중국외상투자주식유한회사(外商投資股分有限公司)의 설립방식과 조직구조에 관한 연구

양효령 전북대학교 동북아법연구소 2007 동북아법연구 Vol.1 No.2

한국에서의 외국인 부동산(토지)투자에 관한 법제 연구

양효령 한국토지법학회 2012 土地法學 Vol.28 No.2

The range of aliens appear differently in 「Foreign Investment Promotion Act」and「Aliens Landownership Law」. 'Foreigners' in the Foreign Investment Promotion Act means the individuals who possess foreign nationality, corporate bodies established by foreign legislations and organizations for economic cooperation by a presidential decree. But in the Aliens Landownership Law, it means the individuals who possess foreign nationality, corporate bodies and organizations, and internal corporate bodies that can be confirmed as foreign ones when meeting certain requirements. Moreover, Foreign Exchange Transactions Act classifies them as residents and non-residents. Korea's land system has its structure made with the land ownership, use rights, profits and sails in priority. Civil law defines 'real-estate' as the land and its fixtures, and each one is an independent entity. Therefore, there is a dualistic system form of the 'land ownership' and the 'building ownership'. Aliens Landownership Law and Foreign Exchange Transaction Act is applied when it comes to legislation of foreigners' real-estate investment. Aliens Landownership Law regulates common cases of foreigners' internal land acquisitions, and Foreign Exchange Transaction Act regulates that a person who acquires building-related rights has to file for real estate acquisition. It also deals with the foreign cash flow related to foreigners' internal purchase of real-estate. Foreign Investment Promotion Act regulates granted benefits in declaration procedure, tax exemption and disposal of national property when foreign investment enterprises purchases internal real-estate. Aliens Landownership Law classifies real-estate acquisition procedures by declaration, prior permission, and continued possession report when foreigners acquire real-estate. When foreign investors acquire internal real-estate, the tax is equal to the local ones. There is financial aids offered to foreign enterprises for setting up position of investment such as land rent and assist to pay differences of parcel price. There are a few point to be considered when foreigners intent to invest in other country's real-estate. First of all, there must be clear understanding of the country's land system and legislations. Second, they should be cautious about the exact concept of 'foreigner' in certain country's aliens landownership law. Third, they must confirm the accurate means of land acquisition. Next, be aware of administrative procedure for contract for the establishment of a land-owners rights. Last, note that Korea and China has different procedures of resolutions for land dispute. 「외국인투자촉진법」과「외국인토지법」에서 규정하고 있는 외국인의 범위는 차이가 있다. 즉, 「외국인투자촉진법」에서 규정하고 있는 ‘외국인’은 외국국적을 보유하고 있는 개인, 외국법률에 의하여 설립된 법인 및 대통령령이 정하는 국제경제협력기구를 말하지만,「외국인토지법」에서의 ‘외국인’은 외국국적을 가진 개인, 법인 또는 단체, 일정한 요건에 해당하는 우리나라의 법인과 단체를 외국법인ㆍ단체로 의제하는 법인과 단체로 규정하고 있다. 또한, 「외국환거래법」의 경우, 외촉법이나 「외국인토지법」과는 달리 외국인과 내국인으로 구분하지 않고 거주자와 비거주자로 구분하고 있다. 우리나라의 토지제도는 토지의 소유ㆍ사용ㆍ수익ㆍ처분을 중심으로 체계를 확립하고 있으며, 민법에서는 부동산을 토지 및 그 정착물로 규정하고 토지와 토지의 정착물(건물)은 각각 독립된 객체로 토지소유권과 건물소유권의 이원적 체계를 형성하고 있다. 외국투자자에 대한 부동산(토지)투자 관련법제에는 「외국인토지법」ㆍ「외국환거래법」 및 외축법이 적용되며, 「외국인토지법」은 외국인의 국내 토지취득에 관한 일반적인 사항을 규정하고 있으며, 「외국환거래법」의 부동산 취득신고는 토지 이외의 부동산인 건물 및 관련 권리를 취득할 경우에 신고대상이 되며, 외국인의 국내 부동산 매입과 관련된 외국환 유출ㆍ입에 관한 사항을 규정하고 있다. 「외국인투자촉진법」은 외국인투자기업이 국내 토지를 매일할 경우 외국인투자신고절차ㆍ조세감면 및 국유재산 매각 등에 있어서 혜택 부여에 관한 내용을 규정하고 있다. 「외국인토지법」에서는 외국인의 부동산 취득 절차를 크게 ‘신고에 의한 토지취득’과 ‘사전허가에 의한 토지취득’ 및 ‘계속보유신고에 의한 토지취득’로 분류하고 있으며, 동시에 주체별 부동산 취득절차를 달리 규정하고 있다. 외국투자자가 국내 부동산을 취득할 경우 부담하게 되는 조세는 내국인과 동일하다. 즉, 부동산을 매입하는 단계, 부동산 보유단계 및 부동산 매각단계에 따라 각각 부과하는 과세의 종류가 서로 상이하다. 또한, 외국인기업이 투자입지를 설정할 때에 공장부지 등에 대한 매입비 지원 및 임대료 감면 등을 지원하는 재정지원제도를 시행하고 있으며, 이중 입지지원은 크게 임대용지 지원과 분양가차액보조 지원으로 구분하여 규정하고 있다. 외국인의 부동산(토지) 투자시 고려해야 할 점에 대해 첫째, 투자유치국의 토지제도 및 관련 법제의 이해가 선행되어야 한다. 둘째, 외국인투자 관련 법률의 ‘외국인’의 범위가 다르기 때문에 주의가 필요하다. 셋째, 토지종류에 따라 토지취득방법을 달리 규정하고 있기 때문에 이에 대한 확인이 필요하다. 넷째, 토지에 대한 권리설정계약의 법적성질을 달리 규정하고 있어 이에 대한 행정절차에 주의가 필요하다. 다섯째, 한중 양국의 토지분쟁 해결절차가 다르기 때문에 이에 대한 주의가 필요하다.

중국 「외상투자법(外商投资法)」의 후속 법규 이행 현황과 시사점 ― 외상투자관리제도를 중심으로 ―

양효령 서울시립대학교 서울시립대학교 법학연구소 2022 서울법학 Vol.30 No.2

China's Foreign Investment Law is the basic law on foreign investment, and serves as a legal basis for establishing basic principles for foreign investment and providing a system to ensure the stability of foreign investment. The Chinese government is implementing administrative simplification and decentralization through interim and post management systems for foreign-invested companies. The Chinese government has also expanded investment liberalization by implementing ‘treatment as a Chinese national before entry’ and ‘negative list’ for foreign investment, reinforcing the information reporting system for foreign-invested and foreign-invested companies, and reorganizing the grievance handling system, improving the efficiency of corporate investment policies. Above all, the Chinese government attempts to legislate the investment policy for foreign enterprises by enacting and amending related follow-up laws in accordance with the Foreign Enterprise Investment Act in order to implement the above-mentioned foreign enterprise investment policy, and establish a legal basis to protect the legal rights and interests of foreign business investors and ensure fair competition. Therefore, in this article, the local government's efforts to enact legislation on foreign enterprise investment policies, changes to the negative list for foreign enterprise investment, establishment of registration and registration system for foreign-invested companies, and the main regulations on the reorganization of the corporate investment information reporting system and the grievance handling system of foreign-invested companies have been reviewed, and based on the review, the lack of clarity on the legal responsibility of local governments for foreign business investment policy management, lack of transparency in the procedure and implementation of negative list establishment, necessity of establishing self-management system for foreign-invested companies, strengthening of information reporting system for foreign-invested companies, and limitations of practicality of the grievance handling system Limitations of practicality of the system have been deduced as the implications as the suggestions necessary for foreign business investment activities of Korean companies that have entered China. 중국의 「외상투자법(外商投资法)」은 외상투자에 관한 기본법률로써 외상투자에 대한 기본원칙을 확립하고, 외상투자의 안정성을 담보할 수 있는 제도를 마련하는데 법적 토대가 되고 있다. 중국정부는 외상투자기업에 대한 사중・사후관리제도를 통해 행정의 간소화와 분권화를 시행하고 있으며, 외상투자 ‘진입 전 내국민대우’ 및 ‘네거티브 리스트’를 시행하여 투자 자유화를 확대하고, 외상투자 및 외상투자기업에 대한 정보보고제도를 강화하는 동시에 고충처리제도를 재정비하여 외상투자정책의 효율성을 제고하고 있다. 무엇보다 중국정부는 상술한 외상투자정책을 시행하기 위해 「외상투자법(外商投资法)」에 근거하여 관련 후속 법규를 제・개정하여 법적근거를 마련하고, 외상투자자의 합법적 권익을 보호하고 공정한 경쟁이 가능한 외상투자정책의 법제화를 꾀하고 있다. 따라서, 본문에서는 「외상투자법(外商投资法)」의 후속 법규를 중심으로 지방정부의 외상투자정책에 관한 법제화 노력, ‘외상투자 네거티브 리스트(外商投资准入特别管理措施(负面清单)의 변화, 외상투자기업의 등기・등록(登记注册) 제도의 확립, 외상투자정보보고제도(外商投资信息报告制度) 및 외상투자기업의 고층처리제도(外投资企业投诉工作机制)에 대한 재정비에 관해 살펴보고, 이에 근거하여 중국에 진출한 우리기업의 외상투자활동에 도움일 될 수 있는 제언으로 지방정부의 외상투자정책 관리에 관한 법률책임 명확성 결여, ‘네거티브 리스트(负面清单)’제정 절차와 시행에 관한 투명성 결여, 외상투자기업의 자체 관리시스템 확립의 필요성, 외상투자에 대한 정보보고제도 강화, 및 고충처리제도의 실용성 한계를 시사점으로 도출하고 있다.

중국 외자은행에 관한 법제 고찰

양효령 한중법학회 2011 中國法硏究 Vol.15 No.-

China’s banking system has shown a quantitative development since the its reform and opening up, but there still exist a double imbalance for its quality falls behind. However, China’s direction of economic development has been switching over from exportation industries to domestics and Chinese government is expected to strengthen the banking system centralizing on banks, and also distribute and mobilize the financial recourses for advanced banking business. China joined WTO in 2001, and it proposed its opened schedule for China’s henceforward financial market for 5 years. In case of China’s foreign-capital bank, ① China expanded its range of foreign capital related business and the branches of the official, ② revocation the regional restriction of handing Yuan and other regions,③ gradual revocation of customer restriction so that all chinese customers at China’s foreign-capital banks can access all the services they provide and enforced national treatment. Also, china permitted hard money, call money markets, issuing foreign credit cards, substitutional issuing foreign credit cards, the abolition of restrictions about Foreign-capital banks’ ownership, management and legal form by January 2005, permitted financial lease of foreign-capital banks and non-bank financial institution’s monthly installment plan for vehicles. China classifies its banks into four types of People’s bank of China as a central bank, Political bank, Commercial bank, and non-bank financial institutions. And the Foreign-capital banks are financial banking institution within China that is approved the establishment by China’s associating laws and regulations. Independent Foreign capital banks, branches and offices of foreign banks’ capitals are obtained from overseas, but in the case of China-Foreign partnership banks it should fulfill all the conditions that its foreign financial institutions’ investment proportions should not exceed 20 percent of total registrated capital, and in case of many out-of-area financial institutions, its total ownership ratio shouldn’t exceed 25 percent. For liaison factors of Foreign-fund banks’ capital, Chinese government established and enforcing the laws and regulations to manage the Foreign-capital banks, which represented as administration ordinance of foreign-capital banks, and minor regulations of it in 2006. In this paper, throughout the legislation of foreign-capital banks, we will examine present condition of WTO agreement and Chinese foreign-capital banks opening, the concept and features of the foreign-capital bank and its market entry, The foreign-capital banks’ foundation, alteration, closure, settlement, and legal responsibilities and review the problems of Korean banks’ entering chinese market and their remedies.

중국 상업은행의 감독규제에 관한 법제 고찰

양효령 법조협회 2012 法曹 Vol.61 No.8

Securing a stability of the financial system of one nation is critical as it distributes the corporations and family resources and carries out the Payments and settlements. The basic purpose for a regulation and supervision of financial matters is to secure an asset soundness and a stability of a financial system, and it is carried out by the means of Restriction of market entry, Business regulations, Inspections, Restrictions. The open-door police of China's financial market used to be focused on securing foreign funds by inviting foreign banks and investing in them. As the reformation of economic system has accelerated, however, it had established and enforced the Central bank system and it also made a reform of inner management system and credit loan system. Commercial Bank of China takes charge of loan services by the rules of shareholder management, self risk taking of profits and losses, which is based on the management principles of Stability, Liquidity, Efficiency. It is also responsible for foreign civil liabilities alone. China's Regulation and supervision system has set up the Chinese Banking Regulatory Commission which supervises over many financial institutions such as commercial banks, Cash management service companies, Investment trust companies. It also supervises the market entries and liquidations of the commercial banks and legitimacy and risks of financial institutions. The Chinese Banking Regulatory Commission is regulating and supervising Chinese commercial banks by controling the entry of commercial banks and the system of management, business, liquidations. There are regulations for securing asset soundness, minimum registration funds, dept ratio, incorporation procedures to restrict market entries. And to control business matters, it's classified by two parts of business( debt-related, asset-related and intermediation businesses), and prohibition of business(trust investments and securities businesses, real estate investments, investments in financial companies). 한 나라의 금융시스템의 안정성 확보는 실물기업과 가계자원을 배분하고 지급결제기능을 수행하는 등의 중요한 의의를 갖는다. 금융에 대한 규제와 감독의 기본적인 목적은 금융기관의 건전성 및 금융제도의 안정성을 확보하려는데 있으며, 이는 진입규제, 업무규제, 검사, 제재 등의 수단으로 행하여진다. 중국정부의 금융시장에 대한 대외개방 정책은 초기에 외자은행의 유치를 통한 외환자금을 도입하고 외자기업에 대한 투자환경 조성에 주력하여 왔으나, 경제체제 개혁이 가속화됨에 따라 중앙은행체제를 기본적으로 확립ㆍ시행하고, 은행내부 관리조직제도와 신용대출 자금공급체계에 대한 개혁을 단행하여 급별 관리책임제도 및 기업형은행관리 제도를 시행하여 오고 있다. 중국 상업은행은 안정성, 유동성, 효율성의 경영원칙을 바탕으로 주주경영ㆍ자체 위험부담ㆍ손익의 자기부담을 원칙으로 중국법에 근거하여 대출업무를 담당하며, 대외적으로 민사책임을 독립적으로 부담하는 기업법인을 말한다. 중국 은행업에 대한 규제감독 시스템은 ‘중국은행업감독관리위원회’를 설립하여 상업은행, 금융자산관리회사, 신탁투자회사 및 기타 예금성 금융기관, 중국경외에 설립한 금융기관들에 대한 감독관리권을 행사하고, 상업은행과 기타 금융기관의 본점 및 지점에 대한 감독관리 등의 시장진입에 관한 감독관리, 은행업 금융기관의 경영 합법성과 위험에 대한 감독관리 및 위기관리와 시장퇴출에 관한 감독관리를 시행하고 있다. ‘중국은행업감독관리위원회’의 중국 상업은행에 대한 감독규제는 크게 상업은행의 시장진입ㆍ경영지배 구조ㆍ거래업무 및 상업은행의 청산에 관한 규제로 분류할 수 있다. 시장진입에 관한 규제에는 건전성확보ㆍ최저등록자본금ㆍ자산부채비율ㆍ설립 절차에 관한 규정을 두고 있으며, 거래업무에 관한 규제에는 은행의 특성에 따라 크게 경영업무(부채업무, 자산업무, 중개업무)와 경영금지업무(신탁투자와 증권업, 부동산투자 및 금융회사에 대한 투자)로 분류하여 규정하고 있다.

중국의 지적재산권 보호제도

양효령 한국기업법학회 2007 企業法硏究 Vol.21 No.1

In China, intellectual property rights are called 'intellectual property', rights to possess intellectual products and industrial or commercial signs in accordance with laws. The rights include copyrights, patent rights, and trademarks. Legislation of intellectual property rights is grounded on the provisions of Articles 20 and 22 of the 1982 Constitution and the General Provisions of Civil Law. Patent rights and copyrights are provided for in the Patent Rights Act and the Copyrights Act, respectively. However, unlike Korea, China adopts a legislation method regulating invention, utility model, and design under the "Patent Act" in an integrated way. In addition, there are other administrative regulations related to intellectual property rights, rules of administrative agencies, and judicial interpretation by the Supreme People's Court. Though intellectual property rights related laws are currently in effect after the revision thereof according to the provisions of the TRIPS Agreement, which followed the intent of joining the WTO, the Chinese administration has failed to respond properly to infringements on intellectual property rights. It is because details and methods for implementing the laws have yet to reach to the lower levels of the administrative and judicial agencies. Hence, for Korean companies intending to enter the Chinese market, especially those involved in the IT business, a beneficial way to save their money and time is by prevention: take estimated risks into consideration for the protection of the companies' intellectual property rights. If the intellectual property rights of a company were infringed upon by a third party, the company would be advised to take other measures which China has introduced to protect the intellectual property rights, such as administrative dispositions, protective measures by the Customs Office, civil relief, and criminal punishments.

중국국제경제무역중재위원회(CIETAC)의 운영시스템과 「국제투자분쟁중재규칙(試行)」에 관한 고찰

양효령 전북대학교 동북아법연구소 2019 동북아법연구 Vol.12 No.3

국제투자분쟁은 투자유치국과 타방국가 국민 간의 투자분쟁(ISD)에 관한 국제중재를 말한다. 중국은 외자도입국인 동시에 대외 투자국으로서, 중국정부가 시행하고 있는 ‘일대일로(一带 一路)정책’으로 중국기업의 대외경제 투자활동 과정에서 발생하는 국제투자분쟁에 대한 예방과 대응체제의 마련이 필요하게 되었다. ‘중국국제경제무역중재위원회(CIETAC)’는 국내중재기관과는 별도로 국제상사 분쟁사건을 전 담하여 처리할 수 있는 독립성을 갖춘 민간 상설 중재기관이다. 중국기업들의 국제투자분쟁을 ‘국제투자분쟁해결센터(International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes: ICSID)가 아닌 자국의 중재기관인 ‘CIETAC 투자분쟁해결센터(혹은 홍콩CIETAC중재센터)’에서 해결할 수 있도 록 2017년 12월부터 「국제투자분쟁중재규칙」을 시행함으로써, 중국 중재제도의 영역을 확대하 고 대외적으로는 경제분야 뿐만 아니라 법제분야에서도 국제적 지위를 확보하기 위한 토대를 마련하고 있다. 「국제투자분쟁중재규칙」은 국제투자분쟁기관의 중재규칙을 참조하고 중국정부가 그동안 체 결한 BIT(양자간투자협정)의 관련 규정 및 ‘CIETAC’의 국제중재 경험과 중국특색을 반영하여 본칙(전문)과 부칙(附件)에 총 58개 조문을 규정하고 있다. 당해 중재규칙에는 투자분쟁 중재절 차·공개심리·중재인명부 작성·중재지·중재판정부 관할권·중재병합·제3자에 대한 중재비 용 지원·중국특색을 반영한 ‘중재와 조정절차의 상호결합’에 관한 규정, 그리고 부칙(附件)(1)과 (2)에서 각각 투자분쟁중재 비용기준 및 수납 방식, 긴급중재인 절차의 신청과 수리(受理) 등에 관한 규정을 두어 중재규칙의 국제화와 효용성을 제고하고 있다. International Investment Disputes refers to international arbitration on Investor-State Dispute (ISD). As a country that invests foreign capital at the same time as it introduces foreign capital, China is in the process of transitioning from a trade giant to a trading power. As part of the Chinese government’s “the Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI) policy and in the process of frequent foreign investment by Chinese enterprises, China needs to establish a preventive framework and response system for international investment disputes. Accordingly, in order to resolve the international investment disputes of Chinese companies in the Investment Dispute Settlement Center of CIETAC (or Hong Kong CIETAC Arbitration Center) not in the International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission (CIETAC) has enforced the Regulation for Arbitration of International Investment Disputes in and after December 2017. This is for China to enlarge the scope of the Chinese arbitration system and to lay the foundation for securing the international status not only in the economic sector but also in the legal sector. The Regulation for Arbitration of International Investment Disputes consists of 58 articles, which are composed of the main provisions (preamble) and the supplementary provisions and reflecting the results of research and analysis of arbitration rules of international investment dispute organizations and applying the relevant provisions of the Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) concluded by the Chinese government, the following provisions have been enacted to enhance the internationalization and practicality of the arbitration rules: Arbitration procedures for investment disputes, public inquiry, the preparation of the arbitration list, the place of arbitration, jurisdiction of arbitration tribunal, concurrence of arbitration, support for arbitration fees for a third party, regulations on “Mutual Combination of Arbitration and Mediation Procedures” reflecting CIETAC's experience of international arbitration and the characteristics of China, provision on transparency enhancement of arbitration procedures, etc. In addition, the supplementary provisions (1) and (2) prescribe the basis of investment dispute arbitration cost, the method of acceptance, the application and the acceptance of the emergency arbitrator procedure, etc.

중국과 대만 양안 간의 경제교류 협력 법제의 특징과 남북경협 법제 확립의 시사점

양효령 전북대학교 동북아법연구소 2017 동북아법연구 Vol.11 No.2

중국과 대만 양안 간의 교류는 우리나라와는 달리 중국정부의 주도하에 ‘하나의 중국’의 원칙과 ‘일국양제(一國兩制)’제도를 통한 통일정책을 추진하고 있다. 또한, 중국과 대만은 경제ㆍ사회 등 각 분야의 교류 확대를 추진하면서 양안 간의 지역경제 통합을 위한 법제 시스템 확립을 위해 다양한 노력을 시행하고 있다. 즉, 중국과 대만 양안 간 경제교류 협력 정책의 제도화, 중국의 개혁ㆍ개방정책 시행에 따른 민ㆍ상사 법제 확립, 양안 실리를 반영한 경제교류 협력의 법제화, 중국과 대만 양안 간의 경제통합을 위한 ‘해협양안 경제협력 체제협정’(Economic Cooperation Framework Arrangement: ECFA) 체결, 중국과 대만 양안 간의 상사 및 투자분쟁해결 제도를 확립하고 있다. 상술한 중국과 대만 양안 간의 경제교류 협력을 위한 법제의 특징을 통해 향후 남북한 경협교류협력 과정에서 발생할 수 있는 법적인 문제들을 실질적으로 해결하기 위하여 (1) 남북한 간의 지속적인 인적교류를 위한 관련 법제 확립, (2) 남북 경제교류 협력을 위한 정책의 법제화, (3) 북한 경제특구에 대한 다양한 활성화 방안을 위한 법제 마련, (4) 남북한 상사 및 투자 분쟁해결제도의 실효성을 위한 후속조치 마련, (5) 남북한 간의 사법공조 협의의 필요성 등을 고려해 볼 수 있을 것이다. Unlike Korea, cross-strait exchanges between China and Taiwan are pursuing a unification policy based on the principle of ‘One China’ and ‘One Country, Two Systems’ under the leadership of the Chinese government. The characteristics of the cross-strait exchanges and cooperation policy between China and Taiwan are that China’s government-led unification policy, promotion of private economic exchange and cooperation centered on ‘Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits’ and ‘Straits Exchange Foundation’ and cross-strait economic cooperation are the important factors in promoting political integration in the medium to long term, which form a complementary cooperative relationship through economic exchanges between Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan. In addition, China and Taiwan are carrying out various efforts to establish a legislation system for regional economic integration between China and Taiwan while expanding exchanges in various fields such as economy and society. That is to say, (1) institutionalization of cross-strait economic exchanges and cooperation policies between China and Taiwan, (2) establishment of civil and commercial legislation in accordance with China’s reform and opening policy, (3) the legislation of the economic exchanges and cooperation reflecting the practicality of the cross-strait, (4) conclusion of an ‘Economic Cooperation Framework Arrangement (ECFA)’ for cross-strait economic integration between China and Taiwan, and (5) cross-strait commercial and investment dispute settlement system between China and Taiwan. In order to solve the legal problems that may arise in the course of inter-Korean economic cooperation in the future through the above-mentioned characteristics of the legislation for cross-strait economic exchanges and cooperation between China and Taiwan, the following points can be considered: (1) establishment of relevant legislation for human interchange between the two Koreas; (2) the legalization of policy for inter-Korean economic exchanges and cooperation; (3) preparation of legislation for various activations of the Special Economic Zone in North Korea, (4) establishment of follow-up measures for the effectiveness of the South-North Korean commercial and investment dispute settlement system, and (5) necessity of consultation between the two Koreas on judicial assistance.

중국 해협양안 중재센터(海峽兩岸仲裁中心) 중재규칙의 특징과 남북상사중재위원회 중재규칙 제정의 시사점

양효령,Yang, Hyo-Ryoung 한국중재학회 2018 중재연구 Vol.28 No.2

As the disputes in the investment and civil/commercial sectors of China and Taiwan have increased due to active cross-strait economic exchanges, the Chinese government is addressing cross-strait disputes through various dispute resolution methods. In recent years, the Arbitration Center Across the Straits (ACAS) has been established to resolve disputes between cross-strait parties, while ACAS Arbitration Rules have been enacted and enforced. ACAS Arbitration Rules are prepared by referring to the Arbitration Act of China and Taiwan, the relevant provisions and practices of the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission (CIETAC) Arbitration Rules and the cross-strait practical affairs of the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, and the cross-strait practical affairs giving consideration to the specificity of the cross-strait relationship and the characteristics of economic and trade disputes. Therefore, this paper has compared the features and main contents of the ACAS Arbitration Rules with those of the CIETAC Arbitration Rules. This refers to arbitration proceedings such as form and effect of arbitration agreement, decision of place of arbitration, and organization of arbitral tribunal; the provision of consolidation of multiple contracts and arbitration, and the provision of joinder of arbitration parties, which are implementing the "principle of party autonomy" with streamlining arbitration proceedings and reducing costs; "common, simple, and small sum arbitration proceedings which require shorter arbitration proceedings depending on the size of the arbitration object; and regulations on the "interconnection of mediation and conciliation" which is characteristic of China's arbitration system. Based on the above-mentioned main contents of the ACAS Arbitration Rules in China, there are some implications to be considered in the establishment of the Arbitration Rules of the South-North Commercial Arbitration Commission which will be applied to solve commercial and investment disputes arising from the Inter-Korean Economic Cooperation process, suggesting implications such as the need for the rapid composition and operation of the South-North Commercial Arbitration Commission, requirements for selecting arbitrators, expansion of the object of arbitration, specification of concreteness in deciding the place of arbitration, need to create a variety of arbitration proceedings, and application plan of the International Center for Settlement of Investment Dispute (ICSID) or Third Power Arbitration Agency.

중국의 ‘총체적 국가안전관(总体国家安全观)’에 근거한 국가안전 관련 법제 연구

양효령 전북대학교 부설법학연구소 2024 법학연구 Vol.76 No.-

China's national security concept is a general term for the conceptual, cognitive, and strategic judgment of national security and related issues, which has been adapted and utilized at different stages of national and historical development, and successive national security concepts have been established and implemented. China’s national security system helps establish legal systems on national security based on ‘the Overall National Security Concept“ initiated by President Xi Jinping as the basic development strategy for socialism’s development with new characteristics, ‘National Security Law”, the basic law on the national security, which was set built on ‘the Overall National Security Concept’, and ’Anti-Espionage Law’ enacted to strengthen counterintelligence activities. ‘National Security Law’ serves as a necessary medium to enact legislation that could deal with various problems that would take place in the national security sector and China’s Constitution in order to protect national core interests and other important interests. ‘Anti-Espionage Law’ diversifies the subject and scope of the application in accordance with the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on the basis of ‘the Overall National Security Concept’ and ‘National Security Law’, presenting concepts on spying activities by type and establishing basic principles of implementing counterintelligence work. While reinforcing the connection of espionage activities with other legislations, ‘Anti-Espionage Law’ puts an emphasis on cooperation between the national and counterintelligence agencies, gives the basis for punishment for spying activities threatening national security by coming up with regulations on espionage activities against third countries within the territory of China, and strengthens the authority to investigate and dispose of people and objects of national security agencies. A management system for key counter-espionage security prevention units and measures for the permitting of construction projects involving national security matters have been introduced and implemented and legal liability for spying activities is being reinforced.