU and SICU. Finally, the conversion index was 8.2 minutes. Conclusion: WMSCN is available to classify the nursing workload for critical care patients. The repeated evaluation of validity and reliability are requisite to use WMSCN effectively. And the conversion index should be adjusted to estimate the appropriate staffing in Korea.

STEAM 심화과정 교사연수에 참여한 초·중등교사들의 STEAM에 대한 인식 비교

유정숙,황신영,한인식 이화여자대학교 교과교육연구소 2016 교과교육학연구 Vol.20 No.1

본 연구는 우리나라의 STEAM교육을 이끌고 있는 교사들을 대상으로 STEAM에 대한 인식을 조사하고, 학교급별 차이를 분석하고자 하였다. 이에 STEAM 심화과정 교사연수에 참여한 초·중등교사 326명을 대상으로 STEAM교육에 대한 교사들의 이해 정도, STEAM 교수효능감, STEAM의 현장적용의 수월성 정도에 대한 인식을 묻는 설문조사를 실시하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, STEAM 심화과정에 참여한 교사들임에도 불구하고 상당수의 초·중등교사들이 STEAM에 대해 표상적인 이해수준을 보여주고 있었으며, 중등 교사들이 이러한 경향이 더욱 두드러졌다. 둘째, ‘STEAM 교수효능감’, ‘STEAM의 현장적용 수월성 정도’에 대한 인식 모두 초등교사가 중등교사보다 높게 나타나, 초등교사들이 중등교사들에 비해 STEAM에 대해 긍정적으로 인식하고 있었다. 셋째, 초·중등교사들 모두 STEAM 교수효능감은 비교적 높게 나타났으나, 현장적용에 대한 수월성에 대한 인식은 낮게 나타나면서 효능감과 실행에서의 괴리감이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 초중등교사의 수월성에 대한 인식의 차이를 바탕으로 학교급별 교사들이 STEAM 실행에 있어서 느끼는 어려움에 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이상의 연구 결과를 바탕으로, STEAM교육의 현장 확산을 위해서는 교사교육의 필요성과 초중등 학교급의 차별화된 접근이 필요하며, STEAM 교수 실행을 위한 실제적 지원이 이루어져야 함을 제안할 수 있다. In an effort to better understand the status of the Korean STEAM education and to provide some guidelines for future STEAM in Korea, this study investigated the perceptions on STEAM education by the primary and secondary school teachers who participated in the advanced STEAM teacher training program. These in-service teachers were expected to play leading roles in STEAM education. A total of 326 teachers responded to the survey that inquired how they would define STEAM education, to what extent they had teaching efficacy about STEAM, and how they considered the expediency of applying STEAM in their classes. The findings were as follows. First, even though the teachers were supposed to be pioneers for STEAM education, approximately 30% of the teachers did not have sufficient understanding about STEAM education, which is the case for the secondary teacher more than the primary teachers. Second, the primary teachers had higher “teaching efficacy about STEAM” and more positive perceptions about applying STEAM education than the secondary teachers. And third, there was a considerable gap between the teachers’ beliefs and practices about STEAM. The scores of the teachers’ teaching efficacy were high, while the teachers evaluated that implementing STEAM into their own classes was not easy. As a result, it can be suggested that in order to improve STEAM in Korea, it is necessary to employ different approaches considering the level of schools and provide more practical supports for teachers who implement STEAM in their classes.

Light Verb Constructions in English: Cognitive and Discourse Perspectives

유정숙 담화·인지언어학회 2016 담화와 인지 Vol.23 No.4

The term ‘light verbs’ such as have/give/take/do/make in ‘have a swim’, ‘give the show a miss’, ‘take a dive’, ‘do a favor’ and ‘make a decision’ was at first coined by Jespersen(1954). Since then there have been two groups of researches competing in respect to English light verb constructions (LVC, in short). One is to propose that the light verbs which head these constructions do not largely contribute to the meaning of the complex predicate (Jackendoff 1974, Cattell 1984, Baker 1988, Grimshaw and Mester 1988, Culicover and Jackendoff 2001, among others). The other is to suggest that somehow they put their own meanings to the construction with their contents a little bit lightened (Wierzbicka 1982, Dixon 1991, Brugman 2001, among others). This dissertation is in favor of the latter position, focusing on some problems which have been ignored or overlooked by current studies. In order to deal with the issues, I adopt two perspectives, cognitive and discourse perspective. Especially, three problems will be highlighted throughout this dissertation. The first one is about allowing a variety of forms of deverbal nouns (DVNs, in short) in ‘true light verb’ (TLVs, in short) constructions, which are defined to preserve the fixed form (‘a + V’), unexpectedly taking other determiners or breaking their frozen status structurally. As DVNs of TLVs have been treated as unstable NPs in that they rarely undergo syntactic operations such as wh-movement, passivization, pronominalization, and occurrence with definite articles, as suggested in Kearns (2002), many spoken data observed in corpora such as COCA, BNC, WebCorp. which threaten their frozen structural status, need to be explained. The second is about the insufficient analysis of DVN’s own productivity for LVCs in that the appearances of new action verbs in LVC that have generally not been accepted as a member of the DVNs have continually been introduced newly to LVCs in English. Regarding these two issues, I adopt cognitive mechanisms such as Conceptual Metaphor, Unitarization and Reification. With Conceptual metaphor, it is demonstrated that humans consider even their actions as something possessed and produced, proposing the conceptual metaphors for TLVs AN ACTION IS A POSSESSION, for Vague Action Verbs (VAVs, in short) AN ACTION IS A PRODUCT. In order to explain the conceptualized path for the various structural forms of DVNs in LVCs, I use other mechanisms such as Unitarization and Reification. In terms of Unitarization, I suggest that people can view an action as a unit by way of considering one action as a representative for the members of its set, which provides a motivation for the process of Unitarization. On the other hand, for Reification, I adopt Radden and Dirven’s (2007, R & D, in short) proposal that almost all the abstract nouns are regarded as a thing converted from a relation such as verbs or adjectives by way of ‘reification’, and then apply it to the generation of DVNs of LVCs. In contrast with R & D, this study argues that the reification applying to DVNs in LVCs can be classified into four types along the gradient scale with degrees of ‘nouniness’ based on the tests for the grammatical environments preferred for NP: ‘immature reification’ (IR, in short, eg. ‘getting up’): ‘semi-reification’ (SR, in short, eg. ‘a lie-down’), ‘activated reification’ (AR, in short, eg. ‘a walk/walks’) and ‘mature reification’ (MR, in short, eg. ‘marriage’) types. The tests given for dividing types of reification include topicalization, referentiality, co-occurrence with determiners as well as passivization, pronominlization, etc., the latter of which were suggested by Kearns (2002). It should be noted that among these types, SR, AR and MR types are systematically related to DVNs of LVCs under discussion. The third issue is about indifference toward differences of subtle meanings between LVCs and hea...