구석기 유물의 변이와 개인의 작업 관리 역량–주먹도끼 모의 제작을 통한 試現–

유용욱 한국상고사학회 2013 한국상고사학보 Vol.80 No.-

Various conditions bring about the variability of lithic artifacts and past research has been exploring these conditions in extrasomatic domain rather than in the realm of internal human capacities. This research trend is liable to produce a simple notion; which is that specific condition is normatively responsible for lithic variability in deterministic manner. As an attempt to challenge this limited explanation, this article divided those conditions into two categories-internal and external. Agency and structure, and their interrelationship can be posited in order to conceptualize and actualize the internal condition, which can be summarized as such human mental reactions as exerting one's own intelligence, taking cognizance of external conditions, making spontaneous decision, expecting the unexpected, improvising suitable gestures and so on. The agency-based individual task management is well-demonstrated by the knapping experiment of handaxe and is meaningfully projected on the final lithic form; it served as solutions or counter-measurement against external constraints which might regulate and dissipate the occurrence of lithic variability. It becomes clear that agency mediating the internal conditions can be conveyed more vividly by experimental approach; this approach is expected to shed a green light on investigating the nature of lithic variability in the future research. 구석기 고고학에서 유물군의 형태적 변이를 가져오는 요인은 다양하다. 하지만 기존의 연구들은 이러한 요인들을 고인류 신체 내부의 정신적 작용 보다는 신체 외적인 조건에서 찾으려고 했다. 이러한 연구 성향은 석기의 변이가 특정 요인에 의한 필연적인 작용을 거쳐 당위적으로 발생한다는 설명만을 가능하게 해 준 한계가 있다. 본고는 이러한 연구 성향의 한계를 극복하고자 하는 시도로서, 석기군의 변이를 야기시키는 요인들을 외적 조건과 내적 조건으로 구분하였다. 그 중 내적 조건에 주목해서, 이러한 요인들에 작용하는 작주(agency)와 구조라는 개념을 제시하였다. 그리고 통제된 실험을 통해 주먹도끼를 모의 제작 함으로써 제작자 개인의 작업 관리 역량의 역할이 최종 형태의 변이에 어떤 방식으로 작용하는지 관찰하였다. 실험 결과, 개인의 작주를 통한 작업 관리는 다양한 외적 제약을 극복하고 제작 의도를 충실히 석기 형태에 반영하고자 하는 노력으로 표현되었다. 이렇게 작주로 대표되는 내적 조건 및 실험을 통한 실제적 관찰은 차후 구석기 유물의 변이를 탐구하는데 있어서 보다 새로운 시각을 제공할 것으로 기대된다.

대칭으로 살펴본 임진-한탄강 유역 주먹도끼의 성격.

유용욱,김동완 한국고고학회 2010 한국고고학보 Vol.75 No.-

Symmetry is one of the major components responsible for the general shape and impression of handaxes. It is a stylistic element generated and developed in the context of human intelligence advancement and of social studies conducted inside human networks. This article proposes a new approach to observing the morphological characteristics of the handaxes from the Imjin-Hantan River Area (IHRA) by analyzing the variability of symmetry on inter-site level and in the condition of blank selection. New variables ─ index of plane symmetry (IPS) and of lateral symmetry (ILS) ─ are devised with the application of computeraided calculation using digital images. The result demonstrates that the IHRA handaxes generally show low IPS and ILS and their inter-site variation is observed at a slightly significant level; the symmetry of handaxe shapes is, although not showing a remarkable pattern, pursued on the plane view rather than the lateral one. A chaîne-opératoire approach demonstrates that the modes of correlation between IPS and ILS are differently influenced by the type of blanks, the degree of modification, and the shapes of handaxes discovered as final forms. The analysis draws a tentative conclusion that the symmetrization of the IHRA handaxes differs from Acheulian ones in that it was not imposed in a patterned manner; and that this is partly because the symmetry of the IHRA handaxes was constituted in the course of various selective procedures without a solidly stereotyped method of manufacture. Considering the limitations of information squeezed from current data, recent approaches on the global characterization of East Asian handaxes, therefore, need to be cautioned in that they are based on superficial comparison inspired by the simple “cheulian assumption.“

續 임진-한탄강 유역 주먹도끼의특성에 대하여

유용욱 한국고고학회 2016 한국고고학보 Vol.101 No.-

The handaxes from the Imjin-Hantan River Area (IHRA) have played a significant role in Palaeolithic research at an international level as well as among local Korean archaeologists. This article is a succession to 1997’s research on the handaxes of the IHRA. The majority of the past research, has focused on complacently advocating that the IHRA handaxe is an East Asian example of Acheulian industry. In order to go beyond this complacent knowledge, this article attempts to discover and present the unique characteristics of the IHRA handaxe. The principal characteristics of the IHRA handaxe are to be: 1) the chaîne opératoire composed of improvising tasks situationally selected according to manufacturing constraints, 2) the reduction sequence and final form strongly influenced by the original shapes of the blank cobbles, 3) raw material selectivity and its contingency with manufacturing skills and limitations on sequential flaking. These characteristics indicate the IHRA handaxe is far from being a product of Acheulian industry; it was hardly brought about by a process of cultural transmission. It is, rather, believed to been an output of spontaneous genesis enabled by genetic transmission among early hominins. In contrast to the cultural view, the idea of genetic transmission has the potential to explain how the East Asian handaxe could have emerged regardless of Acheulian acculturation from the west; in particular, it can be hypothesized that the IHRA handaxe, which is technologically unrefined but relatively younger, is an example of technological convergence, a homoplasy, that was accomplished out of the Acheulian domain. Future research will be more focused on testing and verifying this hypothesis based on new data.

Guest Editor’s Introduction: Alternative Approaches in the Korean Archaeology

유용욱 고려대학교 한국사연구소 2019 International Journal of Korean History Vol.24 No.1

한국 구석기시대 석영계 석재의 기계적 성질 비교 시론 - 임진-한탄강 유역을 중심으로

유용욱 한국구석기학회 2012 한국구석기학보 Vol.- No.25

Majority of researchers agrees that the crudeness of lithic tools is influenced by the coarseness and mechanical poorness of locally available raw material. In particular, the quartz and quartzite are main candidates to inevitably produce simple tools and have been entitled poor quality raw material category. However, we do not have any solid evidence to support that these two rocks are really “hard-to-deal” resource. In order to furnish a reliable background to classify excellent and poor quality raw material, a comparison of mechanical properties between so-called “high-quality” raw material—flint and chert—and quartz/quartzite rocks from the Imjin-Hantan River Area, Korea was made. The flint and chert were obtained from well-known classic palaeolithic sites of Europe: St. Acheul and the vicinity of the Somme River, Les Eyzies and the vicinity of the Vezere River, Atapuerca of Spain, Ust Kara-gol of Altai. The indices measured for quantifying mechanical properties include 1) tensile strength, 2) isotrophy, 3) Young’s modulus and 4) wave velocity. The preliminary result is that any significant difference is hardly identified in these indices; the intra-variability of flint-chert group is larger than inter-group variability and the quartz/quartzite group does not show any clear mechanical inferiority in terms of those four indices above. This result introduces a new hypothesis that the physical constraints imposed on the crude nature of the IHRA implements should be pursued other than sheer mechanical indices of quartz and quartzite. 일반적으로 한국의 석영계 석재는 조질 석재(low-quality material)로 이해되고 있지만 이러한 석영계 석재가 과연 어느 만큼이나 열악한 특징을 가지고 있는지 구체적인 정량화 작업을 통해서 양질 석재(high-quality material)와 비교된 예는 없다. 본 고는 기계적 성질면에서 뚜렷하게 우월한 성격을 지니는 유럽의 양질 석재와 한국 임진-한탄강 유역의 조질 석재를 비교하였다. 널리 알려진 유럽의 구석기 유적들-생 타슐 유적을 비롯한 프랑스의 솜므강 유역, 베제르 강 일대의 프랑스 도르도뉴 지역, 스페인 아타푸에르카 유적, 러시아 알타이 지역의 카라-봄 유적 일대에서 채취한 플린트 및 기타 석재들의 다양한 기계적 성질을 측정하고 이를 임진-한탄강 유역의 규암제 석재와 동일한 조건에서 비교ㆍ분석하였다. 분석 결과, 실험실에서 다양한 변수들을 통합하는 주성분분석법을 통해서 양질/중간질/조질 석재는 통계적으로 의미 있는 수준에서 구분이 가능하였다. 그리고 이러한 석재의 질적 구분에는 탄성요인과 인장요인이라는 변수가 크게 작용한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 탄성요인과 인장요인은 각각 '타격감'과 '견고함'이라고 정의될 수 있는 고인류가 감각적으로 인지하는 주관적 속성과 관련이 있다고 생각할 수 있다. 따라서 통상적으로 조질/양질이라는 이분법적인 석재의 구분은 어디까지나 고인류의 석재 구분과는 무관한 주관적인 구분일 가능성이 높으며, 석재의 질적 속성은 기계적 성질 및 해당 석재가 지니는 각종 맥락적 효용성까지 포괄할 때 의미를 지닌다는 것을 알 수 있다.

우리나라 주먹도끼의 연구 현황 : 임진-한탄강 유역을 중심으로

유용욱 한국구석기학회 2020 한국구석기학회 학술대회 발표집 Vol.2019 No.2

‘구석기문화’라는 개념의 발생 과정과 그 효용성에 대하여

유용욱 한국구석기학회 2011 한국구석기학보 Vol.- No.23

So-called "palaeolithic culture" has gained a great currency since its emergence as a semantic equivalence with the "civilization" in the 19th century. This article overviews the trajectory of its usage, transference and propagation in the context of the development of archaeological perspectives on the past humans' materialistic evidences. It can be drawn that various theoretical tenets such as darwinian evolutionism, diffusionism, and phylogeny have contributed to the formulation of palaeolithic culture as a vague conceptual tool; some struggles for its integrative manifestation are exemplified by Childe's "archaeological culture" and the "Mousterian Debates." On the contrary, East Asian archaeology has been inherently dependent on the "culture" of transcendent meanings, biased by each county's social evolutionism and nationalism which were highly valued as a zeitgeist of civilized modernization in the early 20th century. Three examples for those biased exploitation of the term "culture" are demonstrated by the works of Choi Namsun, Torii Ryuzo, and Jia Lanpo respectively. It is concluded that the use of the term "(Palaeolithic) culture" should be accompanied by strict awareness of its explicit meaning as the "materialistic entity resulting from patterned collective behaviors with chronological and temporal significance"; and that in Korean Palaeolithic research in particular, more rigorous consideration for using "culture" as a methodological unit should be ensured so that such an ambiguous culture-based nomenclature, the "pebble-tool cultural tradition" for example, need to be more conceptually redefined.

중·후기 갱신세의 환경압과 동아시아 고인류의 분포 및 기술상

유용욱 한국고고학회 2023 한국고고학보 Vol.- No.127

This article observes the general nature of environmental change in the Pleistocene of East Asia, including that of the Korean Peninsula, by contextualizing it with the simple and indistinct variation of East Asian palaeolithic assemblages. The evidence of hominin occupation increased markedly from the latter half of the Mid-Pleistocene in East Asia. The climate then had been mild and pleasant with the influence of Asian monsoons; accordingly, Asian hominins used to depend on plant resources rather than animals under less stressful environmental conditions. This ecological trait and the low hominin population level were possibly responsible for the less-accentuated characteristics and unwitnessed temporal variation of East Asian lithic assemblages. As of MIS 4 in the Late Pleistocene, however, the environmental condition severely deteriorated and hominins turned to more frequent animal exploitation. The changing environmental context led hominins to take more vivid technological advancement and inspired them to yield unprecedented temporal and spatial lithic variation across the Asian continent; the number of palaeolithic localities in the Korean Peninsula rapidly increased during the short, warm MIS 3. The production of handaxes in the mid-Korea seems to have emerged as a result of regional traditions formulated under this hominin-environment interaction of the period.

<서평> 한국 고고학의 발생과 그 해석에 대한 인물사적 성찰: 『荷潭 都宥浩(2017)』의 拙評

유용욱 한국구석기학회 2019 한국구석기학보 Vol.- No.39

댐 붕괴흐름의 해석해(Ritter의 해)를 이용한 월파유속 분석

유용욱,이종인,김영택 한국수자원학회 2008 한국수자원학회논문집 Vol.41 No.7

본 연구는 수리실험으로 얻어진 권파에 의한 월파수괴의 유속을 댐붕괴흐름과 비교하여 거동의 유사성을 검토하였다. 댐붕괴흐름은 해석해가 간략하고 월파 거동과 유사함으로 인해 월파의 유속산정에 이용되어왔다. 월파는 일반적으로 많은 연행기포로 인해 기존의 유속측정기법을 적용하는데 제한을 받게 되므로, 본 실험에서는 기포나 기포조직모양을 이용한 기포영상유속계를 이용하여 월파 유속을 측정하였다. 실험결과로부터 월파의 유속단면을 검토하였고, 단면의 최대유속과 수심평 The present study examines similarity of behavior between an overtopping wave generated by a plunging wave and a dam-break flow through hydraulic model tests. The dam-break flow has been employed to estimate the overtopping effect on the basis of the dam