알칼리減量加工이 polyester 織物의 洗滌性에 미치는 影響 : 表面構造의 效果를 中心으로 The effects of surface structure

愼惠媛,金聲連 한국의류학회 1986 한국의류학회지 Vol.10 No.2

To study the effects of surface structure of fiber on the decrement of fatty soil removal at high temperature, the following variables were selected: controled and alkali-treated P.E.T. (polyester) fabrics and chopped fibers as substrates to estimate the detergencies, different aging methods of soiled substrates, and different washing temperatures and surfactant solutions. Radiotagged tripalmitin was used as soil and the detergency was estimated by means of liquid scintillation counting method. The results were as following: The surface of the fiber became rough with many grooves and the hydrophilicity of the fiber was increased and the structure of the fabric became loose by alkali treatment. While the detergency of alkali-treated P.E.T. fabric was better than that of controled P.E.T. fabric, there was no significant differences between the detergencies of controled and alkali-treated chopped fibers. These results indicate that the increment of detergency of alkali-treated P.E.T. fabric is mainly resulted from the changes of fabric structure and the improved hydrophilicity of fiber by alkai treatment. The detergency of tripalmitin was increased with elevating temp. below the m.p. of tripalmitin, was decreased around the m.p., and again was increased above the m.p.. It is considered that the decrement of detergency around the m.p. is due to the diffusion of molten tripalmitin into the grooves on fiber surface, the inner part of fiber, and between fibers. When controled and alkali-treated soiled fabrics and soiled chopped fibers were washed in the distilled water and in the Na-DBS solution respectively, below 60? detergencies of alkali-treated fabrics and chopped fibers were improved. However above 60? this result was reversed. Therefore these results are regarded as the effects of grooves on fiber surface at high temp. and improved hydrophilicity at low temp. by alkali treatment. When controled and alkali-treated soiled fabrics and soiled chopped fibers were hot-aged before washing, the detergencies of both species were decreased generally. Because the soil was diffused into the grooves on fiber surface, the inner part of fiber, and between fibers during hot-aging. The detergencies of hot-aged species were also decreased above certain temp.. These results suggest that the decrement of detergency at high temp. be resulted not only from the diffusion of soil into the grooves on fiber surface, the inner part of fiber, and between fibers, but also from the characteristics of surfactant solutions.

An Examination of Research on the Effectiveness of Corrective Feedback in Second Language Writing

신혜원 한국외국어대학교 외국어교육연구소 2019 외국어교육연구 Vol.33 No.1

An ongoing debate in the second language acquisition literature is whether written corrective feedback improves second language learners’ ability to write accurately. This debate has been primarily fueled by two opposing views on the value of correction in writing, namely Truscott (1996, 1999, 2007) and Ferris (1999, 2004). To date, the empirical findings on the effectiveness of written corrective feedback have been mixed; conclusive answers are not yet available. In order to examine the effectiveness of written corrective feedback, this paper performs a critical synthesis of feedback studies in terms of their research design, measurement, and data analysis. The paper argues that the conflicting results of these studies can be attributed to methodological inconsistencies in how corrective feedback is administered in second language writing studies.

The Development of EFL Learners' Grammatical Accuracy with Repeated Written Corrective Feedback

신혜원 한국외국어대학교 외국어교육연구소 2018 외국어교육연구 Vol.32 No.1

The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate the extent to which repeated direct error correction over several compositions improves EFL learners’ grammatical accuracy in the use of verb tenses and articles. The study examined the argumentative essay writing of six native Korean undergraduates. The six students wrote three essays, each of which they rewrote following direct error correction. All of the original essays and corresponding revised versions—a total of 36 compositions—were then analyzed, and the average effects of time on accuracy for the two target structures were estimated. The results indicate that students improved their correct use of articles (d = 0.958), but not their correct use of verb tenses (d = -0.023). Interestingly, the students showed no improvement in article accuracy on the compositions they revised immediately after receiving corrections. These findings suggest that repeated direct written corrective feedback on multiple compositions may lead to meaningful improvement in written accuracy for some grammatical features, but not others, and that the impact of written correction may only be seen over time, rather than on immediate revision.

“The Fantastic”: Richard Powers’s Challenge to Mimetic Realism in Plowing the Dark

신혜원 한국현대영미소설학회 2012 현대영미소설 Vol.19 No.1

Investigating Richard Powers's interrogation of mimetic realism in Plowing the Dark, this essay argues that his conscious positioning between realism and speculative genre facilitates his central criticism of compulsive representation as the desire for mastery and perfection. In Plowing the Dark, Powers calls into question the traditional notion of realism, which he suggests to be not as the timeless and universal mode of expression but as a particular philosophical construction and aesthetic technique conspiring with modernity. The novel illustrates some of the current new media technologies' reckless aspirations for perfect representation, cooperating with the imperialist impulse to conquer and objectify the world by putting it into a controllable picture. As a critique of this representationalism, Powers employs mise-en-abyme structure at the novel's climax describing the fantastic convergence between two storylines. This is not a simple metafictional instance but his precise challenge to mimetic realism whereby the seamless representational frames are disrupted to prevent total representation of reality and complete immersion into story. Furthermore, Powers uses virtual reality as a speculative technology, which exists in the real world but has not been developed to the extent described in the novel. Recalling Tzvetan Todorov's concept of the fantastic, the speculative technology blurs the boundaries between real and imaginary and questions the idea of the real, placing the novel in kinship with cyberpunk genre.

“Language Is Thought”: The Power of Language in Samuel R. Delany’s Babel-17

신혜원 한국현대영미소설학회 2011 현대영미소설 Vol.18 No.2

This essay discusses Samuel R. Delany’s 1966 novel Babel-17, with focus on the novel’s representation of the power of human language. Adopting the conventions of science fiction, Delany emphasizes the language’s power to dictate our perception of external realities, following the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. The novel juxtaposes the human languages and the computer languages developed in the mid-twentieth century. Babel-17 resembles the computer languages, and having no word for “I,” it turns its speaker into an automaton. While this juxtaposition shows irony, paradox, and ambiguity as the strengths of human language to articulate our complex realities from multiple perspectives, Delany expresses his anxiety about the binary mode of thinking demonstrated by computers and automata. Silvan Tomkins, an American psychologist, also produced his affect theory in the period when Babel-17 was written. Like Delany, Tomkins defines complexity and diversity as the exceptional human characteristics, as opposed to machines.' Reflecting the poststructuralist view of a human being as a complex system influenced by a social structure and external environment, their definition of humanity allows great openness and further possibilities for finding the uniqueness of an individual. Thus, Babel-17 can be read as a critique of the digital age, demonstrating the damaging impact of dichotomous logic on the human mind. In so doing, Delany warns us of our blind faith in efficiency and our obsession with analytic information. This essay discusses Samuel R. Delany’s 1966 novel Babel-17, with focus on the novel’s representation of the power of human language. Adopting the conventions of science fiction, Delany emphasizes the language’s power to dictate our perception of external realities, following the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. The novel juxtaposes the human languages and the computer languages developed in the mid-twentieth century. Babel-17 resembles the computer languages, and having no word for “I,” it turns its speaker into an automaton. While this juxtaposition shows irony, paradox, and ambiguity as the strengths of human language to articulate our complex realities from multiple perspectives, Delany expresses his anxiety about the binary mode of thinking demonstrated by computers and automata. Silvan Tomkins, an American psychologist, also produced his affect theory in the period when Babel-17 was written. Like Delany, Tomkins defines complexity and diversity as the exceptional human characteristics, as opposed to machines.' Reflecting the poststructuralist view of a human being as a complex system influenced by a social structure and external environment, their definition of humanity allows great openness and further possibilities for finding the uniqueness of an individual. Thus, Babel-17 can be read as a critique of the digital age, demonstrating the damaging impact of dichotomous logic on the human mind. In so doing, Delany warns us of our blind faith in efficiency and our obsession with analytic information.

Therapeutic Use of Image in Jonathan Safran Foer’s Post-9/11 Trauma Novel

신혜원 미국소설학회 2014 미국소설 Vol.21 No.1

Jonathan Safran Foer’s Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close describes the trauma victims’ reworking of their painful pasts and sufferings caused by the historical events such as the Dresden bombing during World War II and the 9/11 terrorists’ attacks on the World Trade Center in 2001. Despite the criticism of Foer’s hypertextual approach in the novel, I argue that his use of photographs and other formal techniques, borrowed from a flip-book and a blog (web log), is essential to represent the traumatic experience and its cure. The controversial flip-book ending, reversing the order of the images of a man falling from one of the twin tower buildings, suggests how Oskar Shell, a boy who lost his father on 9/11, attempts to cope with his mental wounds by reconstructing the chronological order. Foer turns the notorious falling man photo, which exemplifies the mass media coverage provoking morbid sensationalism, into the beautiful flip book displaying the boy’s aesthetic trial to recover from the loss of his father. In addition, the whole book can be read as a paper blog in which Oskar’s commentary and the accompanying photos and other semiotic materials illuminate each other to demonstrate the daily occurrences of his life. These techniques produce the virtual reality experience to evoke the readers’ sympathy towards the characters and build a therapeutic relationship between the trauma victims and their audience through transference. Avoiding a simple generalization of human experience or chauvinist rhetoric, the novel depicts the boy’s interpersonal, intergenerational journey throughout New York City, connecting its residents who were affected by 9/11 and creating emotional bonding among the people of the same experience and beyond. In that sense, this novel is not just a book to read but an artifact to see and experience.

코맥 맥카시의 『로드』: 언어와 기억하기를 통한 구원

신혜원 한국현대영미소설학회 2019 현대영미소설 Vol.26 No.1

In the absence of a universal religious system, the quest for religious meaning remains a central theme in the works of some American novelists such as Cormac McCarthy. This essay examines McCarthy’s exploration of the possibility of redemption in his post-apocalyptic novel, The Road. The unnamed father’s selfless devotion to his son, a messianic figure, illustrates the Christian virtues of hope, faith, and charity as described in the Bible. In contrast to the mother’s despair and Ely’s nihilism, the father’s belief in his son’s sacredness and his ritualistic care of the boy are excellent examples of the aforementioned Christian virtues through which individual redemption may be possible. However, The Road is not a traditional narrative of redemption because it does not end with the man’s triumphant transcendence of death or the world’s regeneration after violence and destruction. Instead, the novel’s last paragraph depicts brook trout, a symbol of sacredness. McCarthy suggests that language has the power to recover the lost world and redeem life by evoking memories of things past. The Road is a modern narrative of secular redemption that assimilates the possibility of experiencing spiritual transcendence within the power of language and remembrance.

Semantically Unrelated Effects on Nonnative English-Speaking Adolescents

신혜원 한국외국어대학교 외국어교육연구소 2020 외국어교육연구 Vol.34 No.3

Researchers are increasingly interested in second language vocabulary training. However, current research has obtain only limited understanding about how to improve adolescents’ vocabulary learning, particularly adolescents learning English as a foreign language. This study focuses on the effectiveness of learning words in semantic clusters—an instructional technique not well explored by second language researchers. Specifically, the present study investigated whether semantically unrelated contextual words are easier to learn and acquire than semantically related ones for advanced second language learners. Korean-speaking adolescent learners (N = 105) read a series of sentences containing 16 target words over two regular class sessions. The independent samples t-test found that presenting words in a semantically related sentence-level context hindered the learning of the targeted words. It appears, however, that presenting new words in unrelated sets in context, rather than in semantically related contextual groups, is a promising technique for teaching novel words.

『어둠 경작하기』: 2인칭 서사를 통한 가상현실 체험

신혜원 미국소설학회 2022 미국소설 Vol.29 No.1

Despite the traditional book form, Richard Powers’s Plowing the Dark uses second-person narration to demonstrate an intriguing case of novelistic remediation of digital media by appropriating the latter’s aesthetic effects and compositional techniques to revitalize the novel form. Similar to Marie-Laure Ryan’s argument, this novel exemplifies narrative, print or hypertext, as virtual reality with the union of immersion and interactivity in which readers can create a palpable three-dimensional space through the act of reading. It is a novelistic rendition of digital virtual reality in print. The second-person narration maximizes the reader’s experience of immersion in the text, recalling the narrative voice and mood in early text-based computer games such as Colossal Cave Adventure. The story of Adie Klarpol, a Seattle designer participating in the creation of a virtual reality machine called the Cavern, directly connects to the contemporary development of virtual reality technology, in reference to the University of Illinois’s CAVE project. In another narrative of Taimur Martin, a hostage held by Lebanese terrorists, the second-person narration offers the reader an intensive VR experience of immersion into the text. The position of the reader-addressee in Taimur’s second-person narration reminds us of the role of a user-player in hypertext and interactive fiction, summoned to interact with the story world. Despite the limitations imposed by the book form on the degree and nature of the reader’s interaction with the text, through the second-person narration and the embedded narrative frames, Powers suggests that literature and art in general provide the audience a VR experience of dwelling in a time-space of verisimilitude. Powers’s experiments demonstrate that the reader of print narratives can play an active role in the immersive story world.

뇌자기자극을 이용한 운동신경계의 신경생리학적 평가

신혜원,손영호 대한임상신경생리학회 2011 Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology Vol.13 No.1

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive tool used to study aspects of human brain physiology, including motor function and the pathophysiology of various brain disorders. A brief electric current passed through a magnetic coil produces a high-intensity magnetic field, which can excite or inhibit the cerebral cortex. Although various brain regions can be evaluated by TMS, most studies have focused on the motor cortex where motor evoked potentials (MEPs) are produced. Single-pulse and paired-pulse TMS can be used to measure the excitability of the motor cortex via various parameters, while repetitive TMS induces cortical plasticity via long-term potentiation or long-term depression-like mechanisms. Therefore,TMS is useful in the evaluation of physiological mechanisms of various neurological diseases, including movement disorders and epilepsy. In addition, it has diagnostic utility in spinal cord diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and demyelinating diseases. The therapeutic effects of repetitive TMS on stroke, Parkinson disease and focal hand dystonia are limited since the duration and clinical benefits seem to be temporary. New TMS techniques, which may improve clinical utility, are being developed to enhance clinical utilities in various neurological diseases.