전자계약 성립시기 결정을 위한 메일박스규칙 적용의 타당성

우광명(Kwang-myung Woo) 한국국제상학회 2007 國際商學 Vol.22 No.1

  Under the common law, acceptance is effective upon dispatch, even if it never reaches the offeror. Practical reason existence for applying the mailbox rule in common law is formation of contracts. The mailbox rule makes a sense of certainty and removes the possibility of the offeror"s capricious revocation of the offer.<BR>  The mailbox rule should be retained for contracts because electronic acceptance is not instantaneous and apply to electronic acceptances to create certainty in electronic contracting. Also, the mailbox rule will avoid an endless circle of communication to confirm the existence of a contract.

블록체인 기반 전자선하증권의 적용 가능성에 관한 연구

우광명(Kwang-Myung Woo) 한국무역연구원 2021 무역연구 Vol.17 No.6

Purpose This paper examines the case of blockchain-based bill of lading platforms and presents challenges for the application of blockchain-based bill of ladings commercialy. Design/Methodology/Approach The question remains as to whether the electronic bill of lading is a perfect replacement for the principle of operation of the traditional bill of lading. In this study, the basic concept of the blockchain was examined by studying the transition process, type, and main components. In addition, the necessity of introducing a blockchain-based electronic bill of lading is examined. Findings In Chapter III, in order to understand the structure of the blockchain-based electronic bill of lading, the application model of the electronic bill of lading as an alternative to the traditional bill of lading(B/L’s Crisis) will be summarized. The characteristics of the blockchain-based electronic bill of lading platforms are then examined. In addition, the applicability of the blockchain-based electronic bill of lading and its challenges are presented. Research Implications In the shipping industry, blockchain-based electronic bill of lading platforms are launched to improve efficiency and visibility in the global supply chain. This research explains the applicability of blockchain-based electronic bills of lading through platforms cases and presents the challenges of blockchain bills of lading.

통상법,제도 : 전자상거래에서 전자대리인의 법적 문제점과 개선방안

우광명 ( Kwang Myung Woo ),조현숙 ( Hyun Sook Cho ) 한국통상정보학회 2011 통상정보연구 Vol.13 No.1

Computer technology has enhanced a new transaction between device or software not just between humans. It offers users agent-like functionality and becomes increasingly common. It`s roles diverse from gathering informations to automated trading. However, the use of new technology challenges to traditional legal systems and makes issues in adjusting the legal systems. Contract with electronic agents makes some issues such as whether the contract is enforceable or what principle`s responsibility about the operation of electronic agents is. This paper analysis these issues and provides some solutions. First of all, we should make a legal act or revise previous laws. It is better that new civil law establishes for electronic communications and approach the law of agency for attribution of the responsibility issue. Secondly, in practice, website such as shopping mall should provide the terms of conditions to bind a contract.

팬데믹하의 FOB와 CIF계약의 이행문제와 대응방안에 관한 연구

우광명(Kwang-Myung Woo) 한국무역학회 2023 무역학회지 Vol.48 No.5

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, a series of measures such as border closures, export bans, and business closures by governments have prohibited human and material exchanges, which has led to the problem of contractual default in international contracts for the sale of goods. If the contract cannot be fulfilled due to a disaster or disaster related to reasons beyond the control of the contracting parties, the question arises as to who is responsible. The confusion over such non-performance leads to disputes and lawsuits, and in international commercial transactions a standard clause in contracts is the force majeure clause, which attempts to solve the problem by equitably allocation the risk of loss between the parties. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the problems that may arise in the process of contract execution when the COVID-19 pandemic is applied to FOB and CIF contracts, which are the main standard terms of international sales contracts, and to propose countermeasures so that parties to sales and purchase contracts can effectively respond to the COVID-19 pandemic and future situations.

블록체인 기반 신용장거래의 활용에 관한 연구

우광명(Kwang-Myung Woo),김성호(Seong-Ho Kim) 한국무역연구원 2021 무역연구 Vol.17 No.3

Purpose This study objective is to explore the benefits and shortcommings of using Blockchain and smart contract in letter of credit and how capable the Blockchain and smart contract to eliminate the risk in letter of credit transaction. This study has applied cases the applicability of blockchain technology in international trade process from a perspecitive of letter of credit (L/C) payment. Design/Methodology/Approach There are composed of five chapters based on literature and cases studies. Chapter deals with the introduction of this paper and Chapter explains the changes in trade payment methods, will explore complexity and diversification of trade transaction, electronic payment. Chapter deals with blockchain technology in electronic trade settlement, will explore blockchain technology as the Distributed Ledger Technology and Smart contract. Chapter idenfies application of blockchain technology in letter of credit transaction, will explore possible to apply technology in letter of credit transaction, influence of blockchain in letter of credit transaction and cases of application of blockchain technology in letter of credit transaction. Chapter concludes this paper. Findings Traditional way of letter of credit that is a paper based system in which it is needed to share and validate documents between parties in different countries make letter of credit mechanism slow, inefficient and high cost. However, blockchain technology enables trade parties to share information on a close ledge. Then, trade deal can be completed automatically through a series of digital smart contract. By applying blockchain and smart contract, it eliminate the time, risk and cost in letter of credit transaction. Research Implications This paper explains the blockchain application cases. Blockchain can be used in letter of credit various stages from opening the credit on the bank and send it to the beneficary until payment. This blockchain technology have more benefit in cross borders trade such as a letter of credit transaction. Blockchain could save letter of credit from the continues declain in use in international.

지적재산권분쟁에 대한 ADR의 적응성

우광명(Kwang-Myung Woo),서민교(Min-Kyo Seo) 한국무역학회 2008 무역학회지 Vol.33 No.2

Today, intellectual property is emerging as one of the most valuable commodities in the global market. A business's competitive, even its viability, can depend on protecting its intellectual property assets including patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and technical knowledge. However, according to a dramatic increase in intellectual property disputes, intellectual property dispute outcomes can play such an important role in some business's success. Intellectual property disputes are wider in scope, often involving multiple jurisdictions and defendants as well as more complex covering topics to new technologies. Regardless of when intellectual property lawsuits are settled, litigation has been the limitation in dispute resolution mechanism for intellectual property. However ADR offers many distinct advantages, such as customized process and solution, confidentiality, choice of neutrals, shorter time frame, decreased overall cost and level the international playing field. Especially, ADR is important in technical cases, such as those involving patents and technology disputes. Therefore, ADR is a likely mechanism to alleviate the obstacles present within intellectual property disputes.

국제상거래에서의 UNIDROIT원칙 적용에 관한 연구 : 국제물품매매계약에 관한 유엔협약(CISG)과의 비교를 중심으로

우광명(Kwang-Myung Woo) 한국통상정보학회 2012 통상정보연구 Vol.14 No.3

국제상거래의 증가는 분쟁의 증가로 나타나 소송이나 중재로 명확히 반영되고 있다. 국제상거래의 중요성에도 불구하고, 최근까지 어떻게 법이 실제 무역관행과 상호작용하는지 잘 알지 못하고 있다. 전 세계에 걸쳐 소송과 중재법정은 국제물품매매계약에서 CISG를 준거법으로 적용하고 있지만, 해결되지 않는 문제점에 대한 국제 판례가 축적되고 있다. 이런 점에서 국제 판례법에 대한 유니렉스(UNILEX) 데이터베이스는 대표적인 사례라 할 수 있다. 오늘날 확실히 CISG가 국제상사계약에서 중요한 역할을 담당하고 있지만, CISG가 경성법(hard law)으로서의 특징 때문에 갖는 한계로 준거법 적용에 따른 문제가 있다. 이에 비하여 UPICC는 국제협약이나 법률이 아닌 국제상거래일반의 법의 리스테이트먼트(restatement)이다. 즉 연성법(soft law)으로서 UPICC는 CISG보다도 유연하고 포괄적이다. 따라서 본 연구는 UPICC 2010년 개정에 착안하여 2012년 8월 현재까지 유니렉스(UNILEX)에 포함된 CISG와 UPICC의 적용사례 통계를 비교·분석하여 UPICC가 CISG의 한계를 보완하는 기능을 담당할 수 있음은 물론이고, 더 나아가 국제상거래의 준거법으로서 적용에도 유용성이 있음을 밝혀 UPICC의 국제상거래에서의 적용을 촉진하고자 한다. The increase in international trade is clearly reflected by litigation and arbitration. Despite the importance of international commercial transaction, until very recently little was known about how the law interacts with actual practice. The CISG obviously plays an important role, but we are concerned with using choice of law to resolve issue that the CISG leaves unresolved. The case law UPICC is now accessible by means of UNILEX, the database on international case law that focus on CISG cases. The courts and arbitration tribunals throughout the world are developing a growing body of international case law on issues not resolved by the CISG, though arising from transactions to which the CISG applies. The application of the CISG is obligatory due to its nature as hard law an international convention. However, UPICC are only restatements and more flexibility, comprehensive instrument than CISG. This article offers to promote the UPICC application from their present status as a mere soft law instrument through analysing UNILEX cases.

전자상거래의 국제재판관할 관련 판례변화에 관한 연구

우광명(Kwang-Myung Woo) 한국통상정보학회 2011 통상정보연구 Vol.13 No.3

인터넷을 통한 전자적 활동은 다수국의 관할영역에 걸쳐 발생할 수 있다. 즉 온라인상의 활동의 효과는 지리적으로 한정되지 않고, 특정한 지역의 사람에게만 영향을 미치는 것도 아니다. 인터넷상의 전자상거래는 초국경적으로 불특정다수를 상대로 거의 동시에 쌍방향 통신이 가능하다. 이러한 특징은 국제재판관할과 준거법 결정에 어려움을 발생시키기 때문에 국제사법상으로 처리하는 데 문제로 된다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 오늘날 존재하는 각국의 법 차이를 고려하여 국제사법의 정신에 준하여 어떻게 법의 충돌을 해결하고, 바람직한 국제재판관할에 관한 적용규범의 전개방향을 눈여겨봐야 한다. 이런 차원에서 전자상거래 관련 국제재판관할 문제에 관하여는 세계적으로 전자상거래 주도국인 미국의 판례변화를 분석하는 것은 그 의의가 있다. 전자상거래의 국제재판관할과 관련한 미국의 최근 판례를 분석해 보면, 대인재판관할권 관련한 판례 법리는 아직 완전하게 확립된 단계까지는 이르지 못하였고 변화·발전하고 있는 것으로 판단된다. 미국연방법원이 전자상거래의 국제재판관할 문제를 해결하기 위하여 여러 접근방법을 적용하여 왔다. 즉 영역별 분석법(sliding scale test), 효과분석법(effect test) 등을 적용하여 왔지만, 최근에는 타겟팅 분석법(targeting test)을 적용하는 경향을 보이고 있다. 현재 우리나라에서는 국제재판관할 관련 규칙을 국제사법에서 규정하고 있지만, 이들 규칙이 전자상거래에도 그대로 적용될 지는 의문이 있다. 따라서 우리나라에서도 국제재판관할의 유무를 논함에 있어서는 구체적인 사정을 고려하여 개별사안의 타당한 해결에 중점을 두고 있는 현상을 근거로 삼아야 할 것이다. 따라서 구체적 사안처리의 개별타당성을 추구하는 미국판례의 동향을 분석하는 것은 적어도 실무상 어느 정도 중요한 위치를 차지하는 것이라 할 수 있다. 특히 최근의 미국판례나 학설의 동향을 분석하는 것은 앞으로 국제재판관할에 관한 규정을 우리나라 민사소송법에 포함시킬 때 소비자와 사업자의 요청을 수용하는 타당한 규정을 마련하는데 도움을 제공할 수 있다고 판단된다. The Internet has become a medium through which people engage in increasingly sophisticated transactions. Businesses and consumers now use the Internet to communicate and engage in commercial transactions creating a virtual worldwide marketplace. They fear that the determination of Internet jurisdiction could be uncertain because electronic commerce is not executed in one particular place. Until now, there are no specific rules in the model laws and conventions dealing with international jurisdiction in electronic commerce. Due to the fact that U.S. companies are at the forefront of Internet technology, litigation regarding electronic commerce in the U.S. is more advanced than anywhere else in the world. This paper analysis the basic framework for personal jurisdiction and approach for determining international jurisdiction in electronic commerce cases and explain the differences of several approaches involving interactions over the Internet. According to jurisdiction approach test, the U.S. employs sliding scale, effects and targeting test in electronic commerce. In recent many research views the targeting test as a global standard for determining international electronic commerce jurisdiction. However, there is still no clear indication of conclusive test of jurisdiction determination for electronic commerce. Therefore, it is a changing and process of jurisdiction test in the U.S. cases. In Korea, there is jurisdiction related clause in Private International Law, but it may be asked whether applicable in electronic commerce. Accordingly, analysis of the precedents changing related to electronic commerce jurisdiction of U.S. is full of suggestions in Korean companies, consumers and helps an enactment of code of civil procedure that containing many group's demands.

Incoterms?? 2010의 해상매매조건과 주요 표준계약서에 관한 연구

우광명(Kwang Myung Woo) 한국무역연구원 2015 무역연구 Vol.11 No.4

Incoterms?? are standard international trade terms, which are widely recognized such as FOB and CIF. They are not particular as to region or business customs but general customs in international contract of sales. Incoterms?? deal with contract of sale to allocate responsibilities, including transport obligation between seller and buyer. Traditionally, FOB and CIF have been used maritime or inland waterway transport with sales of commodities by charter party contract. Some traders mistakenly use non-maritime shipments involving containerized transportation. For the purpose of this paper I will focus on FOB and CIF rules in the international transaction of commodities, such as grain by charter party contract. Moreover I will concentrate on the standard sales and purchase form by trade association, such as GAFTA No.119(FOB) and No.100(CIF) and explain the key provision of terms and condition.

전자거래의 재판관할에서 Zippo 슬라이딩 스케일 적용의 한계에 관한 연구

우광명(Kwang-Myung Woo),노현수(Hyun-Soo Roh) 한국무역학회 2006 무역학회지 Vol.31 No.1

The Internet is a powerful medium that has facilitated enormous commercial growth in the global market and significantly altered the economy. As more businesses conduct commercial transactions online with parties located in foreign jurisdictions, businesses increase the risk of being subject to suit in numerous jurisdictions. They, in the past days, developed heated discussions which country would jude the cases or what law should be applicable in case there was any controversy among the trade. But it is getting complicated for trades by Internet in cyberspace where the borders have no meaning if it has to be put on trial by international jurisdiction. Therefore, the world is under debate about many kinds of problems on electronic trade. In the United States, the most leading case is Zippo Manufacturing Company v, Zippo Dot Com., Inc case that created a sliding scale to determine when a court may assert jurisdiction over a defendant based on the defendant's Internet contacts with the forum. Under the sliding scale, the characteristics of the Web site and the nature and quality of commercial activity conducted on the Web site will determine whether the court may assert jurisdiction. Although Zippo was a specific jurisdiction case, courts have used the Zippo sliding scale to determine general jurisdiction as well as specific jurisdiction. So, the sliding scale is insufficient to determine whether a defendant has created substantial and continuous contacts with the form. Therefore, doing business in cyberspace Korea's companies that to structure themselves optimally and to minimize potential undesirable liability, Internet companies must consider the significance of their multinational character including especially the Unites States.