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오석배 KOREAN ACADAMY OF ORAL BIOLOGY 2011 International Journal of Oral Biology Vol.36 No.2
Substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons receive synaptic inputs from primary afferent Aδ- and C-fibers, where nociceptive information is integrated and modulated by numerous neurotransmitters or neuromodulators. A number of studies were dedicated to the molecular mechanism underlying the modulation of excitability or synaptic plasticity in SG neurons and revealed that second messengers, such as cAMP and cGMP, play an important role. Recently, cAMP and cGMP were shown to downregulate each other in heart muscle cells. However, involvement of the crosstalk between cAMP and cGMP in neurons is yet to be addressed. Therefore, we investigated whether interaction between cAMP and cGMP modulates synaptic plasticity in SG neurons using slice patchclamp recording from rats. Synaptic activity was measured by excitatory post-synaptic currents (EPSCs) elicited by stimulation onto dorsal root entry zone. Application of 1 mM of 8- bromoadenosine 3,5-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP) or 8-bromoguanosine 3,5-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cGMP) for 15 minutes increased EPSCs, which were maintained for 30 minutes. However, simultaneous application of 8-BrcAMP and 8-Br-cGMP failed to increase EPSCs, which suggested antagonistic cross-talk between two second messengers. Application of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) that prevents degradation of cAMP and cGMP by blocking phosphodiesterase (PDE) increased EPSCs. Co-application of cAMP/cGMP along with IBMX induced additional increase in EPSCs. These results suggest that second messengers, cAMP and cGMP, might contribute to development of chronic pain through the mutual regulation of the signal transduction.
오석배,김중수,이종흔 대한구강생물학회 1991 International Journal of Oral Biology Vol.15 No.2
In spite of many recent studies, there remains a conflict on the relative contribution of caudal and rostral components of trigeminal sensory nuclei to V brainstem mechanism of orofacial nociception. This study was performed to clarify the properties of neurons in trigeminal sensory nuclei which are responsive to noxious electrical stimuli applied to tooth pulp and the role of caudal and rostral components of trigeminal sensory nuclei on the transmission of orofacial nociceptive information. Adult cats are anesthetized with α-chloralose(60 ㎎/㎏), a pair of electrodes was inserted to anterior digastric muscle to record EMG evoked by noxious electric stimuli to tooth pulp and the animal was fixed to stereotaxic frame. An occipital craniotomy and cervical laminectomy were carried out to allow the introduction by a microdrive of glass-coated tungsten microelectrode for recording the extracellular activity of single units in trigeminal spinal sensory nuclei and then responses of neurons to noxious electrical stimuli applied to tooth were examined. 1. The EMG of anterior digastric muscle was response conducted through Aδ primary afferent from tooth pulp and EMG was not disappeared after trigeminal tractotomy at the level of obex. 2. Neural activities in trigeminal sensory nuclei were recorded at lateral 2.5∼5.5 ㎜ to obex. 1.5∼3.0 ㎜ below the bulbar surface and rostrocaudal 4∼-3 ㎜ obex. 3. Neural activities were not recorded in case that noxious electrical stimuli were applied to cotralateral tooth. 4. In rostral parts, neural activities were recorded at the neurons conducted through Aβ and Aδ primary afferent from ipsilateral tooth. 5. In rostral parts, neural activities were recorded at the neurons conducted through C primary afferent from ipsilateral tooth. From these results, it is assumed that sensation other than pain mediated by Aβ-nerve fiber and sharp pain mediated by Aδ-nerve fiber are transmitted through rostral part of trigeminal sensory nuclei and dull pain mediated by C-nerve fiber is transmitted through caudal part of trigrmianl sensory nuclei.
오석배 大韓神經精神醫學會 1990 신경정신의학 Vol.29 No.3
Violent and impulsive behavior, in general, can be defined as threatening or destructive acts or ideations to animate or inanimate objects. While violence is no stranger to psychiatrists, it is probably less of problem in psychiat-ric populations than one would expect. Violence is not and exclusive problem of the emo-tionally ill, and, in general, it is more prominent in those who are not emotionally ill than those who are. Furthermore, violence in psychiatric inpatients against hospital staff was a most uncom-mon phenomena. Despite these explanations that violent behavior in the mentally ill is re-latively rare, we occasionally meet severe violent patients in our clinical practice. Some of them display very serious destructions or assault which are followed by major accident, such as, severe self-injuries, damages to other patients or hospital staffs or rarely homi-cide. And these major accidents perpetrated by psychiatric patients frequently cause very difficult legal problems. They also have very negativistic and antitherapeutic influences on ordinary hospital settings. It is true that the more we understand about patient's violence, the better we can handle, manage and treat these patients. So, the author reviewed some articles and summarized these theories about various as-pects of violence in the mentally ill ; etiology of violence, its psychopathology, characteris-tics, predictors, prevention, management, treatment and its related legal problems.