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원형식 한국자기공명학회 2017 Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society Vol.21 No.1
Human sterol Δ8-Δ7 isomerase, commonly known as emopamil binding protein (EBP), is an essential protein in the cholesterol-synthetic pathway, and mutations of this protein are critically associated with human diseases such as Conradi-Hunermann–Happle or male EBP disorder with neurological defects syndrome. Due to such a clinical importance, EBP has been intensively investigated and some important features have been reported. EBP is a tetra-spanning membrane protein, of which 2nd, 3rd, and 4th membrane-spanning α helices play an important role in its enzymatic function. However, detailed structural feature at atomic resolution has not yet been elucidated, due to characteristic difficulties in dealing with membrane protein. Here, we over-expressed EBP using Escherichia coli and performed detergent screening to find suitable membrane mimetics for structural studies of the protein by NMR. As results, DPC and LMPG could be evaluated as the most favorable detergents to acquire promising NMR spectra for structural study of EBP.
원형식,이유섭,고현숙,류경석,전영호 한국자기공명학회 2010 Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society Vol.14 No.2
Hsp33 is a molecular chaperone achieving a holdase activity upon response to a dual stress by heat and oxidation. Despite several crystal structures available, the activation process is not clearly understood, because the structure inactive Hsp33 as its reduced, zinc-bound, monomeric form has not been solved yet. Thus, we initiated structural investigation of the reduced Hsp33 monomer by NMR. In this study, to overcome the high molecular weight (33 kDa), the protein was triply isotope-[13C, 15N, 2H]-labeled and its inactive, monomeric state was ensured. 2D-[1H, 15N]-TROSY and a series of triple resonance spectra could be successfully obtained on a high-field (900 MHz) NMR machine with a cryoprobe. However, under all of the different conditions tested, the number of resonances observed was significantly less than that expected from the amino acid sequence. Thus, a possible contribution of dynamic conformational exchange leading to a line broadening is suggested that might be important for activation process of Hsp33.
원형식,Yoo-Sup Lee,Kyoung-Seok Ryu,이윤호,Songmi Kim,이근우 한국자기공명학회 2011 Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society Vol.15 No.2
Hsp33, a prokaryotic molecular chaperone, exerts holdase activity in response to oxidative stress. In this study, the stepwise conformational change of Hsp33 upon oxidation was monitored by NMR. In order to overcome its high molecular weight (33 kDa as a monomer and 66 kDa as a dimer), spectra were simplified using a selectively [^(15)N]His-labeled protein. All of the eight histidines were observed in the TROSY spectrum of the reduced Hsp33. Among them, three peaks showed dramatic resonance shifts dependent on the stepwise oxidation, indicating a remarkable conformational change. The results suggest that unfolding of the linker domain is associated with dimerization, but not entire region of the linker domain is unfolded.
원형식,서민덕,고현숙,최완수,이봉진 한국분자세포생물학회 2008 Molecules and cells Vol.26 No.1
Cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP) is allosterically activated by cAMP and functions as a global transcription regulator in enteric bacteria. Structural information on CRP in the absence of cAMP (apo-CRP) is essential to fully understand its allosteric behavior. In this study we demonstrated interdomain interactions in apo-CRP, using a comparative thermodynamic approach to the intact protein and its isolated domains, which were prepared either by limited proteolysis or using recombinant DNA. Thermal denaturation of the intact apo-CRP, monitored by differential scanning calorimetry, revealed an apparently single cooperative transition with a slight asymmetry. Combined with circular dichroism and fluorescence analysis, the thermal denaturation of apo-CRP could be interpreted as a coupled process involving two individual transitions, each attributable to a structural domain. When isolated individually, both of the domains exhibited significantly altered thermal behavior, thus pointing to the existence of non-covalent interdomain interactions in the intact apo-CRP. These observations suggest that the allosteric conformational change of CRP upon binding to cAMP is achieved by perturbing or modifying pre-existing interdomain interactions. They also underline the effectiveness of a comparative approach using calorimetric and structural probes for studying the thermodynamics of a protein.
원형식 국민대학교 법학연구소 2020 법학논총 Vol.32 No.3
1. 대표이사의 어음발행행위가 무효인 경우 피해회사에 대하여 ‘재산상손해’가 발생하였는가에 관하여 대상판례가 있기 전에는 판례의 입장이 일관되지 않았다. 대법원은 전원합의체 판결을 통해 전자의 입장을 채택함으로써 기존의 위험범설의 입장은 그대로 유지하면서도, ‘실해 발생의 위험’ 의 범위를 더욱 제한적으로 해석하였다. 2. 경제적 재산개념에 의하면 권리의 실현에 위험이 수반되는 재산은 아무런 위험이 없는 재산보다 경미한 재산적 가치를 지닌다. 따라서 자신의재산에 장래의 손실의 위험이 부가된다는 것은 ‘현재의 재산가치의 감소’ 라고 평가할 수 있다. 배임행위로 인하여 위험에 처한 재산 전체가 아니라이러한 위험으로 인하여 감소된 재산가치만을 재산상 손해로 파악한다면위험범설을 그대로 유지하는 것이 타당하다. 3. 위험범설이 타당성을 유지하기 위해서는 재산상 구체적 위험의 판단기준을 명확히 정함으로써 ‘재산상 손해’가 배임죄의 구성요건요소로서 배임죄의 성립범위를 제한하는 기능을 강화하고, ‘재산상 손해’와 관련하여제기되는 위헌의 가능성, 즉 유추해석금지의 원칙과 명확성의 원칙을 침해한다는 비판을 피하여야 한다. 4. 재산상 구체적 위험의 판단기준은 구체적 위험에 관한 기존의 논의로부터 이끌어낼 수 있다. 규범적 위험설에 의하면 행위자에 의하여 야기된위험상황을 피해자가 더 이상 지배할 수 없는 경우에 구체적 위험이 발생한 것으로 본다. 이 기준은 배임죄에서 재산상 구체적 위험에 대하여 그대로 적용된다. 그리고 임무위배가 직접적으로, 즉 제3자에 의한 중간행위의개입이 없이도 실해로 이어지는 경우에 재산상 구체적 위험을 인정하는 소위 ‘직접성의 원칙’도 구체적 위험의 판단기준으로 수용할 필요가 있다. 5. 대상판례에서 대표이사 甲이 악의의 상대방인 ○○ 은행에게 A 회사명의의 어음을 발행·교부한 행위만으로는 아직 재산상 구체적 위험이 발생하였다고 할 수 없다. 왜냐하면 피해 회사에게는 악의의 항변을 통하여실해가 발생하는 것을 저지할 여지가 남아있기 때문이다. 직접성의 원칙에의하면 재산상 구체적 위험이 발생하기 위해서는 ○○ 은행이 어음을 선의의 제3자에게 유통하는 중간행위가 있을 것을 요한다. 따라서 대표이사甲에 대하여 업무상 배임죄의 미수를 인정한 대상판례의 결론에 찬성한다. The summary of this commentary on the Supreme Court Decision en banc Decision 2014Do1104 Decided July 20, 2017(hereinafter referred as ‘en banc Decision’) is as in the following: 1. Before this en banc Decision anounced, several decisions of Supreme Court lacked consistency about a problem if a representative director of a corporation who issued invalid promissory notes caused pecuniary loss to the corporation. The Supreme Court decided on the one hand that any pecuniary loss is not caused, “unless there were any special circumstances, such as the promissory note actually being distributed to a third party.” On the one hand decided the Supreme Court that pecuniary loss is caused, so long as “special circumstances that would prevent the promissory note to be circulated” don’t exist. The Supreme Court adopted through this en banc Decision the former position which interpreted the scope of ‘risk of pecuniary loss’ more restrictively and retains the existing position of risk theory. 2. According to the concept of economic property, a property that carries a risk in realizing rights has a minor property value than a property without any risk. Therefore, the risk of future loss to property can be evaluated as a ‘reduction in current property value’. If only the value of property that has been reduced due to concrete risks is identified as property damage. So it is reasonable to maintain the risk theory. 3. In order to maintain the validity of the risk theory, the criterion for judging the pecuniary concrete risks must be clearly defined, so that ‘property damage’ as a component of the crime of breach can perform it’s function to limit the scope of the crime and the criticism that the risk theory violates the constitutional principle such as that of prohibition of analogy interpretation and that of clarity, can be avoided. 4. The criterion for determining the pecuniary concrete risks can be derived from existing discussions about concrete risks. The normative risk theory suggests that concrete risks arise when the victim is no longer able to control or avoid the risky situation caused by the offender. This criterion can be applied to determine the pecuniary concrete risks. In addition the so-called ‘principle of directness’, which approves concrete risks, only when the violation of duties leads directly, i.e. without the intervention of an intermediary act by a third party, to real loss of property. In short, in order to recognize a concrete risk on the property both the uncontrollability of the risk situation and the directness of the occurrence of the real loss are required. 5. In this case of en banc Decision the act of issuing a promissory note in the name of the company ‘A’ the counterpart of the malice, namly the ○○ bank itself, can not cause a concrete risk. This is because there is a room for the victim company to keep the loss of property in check. According to the principle of directness, an intermediary act that the ○○ bank circulates the promissory note to a bona fide third party, must be intervened in order to acknowledge the occurrence of concrete risk.
Activity Optimization of an Undecapeptide Ana-logue Derived from a Frog-Skin Antimicrobial Pep-tide
원형식,Su-Jin Kang,최완수,이봉진 한국분자세포생물학회 2011 Molecules and cells Vol.31 No.1
While natural antimicrobial peptides are potential therapeutic agents, their physicochemical properties and bioactivity generally need to be enhanced for clinical and commercial development. We have previously developed a cationic, amphipathic α-helical, 11-residue peptide (named herein GA-W2: FLGWLFKWASK-NH_2) with potent antimicrobial and hemolytic activity, which was derived from a 24-residue, natural antimicrobial peptide isolated from frog skin. Here, we attempted to optimize peptide bioactivity by a rational approach to sequence modification. Seven analogues were generated from GA-W2, and their activities were compared with that of a 12-residue peptide, omiganan, which is being developed for clinical and commercial applications. Most of the modifications reported here improved antimicrobial activity. Among them, the GA-K4AL (FAKWAFKWLKK-NH2) peptide displayed the most potent antimicrobial activity with negligible hemolytic activity, superior to that of omiganan. The therapeutic index of GAK4AL was improved more than 53- and more than 31-fold against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively, compared to that of the starting peptide, GAW2. Given its relatively shorter length and simpler amino acid composition, our sequence-optimized GA-K4AL peptide may thus be a potentially useful antimicrobial peptide agent.
반려묘 피부질환 컴퓨터 보조 진단 시스템 성능 고도화를 위한 최적화 및 증대기법에 관한 연구
원형식,박재범,조현종 대한전기학회 2025 전기학회논문지 Vol.74 No.1
In modern society, the number of households raising pets is increasing. As pet ownership increases, the cost of treating companion cats is also rising, with a significant portion of these costs going toward the treatment of skin diseases. Skin diseases are among the common ailments in pets, and swift action is required if they occur in cats. However, early lesions lack distinctive characteristics, making accurate diagnosis difficult. Therefore, this study proposes a CADx(Computer-Aided Diagnosis) system that classifies images of cat skin conditions into inflammatory lesions, non-inflammatory lesions, and normal images using a dataset of cat skin diseases. We selected the ConvNeXt model, based on CNN, which can learn regional information and features. To learn various patterns of skin lesions, we applied Mixup, an image augmentation technique. When Mixup was applied, the model accuracy was 0.8679, showing a 3.35% improvement compared to the original dataset. Additionally, Lookahead Optimizer was applied to ensure stable learning of Mixup. When both Mixup and Lookahead Optimizer were applied, the model accuracy was 0.8741, showing a high improvement of 3.97% compared to the original dataset. Therefore, the Lookahead Optimizer helps with the stable training of mixup, which can improve the performance of the model.ㅍ In modern society, the number of households raising pets is increasing. As pet ownership increases, the cost of treating companion cats is also rising, with a significant portion of these costs going toward the treatment of skin diseases. Skin diseases are among the common ailments in pets, and swift action is required if they occur in cats. However, early lesions lack distinctive characteristics, making accurate diagnosis difficult. Therefore, this study proposes a CADx(Computer-Aided Diagnosis) system that classifies images of cat skin conditions into inflammatory lesions, non-inflammatory lesions, and normal images using a dataset of cat skin diseases. We selected the ConvNeXt model, based on CNN, which can learn regional information and features. To learn various patterns of skin lesions, we applied Mixup, an image augmentation technique. When Mixup was applied, the model accuracy was 0.8679, showing a 3.35% improvement compared to the original dataset. Additionally, Lookahead Optimizer was applied to ensure stable learning of Mixup. When both Mixup and Lookahead Optimizer were applied, the model accuracy was 0.8741, showing a high improvement of 3.97% compared to the original dataset. Therefore, the Lookahead Optimizer helps with the stable training of mixup, which can improve the performance of the model.
딥러닝 기반 고양이 피부질환 분류 시스템 개발 및 Grad-CAM 시각화
원형식,조현종 대한전기학회 2025 전기학회논문지 Vol.74 No.2
Skin diseases in companion cats can worsen if not treated promptly, and this can increase the financial burden on pet owners. To prevent this, early and accurate diagnosis is essential. This study introduces a deep learning-based Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CADx) system designed to classify cat skin diseases into non-inflammatory and inflammatory lesions by comparing them with normal images. The system employs the EfficientNetV2 model and incorporates image augmentation techniques like AutoAugment and AugMix to enhance classification performance. The study results indicate that the developed model achieved an 84.68% accuracy for non-inflammatory lesions, reflecting a 10.06% improvement, and a 97.19% accuracy for inflammatory lesions, reflecting a 2.45% improvement. Furthermore, we applied Grad-CAM to visualize the regions of interest in the images, offering veterinarians critical insights into the location and characteristics of the lesions. This system has the potential to significantly improve the precision of diagnosing skin diseases in companion cats, thereby supporting better veterinary care.