황금작약탕(黃芩芍藥湯)의 MRSA에 대한 항균활성에 관한 연구

김에스더 ( Esther Kim ),최종환 ( Chong Hwan Choi ),김일현 ( Il Hyun Kim ),이하일 ( Ha Il Lee ),송용선 ( Yung Sun Song ) 한방재활의학과학회 2013 한방재활의학과학회지 Vol.23 No.3

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial activity of Huanggeumjakyak-tang water extract against MRSA. MethodsThe antibacterial activities of Huanggeumjakyak-tang were evaluated against 3 strains of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and 1 standard Methicillin- susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strain by using the disc diffusion method, minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) assay, colorimetric assay using MTT test, checkerboard dilution test and time-kill assay was performed under dark. ResultsThe MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of Huanggeumjakyak-tang water extract against S. aureus strains ranged from 1,000 to 2,000μg/ml. So we confirmed that it has a strong antibacterial effect. Also the combinations of Huanggeumjakyak-tang water extract and conventional antibiotics exhibited improved inhibition of MRSA with synergy effect. ConclusionsThe results obtained in this study suggest that Huanggeumjakyak-tang water extract showed antibacterial effect against MRSA, and it also showed reducing effect on the side-effect problems that are the major weak points of traditional antibiotics. (J Korean Med Rehab 2013;23(3):15-26)

동결된 러시아 국가 자산의 몰수에 관한 국제법적 고찰 : 러시아의 우크라이나 침공 이후 동결된 러시아 중앙은행 자산을 중심으로

송에스더(SONG, Esther) 대한국제법학회 2024 國際法學會論叢 Vol.69 No.2

이 논문은 국제법상 동결 자산의 몰수에 대해 러시아 중앙은행 자산을 중심으로 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 러시아의 우크라이나 침공은 유엔 총회 결의에서 확인된 바와 같이 유엔 헌장을 위반한 침략으로 국제위법행위에 해당한다. 따라서 러시아는 즉시 위법행위를 중단하고 우크라이나에 피해를 배상해야 하지만 이러한 책임을 이행하지 않고 있다. 이에 서방 각국은 약 3000억 달러에 이르는 러시아 중앙은행의 외환보유액을 동결하였다. 한편 전쟁이 장기화되면서 서방 국가들은 우크라이나 지원에 부담을 느끼게 되었고, 동결된 중앙은행 자산을 우크라이나 재건 및 피해 배상을 위해 활용해야 한다는 목소리가 높아졌다. 그러나 동결된 러시아 국가 자산의 몰수는 국가면제 등 관련 국제법 규칙을 위반할 소지가 크다. 따라서 동결 자산의 몰수가 국가면제의 예외에 해당하는지, 면제의 위반을 정당화할 수 있는 대응조치, 자위권등 위법성 조각사유에 해당하는지를 살펴보아야 한다. 검토 결과 서방 각국이 제재를 가하여 러시아 국가 자산을 동결하는 것은 제3자 대응조치로서 정당화될 수 있지만, 동결 자산의 몰수는 러시아에 돌이킬 수 없는 피해를 초래하여 불가역적이며, 의무의 준수를 유도한다고 보기 어려우므로 제3자 대응조치로서 정당화되기 어렵다고 보인다. 또한 직접 피해국인 우크라이나의 경우 개별적 자위권에 근거하여 러시아의 국가면제를 부인하고 우크라이나 내의 러시아 국가 자산을 몰수하는 법률을 시행하고 있으며, 우크라이나 법원 역시 같은 입장의 판결을 내리고 있다. 일부 학자들은 다른 서방 국가들의 경우에도 집단적 자위권을 행사하여 러시아 국가 자산을 몰수할 수 있다고 주장하지만, 실제로 서방 국가들은 확전을 방지하기 위해 러시아와 교전 상태에 돌입했음을 암시하는 것을 자제하고 있으며, 집단적 자위권을 명시적으로 언급하는 경우는 드물다. 마지막으로 러시아 중앙은행 자산 몰수의 법적 근거를 마련하기 위한 국가들의 움직임을 살펴보았다. 캐나다의 경우 가장 먼저 러시아 동결 자산의 몰수를 위한 법률을 제정하였고, 미국에서도 유사한 법률을 제정하였다. 그러나 유럽은 보다 신중한 접근을 취하고 있는데, 법적 위험이 있는 러시아 중앙은행 자산의 몰수 대신 해당 자산을 투자한 초과 수익을 우크라이나에 이전하거나 횡재세를 부과하는 보다 안전한 방안을 추진하고 있다. 즉 현재 서방 각국에서는 러시아 동결 자산의 몰수를 둘러싼 국제법적 및 국내법적 논의가 활발하게 이루어지고 있으며, 이로 인해 국가면제, 제3자 대응조치, 자위권 등 관련 국제법 규칙에 어떠한 변화를 가져오게 될지 향후 추이가 주목된다. Focusing on the assets of the Central Bank of Russia, this paper examines the confiscation of frozen Russian assets under international law. Russias invasion of Ukraine constitutes an internationally wrongful act of aggression in violation of the UN Charter, as declared by UN General Assembly resolutions. In response, Western countries have frozen the Central Bank of Russias foreign currency reserves, which amount to almost $300 billion. As the war has dragged on, there have been calls for the frozen Central Bank assets to be used for reconstruction and compensation for Ukraine. However, the confiscation of frozen Russian state assets may violate relevant rules of international law, including state immunity. This paper examines whether the confiscation of frozen assets falls within an exception to state immunity or constitutes a countermeasure or right of self-defense that would justify a breach of state immunity. It then examines efforts by countries, including Canada, the United States and Europe, to create a legal basis under domestic law for seizing assets of the Russian Central Bank. The international and domestic legal debate over the confiscation of Russian frozen assets is currently underway in Western countries, and it will be interesting to see how this will affect the relevant rules of international law, such as state immunity, third-party countermeasures and the right of self-defense.

중대한 인권침해 시 보편적 민사관할권을 통한 배상의 전망: 유럽인권재판소의 Naït-Liman v. Switzerland 판결을 중심으로

송에스더(SONG, Esther) 대한국제법학회 2021 國際法學會論叢 Vol.66 No.2

국가면제로 인한 재판청구권 제한 시 법원의 헌법판단 : 최근 일본군 ‘위안부’ 관련 국내법원 판결을 중심으로

송에스더 ( Song¸ Esther ) 고려대학교 법학연구원 2021 고려법학 Vol.- No.103

2021년 4월 21일 서울중앙지법 제15 민사부(재판장 민성철)는 일본군‘위안부’ 피해자들이 일본을 상대로 제기한 손해배상청구를 국가면제를 이유로 각하하였다. 이는 다른 일본군‘위안부’ 피해자들의 손해배상청구가 문제되었던 2021년 1월 8일 서울중앙지법 제34 민사부(재판장 김정곤)의 인용판결과는 반대되는 결론을 내린 것인데, 불과 몇 달 사이에 비슷한 사실관계에 대해 전혀 다른 판결이 내려졌다는 점은 흥미롭다. 이는 이 사건과 관련된 법리들이 그만큼 치열한 논쟁 가운데 있으며, 관련된 이익들의 형량이 그만큼 어렵다는 방증이기도 하다. 이 논문에서는 국가면제로 인한 재판청구권 제한이 대한민국의 헌법질서에 부합하는지에 대하여 1월 8일 판결과 4월 21일 판결을 비교하여 살펴보았다. 이를 위하여 2001년 유럽인권재판소의 Al-Adsani 판결, 2012년 ICJ 판결의 다수 및 소수의견, ICJ 판결의 국내적 수용과 관련된 2014년 이탈리아 헌법재판소의 판결의 관련 부분을 검토하였다. 유럽인권재판소의 경우 재판청구권 침해여부의 판단에 있어서 완화된 비례성심사를 하고 있으며, ICJ 판결은 국제관습법에 따른 국가면제와 피해자의 재판청구권과의 형량을 부인하면서, 국가면제규칙이 피해자의 재판청구권을 침해하는지에 대해서는 판단하지 않았다. 2014년 이탈리아 헌법재판소의 판결은 일반적으로 승인된 국제규범의 국내적 수용을 규정한 헌법 제10조 및 EU법 적용에 대한 대항한계이론에 근거하여, 이탈리아 헌법의 기본원칙인 피해자의 실효적 사법보호를 정당화하는 우월한 공익이 발견되지 않음을 이유로, ICJ 판결의 국내적 수용을 거부하였다. 이후 우리나라 헌법상 국가면제에 관한 국제관습법의 국내적 수용과 관련하여 국제관습법의 국내법상 효력 및 위계를 살펴보고, 그 규범통제 방법을 검토하였다. 또한 헌법상 재판청구권의 위헌심사기준을 살펴본 후, 이를 토대로 1월 8일 판결 및 4월 21일 판결의 타당성을 검토하였다. 1월 8일 판결의 경우에는 합헌적 해석을 통하여 국가면제에 관한 국제관습법이 헌법을 최상위로 하는 법질서에 부합하지 않음을 근거로 국가면제의 예외를 인정하였는데, 그 결론은 2014년 이탈리아 헌법재판소 판결과 같은 선상에 있다고 볼 수 있다. 그러나 이러한 결론을 이끌어낸 논증과정에서 국제관습법과 민사관습법의 차이를 간과하였다는 아쉬움이 있다. 또한 4월 21일자 판결은 중대한 인권침해 시 국가면제의 국제관습법의 적용에 대해 위헌심사기준을 적용한 헌법판단을 하여 합헌으로 결론을 내렸다. 그러나 동 판결은 형식상 비례성 심사를 하고 있지만, 실질적으로는 매우 완화된 심사를 하고 있다고 보이는데, 재판청구권은 그 행사를 통해 보호하고자 하는 실체적 기본권을 고려하여 위헌심사기준을 정할 필요가 있으므로, 엄격한 심사기준을 적용할 필요가 있다. 이에 따라 해당 사안을 판단한 결과, 목적의 정당성 및 수단의 적정성, 침해의 최소성 및 법익의 균형성을 모두 충족하지 못하므로 위헌이라는 결론을 내렸다. 따라서 일본이 제2차 세계대전 중 범한 반인도범죄에 대하여 국제관습법상 국가면제를 인정하는 것은 피해자들의 재판청구권을 침해하는 것으로서 대한민국의 헌법질서에 부합하지 아니한다고 보는 것이 타당하다고 판단된다. On April 21st, 2021, the 15th Civil Division of the Seoul Central District Court dismissed the claim for compensation against Japan by Japanese military “comfort women” on the ground of state immunity. This is a contrary conclusion to the judgment by the 34th Civil Division of the Seoul Central District Court on January 8th, 2021, in which other “comfort women” victims’ claims for damages were addressed. Interestingly, in a few months, completely different judgments were made on similar facts. Hence, the legal issues related to these cases are in the midst of a fierce debate, and balancing the related interests is quite difficult. This article, comparing the January 8th and the April 21st judgments, examines whether the restriction on the right to access to justice due to state immunity under customary international law conforms to the constitutional order of the Republic of Korea. In this regard, in the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights in the Al-Adsani case (2001), the majority and minority opinions of the International Court of Justice(ICJ)’s judgment in the case concerning Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (2012), and the judgment of the Italian Constitutional Court related to the domestic implementation of the ICJ judgment (2014) were reviewed. Then, the hierarchy of customary international law in the Korean legal order and standards of constitutional review for the right to access to justice were examined. Based on these findings, constitutional review in the January 8th and the April 21st judgments was examined. The results showed that the conclusion of the April 21st judgment would not be supported, and granting Japan state immunity under customary international law for the violations of jus cogens during World War II constitutes an infringement of victims' right to access to justice. Thus, it should be regarded as inconsistent with the constitutional order of the Republic of Korea.

인클루시브 디자인 개념을 적용한 Emerald Princess호의 편의지향 설계

송에스더(Song, Esther),노명일(Roh, Myung-ll) 한국실내디자인학회 2012 한국실내디자인학회논문집 Vol.21 No.1

According to a progress in the quality of life and economy, recent years have seen an increase in interest in the cruise travel. However, it is important to provide them the optimum embarkation environment since there are to be many and unspecified persons staying for a long period on the cruise ship. In the architectural design field, a wide range of efforts are being recently made to meet customer’s requirements by considering the rapidly changing society, environment, and economic trend. The most representative one of such efforts is the inclusive design concept. This concept means to perform design satisfying all the function, convenience, aesthetic appreciation, and utility, regardless of sex, age, ability, nationality, cultural background or any kinds of disabilities. Regarding this trend, the convenience-oriented design of a cruise ship using the inclusive design concept was performed in this study. To do this, the composition of cabins and swimming pools, and the exterior of the cruise ship were classified into several groups through literature survey. Then, in the point of view of the inclusive design concept, inconvenience matters of passengers about the cabins, swimming pools, and exterior were also extracted from literature survey. Next, basis designs for them were selected among the classified groups in order to solve such inconvenience matters. Finally, the convenience-oriented design of the Emerald Princess Cruise considering the inclusive design concept was performed by applying the basis designs. As a result, we can see that the inclusive design concept can be applied to cruise ship design.

독일 전후 배상 정책의 평가 및 시사점

송에스더 ( Song Esther ) 제주대학교 법과정책연구원 2021 法과 政策 Vol.27 No.2

As Germany’s postwar reparations have a long and complicated history, it is difficult to understand them comprehensively. Since World War II, Germany has been striving toward postwar reparations for decades, focusing on reparations for victims of Nazi persecution rather than war reparations. Although Germany initially focused on victims with citizenship and provided compensation through the Federal Compensation Act, it gradually expanded the scope of compensation to foreign victims through bilateral agreements with other countries. It also provided funds to victims’ organizations, such as the Jewish Claims Conference, and placed them in charge of the allocation of the funds. Additionally, it established a foundation for reconciliation with the victims and provided funds with a “humanitarian dimension” to them. Germany’s postwar reparations do not seem to constitute “legal reparations” in a strict sense, but rather “political and moral reparations.” The criterion in evaluating the reparations policy lies in whether it meets the purpose of reparations, whether an appropriate type of reparation is used, how many victims and diverse types of damages the policy covers, and whether the amount of compensation is appropriate. Thus, it is necessary to focus on whether the reparations policy recovers the damage “to make good again.” Furthermore, whether the victim’s participation is guaranteed or whether the victim’s demands are faithfully reflected in the process of formulating and implementing the reparations policy should also be considered. Additionally, another important criterion can be whether the victims’ social recognition, restoration of civic trust, and strengthening of solidarity occur. Germany can be deemed to have gradually increased the scope of victims and damages subject to reparations, enhancing the completeness and comprehensiveness of reparations policies. Moreover, regarding the form of reparations, the complexity of reparations seems to have managed to satisfy the various needs of victims, by providing both material and symbolic reparations through restitution, monetary compensation, payment of social security pensions, apology, and education. Additionally, the activities of victims’ organizations such as the Jewish Claims Conference greatly contributed to the expansion of the victims’ rights and interests by enlarging the eligibility of reparations. Furthermore, implementing the reparations policy through binding legal tools such as laws and treaties ensures its continuity and stability. The implementation of these policies seems to have resulted in achieving the goal of recognizing Jewish groups, which were the foremost victims of Nazi persecution, as well as restoring trust among citizens and strengthening solidarity. However, Germany said that it was only “humanitarian assistance,” which is not enough to heal the victims’ emotional wounds. Thus, it could be said that Germany’s reparations for victims of Nazi persecution contributed to the recovery of victims’ rights and provided direct and specific benefits to the victims in part.

합성섬유를 사용한 시멘트 복합체의 압축거동특성

송선화 ( Song Seon-hwa ),전에스더 ( Jeon Esther ),장용헌 ( Jang Yong-heon ),박완신 ( Park Wan-shin ),윤현도 ( Yun Hyun-do ) 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 2007 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.11 No.2

In this paper, workability, compressive strength of hybrid fiber reinforced cement composites(HFRCCs) have been investigated by means of Korean Standard Testing Methods (KSTM). Hybrid fiber reinforced cement composites(HFRCCs) contains the polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene (PE), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber. As the result of the compressive strength tests, all the specimens show multiple cracking in the area subjected to the greatest compressive stress. In particular, test results showed that the hybrid fibers, PE and PVA specimen, could result in superior composite performance compared to their individual fiber reinforced cement composites, PET specimen.

추나치료와 감압치료를 병행한 요추 추간판 탈출증 환자 7례에 대한 임상보고

김에스더,전규상,송용선,Kim, Esther,Jun, Kyu-Sang,Song, Yong-Sun 척추신경추나의학회 2010 척추신경추나의학회지 Vol.5 No.2

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the sense of improvement and satisfaction from 7 cases of herniated lumbar disc patients which was treated with spine decompression&chuna. Methods: Each patient has been treated with spine decompression and chuna treatment. The degree of improvement has been evaluated by VAS(Visual Analogue Scale) and ODI(Oswestry Disability Index) score starting from the day of admission, after 1week, and 2weeks. Results and Conclusions: Through the result, spine decompression and chuna treatment proved to have valid effect for Herniated Lumbar Disc. and there needs more clinical studies into synergy between spine decompression and Chuna treatment.

국내 프리미엄 푸드 마켓의 터치포인트 특성에 관한 연구

송에스더 ( Esther Song ),이재규 ( Jaegyu Lee ) 한국공간디자인학회 2016 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.11 No.5

(Background and Purpose)The service industry is expanding, and its role is more important than ever before. Today, we are surrounded by many different services, and service is no longer ancillary but rather an indispensable tool to generate interactions with consumers. Companies, therefore, pay attention to the significance of intangible designs that can communicate with consumers. Notably, in the food industry an increasing number of companies have made strategic maneuvers to cater to the demand for premium services, not only premium products, by discerning consumers. The result is the prevalence of premium food markets being opened by industry giants. The purpose of this study is to dissect the elements of touch point analysis to evaluate the premium food market, thereby examining how to minimize the gap between companies and consumers. (Method)The service industry has been expanding since the early 20th century. However, due to its intangible nature, a clear definition of service design has yet to be ascertained. In this study, service design touch points and premium food markets are first theoretically analyzed in depth and separated into four main attributes: spatial environment, product, message, and interaction. Then, the attributes of service design are categorized into tangible and intangible elements, which creates a matrix that can serve as the framework evaluating cases. Premium food markets that entered the market after 2012 that offer a high-concept lifestyle were selected and evaluated specifically in terms of spatial environment and product, brand message, and consumer interaction. (Results)Shinsegae``s SSG Food Market scored the highest overall with its boutique-like spatial environment and strategic product differentiation, while the Galleria Department Store``s Gourmet 494 scored high for making successful efforts to overcome the confinements of its existing space with technology and exclusive service. Additionally, it is worth noting that the core support for Gourmet 494 comes from consumers in their twenties and thirties who appreciate being able to obtain high quality products and delicious meals conveniently at one place. Unlike how the SSG Food Market and Gourmet 494 targets consumers in the top 10% income bracket, Lotte Premium Food Market targets the top 10% to 30% income bracket and pursues a more approachable level of sophistication. However, Lotte scored the lowest overall except in terms of spatial environment and product choice. Based on the analysis of the aforementioned findings, characteristics of each element of service design touch points are ascertained. (Conclusions)This study ascertains the characteristics of the premium food market``s touch points by examining the effect intangible service has on consumer satisfaction. The efficient and effective touch points analyzed in this study are expected to assist in increasing the competitiveness of premium food markets.

순환잔골재를 사용한 Green SHCC의 직접인장성능

송선화(Song, Seon Hwa),장광수(Jang, Gwang Soo),차준호(Cha, Jun Ho),전에스더(Jeon, Esther),김윤용(Kim, Yun Yong),윤현도(Yun, Hyun Do) 한국콘크리트학회 2009 한국콘크리트학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2009 No.5