혈관질환의 수술요법

안혁,김용진,Ahn, Hyuk,Kim, Yong-Jin 대한흉부심장혈관외과학회 1987 Journal of Chest Surgery (J Chest Surg) Vol.20 No.2

From 1976 through 1986, authors have experienced 127 cases of peripheral vascular surgery which had been done in this department. There were 29 cases of atherosclerosis obliterances including 7 Leriche syndrome, 32 Buerger`s diseases, 25 arterial thromboembolisms, 21 vascular injuries, 2 peripheral arterial aneurysms, 2 renovascular hypertensions, 1 congenital A-V malformation, 13 varicose vein of lower extremities, and 2 Jugular venous ectasia. Cases with vena caval disease and aortic disease were excluded. The mean age of ASO and Buerger`s disease was 56.1 yrs, 33.8 yrs respectively. The male to female ratio showed marked male preponderance [27:2, and 30:2], and almost every male patient was smoker. The indication of operation was similar in both disease entities. The method of operation for ASO were bypass procedure [17], thromboendarterectomy [6], and lumbar sympathectomy [5], and for Buerger`s disease were mainly sympathectomy and few bypass procedures and amputations. Seventeen patients with ASO were followed from 3 to 75 month and overall patency rate for bypass or endarterectomy in one and two months and 2 1/2 yr were 93%, 87%, and 31% respectively. Post operatively patient`s symptoms was relieved or alleviated in almost ASO patients, and about 60% of Buerger`s disease. We concluded that in patient with ischemic limb, we must revascularized aggressively for symptomatic relief. And choice of graft for bypass procedure was to be evaluated further.

Ebstein 기형에 대한 개심술 -12례 보고-

안혁,박이태,노준량,서경필,이영균,Ahn, Hyuk,Park, Yee-Tae,Rho, Joon-Ryang,Suh, Kyung-Phill,Lee, Yung-Kyoon 대한흉부심장혈관외과학회 1983 Journal of Chest Surgery (J Chest Surg) Vol.16 No.2

Ebstein's anomaly is a rare congenital cardiac malformation oand the ideal surgical correction seems controversial at present, and some problems are left unsolved in the surgical correction of this anomaly. Between June 1978 and June 1982, 12 patients with Ebsteins' anomaly underwent corrective open heart surgery at Seoul National University Hospital. Except for one patient, who had no ASD, all had a huge right atrium, secundum type ASD, and definite atrialized right ventricle. Typically, displaced tricuspid valve leaflets were found in all cases, but the degree of displacement and deformity were variable. In the point of NYHA functional classification, five were in class II, six were in class III, and one was in class IV. Ten patients were operated on by tricuspid valve replacement and pication. Two patients were operated on only by plication and annuloplasty techniques, and in all cases, ASD was closed. Postoperatively, four patients suffered from complete A-V block, and two of them died immediately. The remaining two patients took pacemaker generator implantation with good results. The other eight patients were in good condition. Tricuspid valve replacement using tissue valve and plication of the atrialized rght ventricle seems to be a good method of surgical correction for Ebstein's anomaly.

유아기의 개심술14례 보고

안혁,서경필,Ahn, Kyuk,Suh, Kyung-Phill 대한흉부심장혈관외과학회 1981 Journal of Chest Surgery (J Chest Surg) Vol.14 No.4

Fourteen Infants with congenital cardiac anomalies underwent primary surgical Intervention within the first 12 months of life. There were eight patients with ventricular septal defect, two with total anomalous pulmonary venous return [TAPVR], and the remainders with tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great arteries [d-TGA], Taussing-Bing malformation, and coronary A-V fistula. The age of the patients ranged from 5 to 12 months, with a mean age of 9.9 months. The mean weight was 6.7 Kg [3.8 to 9.5 KS]. Congestive heart failure persisting despite intensive medical treatment was present In 8 patients [56%], and was the most common indication for operation. Early operation was necessary in 5 of these patients [35%], because of failure to thrive and recurrent pulmonary infection. In one patient with TOF, frequent hypoxic spell prompted the necessity for early operation. In cases of VSD, TAP. VR, TOF, and coronary A-V fistula, Intracardiac repair was done with conventional cardiopulmonary bypass, chemical cold cardioplegia, and topical myocardial cooling. Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest with surface induced cooling, followed by core cooling and core rewarming, was employed .for better exposure in the cases of d-TGA and Taussing-Bing malformation. The results were however, not satisfactory. The overall mortality was 28 per cent. There were no deaths in the eight patients with VSD. The one with coronary A-V fistula survived. The other 5 cases all expired either on the table or immediately after operation. The non-fatal post-operative complications included low cardiac output, respiratory insufficiency, bleeding, and temporary A-V block. The causes of death were prolonged circulatory arrest time in d-TGA, complete A-V block and low cardiac output in TOF and Taussing-Bing malformation and prolonged bypass time and Inadequate correction in TAPVR.

마그네슘이온이 적출한 기니피그 대동맥평활근과 흰쥐 자궁평활근의 수축성에 미치는 효과에 관한 연구

안혁,황상익,Ahn, Hyuk,Hwang, Sang-Ik 대한흉부심장혈관외과학회 1990 Journal of Chest Surgery (J Chest Surg) Vol.23 No.3

It is well known that extracellular Calcium plays a very important role in several steps of smooth muscle excitability and contractility, and there have been many concerns about factors influencing the distribution of extracellular Ca++ and the Ca++ flux through the cell membrane of the smooth muscle. Based on the assumption that Mg++ may also play an important role in the excitation and contraction processes of the smooth muscle by taking part in affecting Ca++ distribution and flux, many researches are being performed about the exact role of Mg++, especially in the vascular smooth muscle. But yet the effect of Mg++ in the smooth muscle activity is not clarified, and moreover the mechanism of Mg++ action is almost completely unknown. Present study attempted to clarify the effect of Mg++ on the excitability and contractility in the multiunit and unitary smooth muscle, and the mechanism concerned in it. The preparations used were the guinea-pig aortic strip as the experimental material of the multiunit smooth muscle and the rat uterine strip as the one of the unitary smooth muscle. The tissues were isolated from the sacrificed animal and were prepared for recording the isometric contraction. The effects of Mg++ and Ca++ were examined on the electrically driven or spontaneous contraction of the preparations. And the effects of these ions were also studied on the K+ or norepinephrine contracture. All experiments were performed in tris-buffered Tyrode solution which was aerated with 100% 02 and kept at 35oC. The results obtained were as follows: 1] Mg++ suppressed the phasic contraction induced by electrical field stimulation dose-dependently in the guinea-pig aortic strip, while the high concentration of Ca++ never recovered the decreased tension. These phenomena were not changed by the a - or b - adrenergic blocker. 2]Mg++ played the suppressing effect on the low concentration [20 and 40 mM] of K+-contracture in the aortic muscle, but the effect was not shown in the case of 100mM K+-contracture. 3] Mg++ also suppressed the contracture induced by norepinephrine in the aortic preparation. And the effect of Mg++ was most prominent in the contracture by the lowest [10 mM] concentration of norepinephrine. 4] In both the spontaneous and electrically driven contractions of the uterine strip, Mg++ decreased the amplitude of peak tension, and by the high concentration of Ca++ the amplitude of tension was recovered unlike the aortic muscle. 5] The frequency of the uterine spontaneous contraction increased as the [Ca++] / [Mg++] ratio increased up to 2, but the frequency decreased above this level. 6] Mg++ decreased the tension of the low[20 and 40mM] K+-contracture in the uterine smooth muscle, but the effect did not appear in the 100mM K+-contracture. From the above results, the following conclusion could be made. 1] Mg++ seems to suppress the contractility directly by acting on the smooth muscle itself, besides through the indirect action on the nerve terminal, in both the aortic and uterine smooth muscles. 2] The fact that the depressant effect of Mg++ on the K+-contracture is in inverse proportion to an increase of K+ concentration appears resulted from the extent of the opening state of the Ca++ channel. 3] Mg++ may play a depressant role on both the potential dependent and the receptor-operated Ca++ channels. 4] The relationship between the actions of Mg++ and Ca++ seems to be competitive in uterine muscle and non-competitive in aortic strip.

한국어와 러시아어에서 그리움의 개념적 은유

안혁 한국슬라브어학회 2011 슬라브어연구 Vol.16 No.2

The purpose of the current paper is to show the conceptual metaphor of YEARNING in Korean and Russian. Two separate cultures have developed different ways of conceptualizing emotions. YEARNING is conceptualized diversely using different conceptual metaphors. Abstract emotions are often considered as concrete object – an ontological metaphor. Emotions have complicated system involving the possessors and external events caused by the emotions. The complex event system is described using event structure which is more concrete and tangible. However the concrete event structure,i.e. source domain of the structural metaphor, has different functions in different languages and cultures. The detailed description of conceptual metaphor would reveal universalities and specificities of languages and cultures and this paper provides a bundle of information about YEARNING in Korean and Russian. 본 연구에서 한국어와 러시아어의 “그리움”이라는 감정을 개념화하는 방식에 대해 구체적으로 연구하고, 그것이 발현되는 양상을 각 언어의 말뭉치 속에서 경험적 증거를 통해서 보이고자 하였다. 한국어에서 그리움은 9가지의 근원영역과 관련되어 개념화된다. 기본적으로 그리움이라는 추상적 개념을 구체적인 대상으로 개념화하여 인지하는 존재론적 은유와 상대적으로 더 복잡한 구조적 은유를 사용하여 표현하게 된다. 물론 텍스트의 유형에 따라 더 시적인 은유도 발견될 수 있지만, 본 연구에서는 개념적으로 구조화된 은유라는 것으로 제한하여 우리의 일상 속에 살아 숨쉬는 개념화의 메카니즘을 고찰하였다. 한국어의 그리움이 한국의 문화 속에서 상당히 긍정적이거나 가치 중립적인 근원영역을 사용하여 구조화된 반면, 러시아어의 тоска는 부정적인 가치의 근원영역인 짐승, 포획자 등을 사용하여 구조화되었다. 감정이 정도에 따라 다르게 나타나는 스케일라(scalar) 현상이기 때문에 긍정적인 감정도 그 정도에 따라 감정 소유자의 적으로 개념화될 수 있다. 그러나 그 사용빈도에서 감정 소유자와의 부정적관계를 지시하는 근원영역의 상대적으로 더 빈번한 사용은 러시아인들과 한국인들의 그리움이라는 감정에 대한 상이한 태도를 가진다는 것을 알 수 있다. 다른 문화의 상대적 개념화의 현상학적 연구는 거대한 데이터셋을 기반으로 해야만 긍정적으로 모두에게 설득력있는 주장을 펼칠 수 있다. 동시에 하나의 개념에 대한 단편적인 연구가 아닌 다양한 개념의 통합적 관점에서 연구만이 학문적으로 가치있는 결과를 얻을 수 있다는 점에서 매우 복잡한 연구대상이라고 할 수 있다. 그러나 본 연구의 많은 데이터와 인지언어학적 방법론은 이러한 연구의 자료로 사용될 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

生長調節劑撒布에 依한 果樹의 收穫前 落果防止 및 成熟促進試驗의 近況

安爀 東國大學校 學徒護國團 農林大學大隊 1962 東國農林 Vol.5 No.-

외상성 흉부대동맥류치험 1례 보

안혁,장병철,임승평,Ahn, Hyuk,Chang, Byung-Chul,Lim, Seung-Pyung 대한흉부심장혈관외과학회 1984 Journal of Chest Surgery (J Chest Surg) Vol.17 No.1

A 25 years old male patient with traumatic aneurysm of descending thoracic aorta was treated successfully. He was admitted due to blunt trauma to the chest wall as falling down into water. He has been treated with closed thoracotomy and close observation. After a month simple chest film showed abnormal mass shadow around the aortic knob. Aortogram revealed aneurysm of descending thoracic aorta. Aneurysm was resected and replaced with woven Dacron graft with aid of Gotts shunt. His postoperative course was uneventful.

한국어 정(情)과 한(恨)의 러시아어 상응관계 연구

안혁 한국슬라브어학회 2012 슬라브어연구 Vol.17 No.2

CHUNG and HAN, both terms of emotion are known as characteristic of Korean people. The present research aims to give a definition which can be understood by the people who do not share the emotion’s context. Definition of a concept can be induced from diverse contexts where the emotions play roles. It is necessary to consider not only the lexical meaning of the terms, but also the constructional or situational elements. Possessor, cause, and other factors of an emotion have to be investigated in order to define the emotion. Understanding JEONG and HAN requires special conceptual processes and Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) provides a number of useful ideas such as JEONG IS A LIQUID IN A CONTAINER, HAN IS A THING, etc. Both emotions share some metaphor formulae, and have different ones at the same time. A list of the metaphor formulae is attempted in the paper. Another goal of this paper is to clarify the emotional concepts in Korean. Maybe it cannot be finalized in this work, but it becomes an important work toward the ultimate goal – to show the system of Korean emotions. The last discussion is about the correspondence of Korean JEONG and HAN and emotional terms in other languages, especially Russian. There already exist a number of interesting previous articles related to this topic. For example, Wierzbicka (1998) has analyzed “sadness” and “anger” in Russian. Russian has two words for the concept of “sadness” – PEČAL’ (печаль) and GRUST’ (грусть) and Wierzbicka argues that PEČAL’ implies a specific/ concrete cause while GRUST’ does not. She provides various linguistic evidences, for example, a certain collocational construction is not allowed such as “svetlaja pečal’ vs. *svetlaja grust’”and PEČAL’ need a specific/ concrete experiencer more frequently than GRUST’. Both sadness is defined her 51 Semantic Primitives. This kind of work shows a lot of insights useful to understand a different culture. The current research also plans to do a similar work for Korean emotional concepts. As a conclusion, the empirical analysis of JEONG and HAN is a first step toward explanation of Korean emotion terms from the view of Cognitive Linguistics. The present work will become a data source for culture study about Korea.

인공지능 시대의 한국 대학에서 러시아어 교수법

안혁 한국슬라브․유라시아학회 2017 슬라브학보 Vol.32 No.4

Artificial intelligence is no longer a fiction in novels, and it becomes a reality that can be encountered almost every day in your smart phones. Kids who are much familiar with smartphones have become college students. Teaching them foreign languages must be different from the traditional way to teach foreign languages. In order to achieve the goal of building an education system that learns culture and history through foreign languages, it is necessary to construct an effective learning system of foreign languages. This paper suggests that three ideas are necessary to improve situation of teaching and learning Russian. First, classrooms should be an environment that enables various foreign language learning activities as well as watching multimedia materials. Second, we analyze the strengths and weaknesses of existing textbooks to help teachers select textbooks. And finally, a coordinator‐professor must coordinate the whole curriculum of Russian language and a coordinator advises students about their enrollment. In addition to learning how to communicate, foreign language learning allows the students to acquire diverse perspectives on the world. Therefore, it is expected that current teachers will have to research and develop a new teaching methodology for the learners who are familiar with artificial intelligence technology and the internet.

Coordination of Anti-Spoofing Mechanisms in Partial Deployments

안혁,이희조,Adrian Perrig 한국통신학회 2016 Journal of communications and networks Vol.18 No.6

Internet protocol (IP) spoofing is a serious problem onthe Internet. It is an attractive technique for adversaries who wishto amplify their network attacks and retain anonymity. Many approacheshave been proposed to prevent IP spoofing attacks; however,they do not address a significant deployment issue, i.e., filteringinefficiency caused by a lack of deployment incentives foradopters. To defeat attacks effectively, one mechanism must bewidely deployed on the network; however, the majority of the antispoofingmechanisms are unsuitable to solve the deployment issueby themselves. Each mechanism can work separately; however,their defensive power is considerably weak when insuffi-ciently deployed. If we coordinate partially deployed mechanismssuch that they work together, they demonstrate considerably superiorperformance by creating a synergy effect that overcomestheir limited deployment. Therefore, we propose a universal antispoofing(UAS) mechanism that incorporates existing mechanismsto thwart IP spoofing attacks. In the proposed mechanism, intermediaterouters utilize any existing anti-spoofing mechanism thatcan ascertain if a packet is spoofed and records this decision inthe packet header. The edge routers of a victim network can estimatethe forgery of a packet based on this information sent by theupstream routers. The results of experiments conducted with realInternet topologies indicate that UAS reduces false alarms up to84.5% compared to the case where each mechanism operates individually.