한국어와 한국인

심재기 국립국어연구원 2000 국어문화학교 Vol.- No.3

한 민족의 정신세계를 체계적으로 밝혀 보려는 이른바 민족 사상의 탐구가 그 민족이 사용하고 있는 언어에 의해서 이루어질 수만 있다면 그것처럼 확실한 접근 방법도 없을 것이다. 더구나 우리 배달민족처럼 비교적 장구한 세월 동안 단일한 언어를 사용해 왔다고 믿어지는 경우에는 한국어를 곧 한국 민족과 거의 완전히 동일시하여도 좋으리라는 견해를 쉽게 받아들이게 되는 것이기 때문이다. 그러나 언어를 통하여 민족의 사상을 탐구한다는 말은 흔히 그 언어로 표현된 내용, 즉 여러 역사적 저술이 직접 사상을 나타내고 있을 때에 적용되는 것이지, 언어 자체의 문법적 특성이나 어휘 자료를 대상으로 해서 사상적인 특성을 찾아내는 작업을 뜻하지는 않는다. 그런데도 언어 자체의 검토를 통하여 그 언어를 사용하는 사람들의 사상을 찾아낼 수 있으리라는 기대는 금세기에 들어와서도 언어학자와 철학자들 그리고 언어를 연구 대상으로 하는 학자들에게 끊임없는 충동적 매력이 되어 왔었다. 도대체 언어를 ‘존재의 집’이라고 했을 때, 또는 언어를 ‘중간세계’라고 규정했을 때, 그리고 언어는 분명히 실재하는 현실세계가 아니라 현실 세계를 특정한 사회적 집단의 공통적 생활 방식에 의해 걸러 낸 생각의 표출이라고 했을 때, 그 언어가 만들어 놓은 특정한 개념의 체계들은 분명히 서로 다른 언어를 쓰는 사람들이 만들어 놓은 개념의 체계와는 다르다는 사실을 인정하지 않을 수 없다. 그러면 언어 자료의 면밀한 검토를 통하여 그 언어를 사용하는 사람들의 사상적 특성을 찾아낼 수 있을 것이 아닌가? 그러나 이와 같은 희망이나 기대는 사상이니 사고니 하는 정신 작용이 모든 인간에게 보편적으로 존재한다는 점과 그 보편적 정신작용이 언어를 매개로 하지 않고서도 훌륭하게 수행된다는 점을 들어 불가능한 것으로 생각되기도 하였다. 분명히 어떤 특정의 창작 활동, 예컨대 작곡을 할 때나 그림을 그릴 때나 또는 조각품을 만들 때, 그리고 그것들을 감상할 때, 우리는 언어에 의한 사고를 전제로 하지 않는다는 것을 너무나 잘 알고 있다.

국어문장의 바른길 찾기를 위한 어휘론적 연구

심재기 연세대학교 한국어학당 1983 외국어로서의 한국어교육 Vol.8 No.1

韓國語와 말레이語의 音韻體系 對照

沈在箕 서울대학교 어학연구소 1974 言語敎育 Vol.6 No.1

1. Its being and understanding of the Korean Language has been expanded relatively with the progress of social and cultural interchanges between Korea and other countries all over the world. Accordingly our interest in the languages we do not know yet well should increase and the Malay has become one of these languages which draw our attention. In this paper, we are trying to get a contrastive analysis between the Korean and the Malay phonemic systems. Referring to new readers who are not aware of what the Malay is, a brief introduction to the Malay should be prepared on its genealogy, history, transcription system and language policy. The writer has shown his special interest in the language policy of Malaysia, in which three main policies for making Bahasa Malaysia (Formal name of the Malay in Malaysia) as the real National Language are introduced: ① The "Bahasa Malaysia" is always offered as the preliminary and compulsory subject in the university-entrance examination as well as many other official appointment examinations. ② The Language use in teaching instruction has been changing from English to Bahasa Malaysia in primary schools since 1968. This movement is successfully progressing. ③ The best publishing organization, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (Language and Literary Agency) is run under the auspices of government for diffusion of Bahasa Malaysia Publications. The writer indicates that the Malaysian people are striving seriously how to unify and establish their own National Language even though they are composed of multi-races (Malay, Chinese, Indian etc). 2. In the "Malay" language, (The writer deals with Bahasa Malaysia only.) there are six simple vowels occurring in what may be termed the standard pronunciation of Malay. These six vowels /i, e,∂, a, u, o/ are determined depending on the distinctive features; the position of the tongue, the shape of the lips. On the other hand, the language spoken in Seoul (as the representative place of Korea) usually recognizes eight simple vowels, whereas in some southern dialects there are only six simple vowels almost same as the standard Malay. These eight vowels, /i, e, ε, i, ∂, a, u, o/ shows two more vowels /ε/ & /i/ comparing with the malay six vowels. Malay Korean i u i i u e ∂ o e ∂ o a ε a The phonetically simple nuclei of Korean and Malay are almost similar, except the relation between the Korean /i,∂/ and the Malay /∂/. The Malay /∂/ should be placed in the middle field of the Korean /i/ and /∂/. In both languages, semi-vowel /w/ and /j/ are recognized as the important phonemes for making diphthongs. Neverthless the differences in diphthong patterns are much bigger than the phonemic resemblance of simple vowels and that of semi-vowels. The Malay diphthong /aw/ /aj/ & /oj/ show the up-gliding pattern whereas most of the Korean diphthongs j-initials /je, j∂, ju. jε. ja, jo/ and w-initials /wi.we.w∂, wε, wa/ are down-gliding. The Korean diphthong /ij/ is very particular phoneme noticed without any good explanation. 3. In describing the Malay consonants, we have to meet the history of the Malay language which has invited the intervention of Foreign Languages for the past a few centuries because of the lack of vocabulary so that the Malay consonants are grouped into primary and secondary consonants. 17 primary consonants /b, p, d, t, g, k, q, s, h, j, cˇ, r, l, m, n, ??, ŋ/ are used as pure and original phonemes by native Malay speakers. The secondary consonants, however, may be considered as having entered the Malay phonetic system from a number of loan-words. These secondary consonants composed of 9 fricatives /f, v, θ, ð, z, ∫, ??, x,γ/ could not be ignored, and neither have any significance in this paper. Korean consonants, on the other hands, are traditionally considered as being composed of 19 segmental phonemes. With 17 Malay consonants and 19 Korean consonants, we can make a contrastive chart as following. ◁표 삽입▷ (원문을 참조하세요) It must be pointed out first that aspiration and laryngeal tensity constitute distinctive features for the Korean occlusives (stops and affricates) in which they are classified into three; lenis, aspirated and fortis, whereas for the Malay stops there are classified into two groups; voiced and fortis. Even though the Korean have not voiced stops, the Korean lenis stops, when they occur in the inter-vocalic sequence, have the voiced allophonic counterparts corresponding to the Malay voiced stops. The Malay fortis stops are considered to be almost same as the Korean fortis stops. There is a very interesting phonological characteristics, so-called un-released phenomenon, when the stops of both languages occur at the post-vocalic final position. In the case of fricatives, these two languages are very different from each other. The Malay /s, h/ have constantly same phonemic values, where as the Korean /s, s', h/ can not be presented at the post-vocalic final position where they should be joined to unreleased /t/. The Malay /j/ corresponds to the Korean voiced /cˇ/ as its allophone when it could be situated after a vowel or a voiced consonant. The Malay /cˇ/ is exactly corresponding to the Korean /cˇ^h/. An interesting phoneme, the Korean /r/ would be equivalent to the Malay /r/, when the Korean /r/ is placed at the pre-vocalic initial (rarely) or inter-vocalic position. But the Korean /r/ at its post-vocalic final position makes [l] as an allophone of /r/, even though there is no Korean counterpart of the Malay /l/. There is no problem for nasals between the two languages because the Korean has a palatalized /n/ as an allophone of /n/. But at the prevocalic initial, the Korean never has the pheneme /ŋ/, whereas the Malay has the pre-vocalic initial /ŋ/. 4. The basic syllabic structure can be simplified as "CVC" pattern in both languages. It is hoped that some exeptions and particulars existing in two languages should be easily solved, when we begin to learn the target language. It proves that both languages have basically simple syllabic pattern just as "CVC". 5. As a result, we may say that the Malay could be a much easier language to learn to the Korean people than the Korean is to the Malaysians. According to the writer's experience, however, the Korean seems to be a very interesting language to learn for the Malaysian students, because the Korean people have their own alphabet "Hanguˇl", unified one language community and moreover they love their language. All the Malaysian people have the only one ideal: ONE LANGUAGE PER NATION.

21C 한국(韓國)을 대표하는 신지성(新知性)의 지식 교양 정보지 : 한국(韓國)의 명문순례(名文巡禮)(52) ; 이덕형(李德馨)의 진왜정잉사직차(陳倭情仍辭織箚)

심재기 전국한자교육추진총연합회 2007 한글한자문화 Vol.98 No.-

한자어의 과거, 현재, 미래

심재기 한국정보과학회 언어공학연구회 1989 한국정보과학회 언어공학연구회 학술발표 논문집 Vol.1989 No.10

반지를 낀 사연

심재기 사회발전연구소 1996 한국인 Vol.15 No.4

우리말 어원 (9) : 불교에서 유래한 낱말들 (3)

심재기 전국한자교육추진총연합회 2000 한글한자문화 Vol.15 No.-

우리말 어원 (8) : 불교에서 유래한 낱말들 (2)

심재기 전국한자교육추진총연합회 2000 한글한자문화 Vol.13 No.-

우리말 어원 (11) : 불교에서 유래한 낱말들 (5)

심재기 전국한자교육추진총연합회 2001 한글한자문화 Vol.18 No.-

21C 한자문화권 시대 신지성(新知性)의 지식 교양 정보지 : 한국의 명문순례 (23) ; 김장생(金長生)의 연석문대(筵席問對)

심재기 전국한자교육추진총연합회 2005 한글한자문화 Vol.68 No.-