Genetic Implications of Ultramafic Rocks from the Bibong Area in the Kyeonggi Gneiss Complex

송석환,최선규,우준기,Song, Suck Hwan,Choi, Seon Gyu,Woo, Jun Gie The Korean Society of Economic and Environmental G 1997 자원환경지질 Vol.30 No.5

충남 비봉지역에서 산출되는 초염기성 암체는 경기편마암복합체내에 북북동 방향을 따라 200 m 연장을 갖고 국부적으로 산출되고 있으며, 주변 편마암체와 주로 단층접촉을 하며 평행하게 분포하고 있다. 초염기성암은 대부분 듀나이트와 하즈버가이트이며 부분 또는 완전히 사문암화되었다. 본 암석은 원생입상, 등립입상 및 등립입상-모자이크 조직을 보이며 부분적으로는 변성작용을 반영하는 잔쇄반상(잔쇄거정질) 조직 및 여러시기의 재결정 흔적을 보인다. 이 암석은 감람석 $(Fo_{89-92})$, 엔스테타이트에서 브론자이트 조성의 사방휘석, 투휘석 조성의 단사휘석, 투각섬석에서 파가사이트 조성의 각섬석, 첨정석, 그리고 사문석, 활석, 녹리석, 방해석, 자철석등을 포함한다. 이 초염기성암은 마그네슘비가 높고, 알칼리 이온의 함량이 낮으며 희토류원소가 결핍된 특징을 보인다. 이런 지화학적, 광물학적 특징은 전세계의 맨틀포획암 및 구조적으로 지표면에 노출된 초염기성암과 유사하다. 암석의 산상 및 암석학적, 광물학적, 지화학적 특징은 이 초염기성암의 산상이 맨틀슬랩형으로 단층작용에 의해 지표면에 정치된 알파인형 (alpine type)의 초염기성암과 유사하다. 암석학적 특징과 함께 광물 조성은 비봉지역의 초염기성암이 상부 각섬암상부터 녹색편암상 범위에서 수회의 후퇴변성작용을 받았음을 암시한다. In the Bibong area of the western part of Chungcheongnam-do, ultramafic masses occur as discontinuous isolated lenticular bodies in the Precambrian Kyeonggi gneiss complex. They extend for about 200 m long to NNE directions which are parallel to fault lines in the gneiss complex. The ultramafic masses contact with the adjacent gneiss complex as steeply dipping faults. They are dunites and harzburgites and many of them are partially or completely serpentinized. The ultramafic rocks dominantly show protogranular, equigranular and equigranular-$m{\grave{o}}saic$ textures. They also show porphyroclastic (megacrystic) or recrystallized textures reflecting several stages of metamorphism. They contain varying amounts of olivine $(Fo_{89-92})$, enstatitic to bronzitic orthopyroxene, diopsidic clinopyroxene, tremolitic to pargasitic hornblende, and spinel with serpentine, talc, chlorite, calcite and magnetite. The ultramafic rocks have high magnesium numbers and transitional element contents, low alkali contents and show deplete REE patterns. Comparing with available data, geochemical and mineralogical characteristics shown in the ultramafic rocks of the Bibong area are similar to those of worldwide mantle xenoliths and orogenic related ultramafic rocks. The field evidences, petrographical, geochemical and mineralogical characteristics shown in the ultramafic rocks of the Bibong area are similar to alpine type ultramafic rocks emplaced into the crust by the faulting as mantle slab types. With the petrographical characteristics, these mineralogical compositions suggest that the ultramafic rocks of the Bibong area have experienced several stages of retrogressive metamorphism in a condition ranging from the upper amphibolite facies to greenschist facies.

충남 서부 활석광산 주변의 지표수 및 하상 퇴적물의 중금속 함량

송석환 ( Suck Hwan Song ),김명희 ( Myung Hee Kim ),민일식 ( Ell Sik Min ) 한국환경생태학회 2002 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.15 No.2

금산의 화강암 및 함탄질 셰일 지역 토양내 식물체의 중금속 함량 특성

송석환(Suck-hwan Song),강영립(Young-Rib Kang),김일출(Il-Chool Kim) 한국자원식물학회 2005 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.18 No.2

금산지역 두 다른 토양내 식물체의 중금속 함량은 식물체의 종류에 관계없이 함 탄질 지역이 높은 원소 함량을 보이고 있었으며 원소별 상관관계에서 함 탄질 지역이 화강암 지역에 비해 두드러지게 높았다. 지역에 관계없이 대부분 원소에서 쑥이 억세 및 아카시아에 비해, 억세는 아카시아에 비해 상대적으로 높은 원소 함량을 보여 쑥이 대부분 원소에서 상대적으로 높은 흡수량을 보임을 지적하고 있다. 또한 대부분 원소에서 식물체의 상부에 비해 하부가 비교적 높은 원소 함량을 보이고 있다. 이런 관계들을 종합해 볼 때 금산의 셰일 지역과 유사한 토양의 정화 시 쑥 및 억세가 좋은 중금속의 축적 종으로서 이용 가능성이 있으며 억세에 비해 쑥이 선호될 수 있는 종임을 암시한다. Three different floras(M. sinsinsis, A. vulgaris, Robinia pseudo-acacia) were collected from the granite(GR) and coal bearing shale area(CB) and analysed for their heavy metal elements with the representative soils. Regardless of the flora species, the CB were high in average contents. Among the correlation relationships, the CB were more distinctive than the GR, and the A. vulgaris showed higher correlations than the M. sinsinsis. In the same soils, the A. vutgaris showed high contents than the M. sinsinsis and Robinia pseudo-acacia, and the M. sinsinsis were high relative to the Robinia pseudo-acacia. In the comparisons of the flora, root parts were high in most of the elements except for Zn. In the soils, the CB were high in most of elements while As and Mo showed different contents between the GR and CB. In the comparison between soil and flora, soils of the GR were high in the V and Sc contents and low in Zn and Cu, while those of the CR were high in the Cr, V and Sc contents, and low in the Zn contents, Comparing with the soil contents, the M, sinsinsis in the GR were similar to Co and V contents while, in the CB, the M. sinsinsis were similar to the Ni, Cr, Co, Zn, Mo contents, and the Robinia pseudo-acacia were similar to the Ni, Zn, Cu contents. Overall results suggested that the M. sinsinsis and A. vulgaris should be eligible for the bioremediation of the soils polluted by heavy metal such as the CB.

충남 광천지역 석면의 산출 유형 및 광물학적 특징

송석환 ( Suck Hwan Song ),황정환 ( Jung Hwan Hwang ),황범구 ( Byum Goo Hwang ),김현욱 ( Hyun Wook Kim ) 한국산업위생학회 2008 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.18 No.4

This study is to characterize the occurrence types and mineralogical characteristics of asbestos for the Kwangcheon areas, Chungnam. The mine areas had been exploited as asbestos mines for several decades since 1930. Host rocks of the asbestos are serpentinites and altered rocks of the ultramafic rocks. Representative samples of the host rocks and minerals were sampled and were examined with microscopes. To confirm for the existences and compositions of the asbestos, the rock samples were analysed with EPMA, XRD and EDS. Chrysotile, tremolite and actinolite were found as asbestos and non-asbestos forms in these areas. Chrysotiles, as non-asbestos forms, occur in the host rocks with mesh and hourglass textures. They, as asbestos forms, are mainly found as the veins. The tremolite and actinolite, as asbestos types, occur as alteration products of the olivine and pyroxene within the host rocks. They, as asbestos types, are also found following the cracks and fractures. Overall results suggest that three types of the asbestos are found in the Kwangcheon and Kaewol mine areas. Based on the occurrence types for the asbestos, additional studies are required for the asbestos in the top soil and air.

가평 사문암 지역의 토양 별 식물체내 희토류 원소함량 차이: 억세, 쑥, 산딸기를 근거로

송석환 ( Suck Hwan Song ),신병철 ( Byung Cheol Shin ) 한국환경과학회 2009 한국환경과학회지 Vol.18 No.6

금산 인삼의 전이 원소 특성

송석환(Suck-hwan Song),이용규(Yong-Gyoo Lee),민일식(Ell-Sik Min) 한국자원식물학회 2003 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.16 No.1

일반적으로 토양의 경우 천매암 및 셰일 지역이 높은 원소 함량을 보였고 원소의 상관관계에서 셰일 지역이 많은 원소에서 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 지역에 따른 인삼의 2년근과 3년근의 비교에서 2년근에서 높았는데, 특히 화강암과 편마암지역이 셰일지역에 비해 2년근에서 두드러지게 높았다. 같은 연령 인삼들의 지역적 비교에서 화강암지역이 낮았으며, 셰일 및 천매암의 비교에서는 셰일이 높았다. 인삼의 부위 별 비교에서 2년근과 3년근에 관계 없이 상부가 높은 원소함량을 보였다 토양과 인삼 평균치와의 비교에서 대부분 원소가 인삼 조성에 비해 토양에서 높은 함량을 보였고, 토양과 인삼조성 관계에서 유사한 증감 경향을 보였다. 전체적으로 일반적인 전이원소의 부정적인 영향을 전제로 하면 세 토양중 화강암 지역이 인삼의 최적지이며 셰일 지역이 제일 불리한 지역임을 암시한다. Different ages of the ginsengs were collected from the three soil areas, such as granite, phyllite and shale of Keumsan, with their field soils. Of the soils, phyllite and shale areas are high in the Ni, Cr, Co, Sc, V, As, Cu and Zn contents while the granite areas are low in the W, Pb, Th, U, Sn and Be contents. In the correlation coefficient of the soils, positive and negative relationships of the elements are mainly high in the shale and low in the granite area. Comparing between 2- and 3- year ginsengs, 2-year ginsengs are mainly high in most elements, especially for the granite and phyllite areas. In the regional comparisons among the same ages, the granite areas are mainly low and high in the shale area for the most of the elements. Comparisons among the parts of ginsengs suggest high contents in the most of the elements at the upper parts. In the comparisons between the top soils and ginseng compositions, top soils are mainly high and show similar increase/decrease trends between them. Following the transitional element contents, the granite area is best for the ginseng cultivation while , among the three areas, the shale area is worst.

금산 폐탄광지역의 오염이 하천수에 미치는 영향

김명희,민일식,송석환 ( Myung Hee Kim,Ell Sik Min,Suck Hwan Song ) 한국산림과학회 1997 한국산림과학회지 Vol.86 No.4

The research was carried out to investigate the contamination of stream water by the acid mine drainage originated from the abandoned coal mines and coal waste rock in Keumsan, Chungnam. The pH, sulfate and chemical compositions in the stream water were analyzed. At the polluted sites, the pH of stream water was the strong acid, ranging from 3.46 to 4.29. The pH shows negative correlations with sulfate, manganese, copper, zinc, iron and magnesium concentrations. Sulfate concentrations of the polluted stream water, 236.73 - 310.53㎎/ℓ, had 10 times more than those of the non-polluted stream water. The concentrations of heavy metals, Mn and Fe, in the polluted water were 0.56 - 0.83㎎/ℓ and 5.89 - 10.58㎎/ℓ, respectively. The Mn concentrations were 20 times higher than those of the non-polluted stream water. Compared with those in the non-polluted stream water, the Mg and Ca concentrations in the polluted stream water were high because of leaching from rock and soil to water by the acidifications. Calculated AMDI(Acid Mine Drainage Index) values are low in the polluted stream water, relative to those of the non-polluted water.

충남 금산 폐탄광지역의 토양 , 하상퇴적물 및 토양수의 이화학적 특성

민일식,김명희,송석환 ( Ell Sik Min,Myung Hee Kim,Suck Hwan Song ) 한국산림과학회 1997 한국산림과학회지 Vol.86 No.3

The research has been made for the effects of the pollution by the abandoned coal mine drainage on the physical and chemical properties of soil, stream sediment and soil water. The soils overspreaded by the abandoned coal don`t develop solum and the bulk density is 1.838/㎥, compared with 1.191.38g/㎥ in the other forest soils. The soil pH range in coal bearing region ie, from 4.01 to 4.11 and non-coal bearing soil range is from 5.03 to 5.13. Heavy metals such as As, Cr, Ni, Mo and Ba of coal bearing soils and polluted stream sediments have larger concentration than those of non-coal content and non-polluted. F_specially As and Mo concentrations are largely high in coal bearing. The relative ratios K₂O/Na₂O of geochemical elements are higher in coal bearing soil and polluted stream sediments than those of non-coal bearing soils and non-polluted stream sediments as well as black shales of the Changri Formation. However, MgO+Fe₂O₃+TiO₂/CaO+K₂O are the opposite trends, so that the ratios are lower in the polluted regions. The soil water pHs in the polluted regions are the strong acid(pH3.4-4.2) and buffer capacity of the polluted soil is low because canons such as Na^+, K^+, Mg^(+2) are leached by the acidification.

충남지역 초염기성 암체의 지구물리학적 연구: 탄성파 속도 특성

서만철,우영균,송석환,Suh, Man-Cheol,Woo, Young-Kyun,Song, Suck-Hwan,Tianyao, Hao 한국지구과학회 2000 韓國地球科學會誌 Vol.21 No.3

충남 일원에 분포하는 초염기성 암석과 이에 수반되는 각섬암, 편암, 편마암에 대해 탄성파 및 밀도가 실험실에서 측정되었다. 밀도측정 결과 사문암은 2.6${\sim}$2.86g/cm$^3$, 활석은 2.25${\sim}$2.81g/cm$^3$, 변성암류는 2.74${\sim}$3.07g/cm$^3$의 범위를 갖는다. 이 결과 활석은 사문암으로부터의 변성과정으로 사문암 및 각섬암보다 넓은 범위를 보였다. P파와 S파의 속도는 사문암에서 각각 5719${\sim}$6062m/s, 2898${\sim}$3351m/s 이고, 활석에서 4019${\sim}$5478m/s, 2241/${\sim}$2976m/s, 각섬암에서 5375${\sim}$6372m/s, 3042${\sim}$3625m/s, 편암에서 5290${\sim}$5499m/s, 2968${\sim}$3137m/s, 편마암에서 4788m/s, 2804m/s를 보였다. P파의 속도는 밀도가 증가함에 따라 S파의 속도보다 1.47배 빠르게 증가하였다. 탄성파 속도와 밀도 사이에 비례관계가 성립하며, 특히 밀도에 따른 P파 속도 증가율이 S파 속도증가율보다 약 1.47배 크게 나타났다. 탄성파속도의 이방분석결과 편리와 직각 방향의 속도값이 평행방향의 값보다 높았는데, 특히 변성암이 더 큰 차이를 보이는바, 이는 변성암의 형성이 지체구조성 압력의 영향으로 인한 광역변성작용에 의한 것임을 시사한다. 압력의 변화에 따른 탄성파속도 변화분석 결과 대체로 압력이 20 MPa에서 70 MPa로 증가함에 따라 변성암의 탄성파속도 증가가 다른 암석에 비하여 크게 나타났다. 재계산된 탄성파속도는 각섬암이 이 지역 하부 지각에 대한 탄성파 특성을, 편마암류 및 편암은 상부지각 암석의 탄성파 특성을 지시한다고 생각된다. 한편 사문암의 측정치는 높은 사문암화 정도를 반영하기는 하지만 상부 맨틀의 암석에 대한 탄성파의 특성을 지시한다 볼 수 있다. Compressional and shear wave velocities (Vp and Vs) and densities have been measured for serpentinite, amphibolite, amphibole and biotite schist, and gneiss from western part of Chungnam Province at room temperature. Ranges of the density are 2.6${\sim}$2.86g/cm$^3$ for serpentinite, 2.25${\sim}$2.81g/cm$^3$ for talc, and 2.74${\sim}$3.07g/cm$^3$ for metamorphic rocks. Of these rocks, talc shows wider ranges than serpentinite and amphibolites due to its metamorphic process from serpentinite. Values of Vp and Vs are 5719${\sim}$6062m/s and 2898${\sim}$3351m/s for serpentinites, 4019${\sim}$5478m/s and 2241/${\sim}$2976m/s for talc, 5375${\sim}$6372m/s and 3042${\sim}$3625m/s for amphibolite, 5290${\sim}$5499m/s and 2968${\sim}$3137m/s for schist, and 4788m/s and 2804m/s for gneiss, respectively. Velocity of P wave increases 1.47 times faster than S wave with increase of density. The results of seismic velocity measurement show anisotropy, higher velocity across than along the schistocity of rocks, especially in metamorphic rocks. This fact indicates that there were regional metamorphism related with tectonic forces. Values of seismic velocity increase with increasing pressure from 20 MPa to 70 MPa, especially in metamorphic rocks. Overall recalculated Vp and Vs values suggest that the serpentinite indicates for upper mantle in the respects of seismic characteristics, in spite of high degree of serpentinization. In addition, those of the amphibolite do for low crust, and gneiss and schist for upper crust.

충남 사문암 지역 토양 식물체 및 계류의 중금속 오염

김명희 ( Myung Hee Kim ),송석환 ( Suck Hwan Song ),민일식 ( Ell Sik Min ),장인수 ( In Soo Jang ) 한국환경생태학회 2001 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.14 No.2