공물법제의 규범과 현실의 불일치와 입법과제 : 하천 등 공유수면을 중심으로

성봉근(Sung, Bong-Geun) 한국토지공법학회 2020 土地公法硏究 Vol.92 No.-

최근 기후변화로 인하여 하천의 범람이나 소멸 등과 관련한 자연재해가 빈번하게 발생하고 있다. 공유수면의 경우만 보더라도 기존의 법이론과 법제도에 대하여 문제가 없는지 규범의 실효성과 괴리에 관한 질문들을 다양하게 던지게 된다. 하천 등 공유수면을 규율하는 공물법제는 제대로 입법된 것이 맞는지, 제대로 해석과 적용이 가능하도록 작동하고 있는 것인지에 대한 질문도 그 중 하나이다. 공유수면이나 하천, 도로 등에 대한 공물법제는 이러한 문제의식을 외면한 채 제대로 정비되지 못하고 낡은 지 이미 오래된 분야에 해당한다. 공물법제는 다른 분야들에 비하여 법과 현실의 간격과 괴리가 심하다. 공물에 대한 입법은 지속적으로 법과 현실의 간격을 조사하고 발견해 나가면서 간격을 좁혀가야 함에도 입법부와 행정부는 이를 외면해 왔다. 공유수면 법제를 보더라도 이러한 입법의무를 지속적이고 체계적으로 이행해나가는 노력이 상대적으로 부족하였다. 보장국가는 공유수면에 대한 급부를 국민들의 복지와 생존배려(Daseinsvorsorge)를 위하여 입법을 통하여 보장할 의무가 있다. 공물법제의 정비 없이는 문제해결 능력 있는 행정을 기대하기 어렵고, 법원의 판결 역시 체계적으로 축적되어 가기 어렵다. 예를 들면 공유수면의 경우 ｢공유수면 관리 및 매립에 관한 법률｣ 제2조 제1호를 개정하여 현실과 규범이 불일치하여 무리한 법의 해석과 적용을 하는 현상을 근본적으로 시정하여야 한다. 규범과 실제 현실의 괴리를 좁힐 수 있도록 하여야 한다. 국유이든 공유이든 개인 소유이든 물에 대한 공공복리를 위한 체계적인 관리가 가능해지도록 하여야 한다. 수면 또는 수류에 인접한 토지까지 포함해서 개념부터 수정하여 문제해결이 가능하도록 법적인 근거를 마련하여야 한다. 물의 특성을 고려한다면 실질적인 공유수면의 개념을 정의하고, 물의 합리적인 이용과 유용한 이용을 위한 관리가 되도록 개정하여야 한다. 수면 및 수류 이외에도 인접 토지도 공유수면의 개념에 포함시키고 그 기준을 마련하는 입법적 작업(법률, 시행령, 시행규칙, 행정규칙)의 체계를 구비해 나가야 할 필요가 있다. 그리고 복잡한 법률을 잘 적용할 수 있도록 공유수면관리기본법을 제정할 필요가 있다. Due to recent climate change, natural disasters related to river flooding or extinction are frequently occurring. Even in the case of public waters, various questions about the effectiveness of the norm and the gap between law and practice are asked whether there are any significant problems with the existing legal theory and legal system. Public Property is specially regulated by public law through public designation for public purposes. Legislation should be in place so that the administration can effectively and successfully achieve public objectives for various tributaries such as roads, rivers, ports, airports, parks, and cultural properties. However, the gap and separation between law and reality is severe in administrative law with various individual fields. Legislation on Public Property should also continue to investigate and discover the gap between law and reality, and make legislative efforts to reduce the gap. The Ensuring State is obligated to guarantee the use and benefits of Public Properties through legislation for the welfare and survival of the people. When we fulfill the legislative obligations to reduce these gaps and catch up with the reality, we can in the course of the administration easily find the standard to solve the problem and implement it. And we can also easily accomplish the justification of the court s ruling. In order to find and reduce the gap between these laws and reality in various individual fields related with public property, above all in this article I have focused on and discussed the scope of public waters. Especially Article 2, Section 1 of the ｢Act on the Management and Reclamation of Public Waters｣ shall be revised to fundamentally correct the phenomenon of misinterpretation and application of laws due to inconsistencies between reality and norms. It should be possible to match the norms with the reality without discrimination. Whether the kind of Public Property is state-owned, shared or privately owned, systematic management for public welfare of water should be made successfully and effectively. Including the land adjacent to the water surface or current can provide a legal basis for solving the problem through legislation. Considering the characteristics of water, the legislation can consider a concept of shared water and thus is able to manage for rational use and useful use of water. In addition to water and water currents, it is necessary to establish a system of legislative work (laws, legal statute, and administrative rules) to include adjacent lands in the concept of shared water and to establish standards. In addition, it is necessary to amend ‘PUBLIC WATERS MANAGEMENT AND RECLAMATION ACT’ so that complex laws can be applied very well reducing and overcomin the gap between law and practice.

공공부문 클라우드 규제 현황과 개선과제 : 자율규제와 규제된 자기규제의 연구를 중심으로

성봉근(Sung, Bong-Geun) 한국토지공법학회 2021 土地公法硏究 Vol.96 No.-

코로나 바이러스(Coronavirus)가 우리 사회와 기업 등 민간부분 뿐만 아니라 공공부문에도 많은 변화를 주고 있다. 정보통신기술(ICTs; Information and Communication Technologies)과 4차산업혁명을 기반으로 하여 학교와 기업, 시장 및 가정 등은 물론 국가와 지방자치단체에서도 클라우드(cloud) 서비스 사용이 폭증하게 되었다. 이제 클라우드 서비스가 민간 부분뿐만 아니라 공공부분에서도 점차 활성화되어 가고 있다. 최근 우리 정부가 국무회의에서 ‘디지털 혁신방안’을 이행하기 위하여 공공부문에서도 클라우드 도입을 확대하고 있다. 코로나 사태로 인하여 비대면과 비접촉 방식을 요구하게 되는 재난사회 또는 고위험사회에서 급증하는 트래픽을 관리하면서도 안정적으로 처리할 수 있다는 점에서 클라우드 서비스는 공공부문에서도 필수적인 것으로 자리잡아가고 있다. 우리 정부는 클라우드컴퓨팅 발전 및 이용자 보호에 관한 법률 을 제정하였다. 이러한 상황에서 만일 클라우드 서비스 제공자가 신뢰성과 안전성, 보안성 및 기술성에 하자가 있는 행위를 하는 경우에는 공공부문에서 발생하는 피해는 사후구제만으로는 해결되기 어려운 심각한 상황이 된다. 그렇다고 일일이 국가가 클라우드 서비스에 대한 감시와 규제를 할 수도 없는 일이다. 따라서 클라우드 서비스 시장의 자율성을 존중하면서도 질서를 불어넣은 법적인 접근이 가능한지, 가능하다면 어떠한 방법을 취하여야 할지 등 중요한 문제가 현안이 되고 있다. 이 글에서는 연구의 중점을 자율규제와 규제된 자율규제를 통해 공공 클라우드 서비스에 대한 규제를 효과적으로 개선하는데 두고 연구하였다. 핵심은 공공부문 클라우드 서비스는 공공서비스로서 제대로 제공되는 수준을 유지하는 것이다. 이제 공공재는 동산이나 부동산 같은 유체물만 중요한 것이 아니라 공공부문 클라우드와 같은 공적 서비스도 강조된다. 법령을 종합하면 과학기술정보통신부장관은 이용지원시스템에 등록된 디지털서비스라고 하더라도 위원회의 심사를 거쳐 등록을 취소할 수 있다. 장관의 등록취소는 전통적인 고권적 규제로서 행정청의 권력적인 단독행위로서 행정소송법 제2조 제1항의 처분에 해당한다. 등록취소사유를 분류하면 우선 잘못 등록이 된 하자를 제거하기 위하여 발급하는 직권취소의 경우가 있다. 정부가 조달사업법 을 전면 개정하면서 ‘규제된 자기규제’를 공공부문 클라우드 서비스 등 각종 디지털서비스 분야에 활용할 수 있도록 ‘디지털서비스 전문계약제도’를 시행하도록 하고 있으면서도, 한편으로는 고권적 규제를 통하여 공공부문 클라우드 서비스가 제대로 제공되도록 혼용하는 방법을 취하기 시작하였다고 분석할 수 있다. 이러한 법령의 개선과 변화는 적절한 규제믹스를 활용하여 시장을 활성화하는 것이므로 타당하다. 앞으로 더욱 탄력적이고 효과적으로 다양한 규제를 활용하여야 할 것이다. Corona virus is causing many changes in the public sector as well as in the private sector such as our society and businesses. Based on Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and the 4th Industrial Revolution, the use of cloud services has exploded not only in schools, businesses, markets and homes, but also in the state and local governments. Now, cloud services are becoming increasingly active not only in the private sector but also in the public sector. Recently, the Korean government is expanding cloud adoption in the public sector in order to implement the ‘digital innovation plan’ at the Cabinet meeting. Cloud services are becoming essential even in the public sector in that they can manage and process rapidly increasing traffic in a disaster or high-risk society that requires non-face-to-face and contactless methods due to the Corona crisis. The Korean government enacted the ACT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLOUD COMPUTING AND PROTECTION OF ITS USERS . In such a situation, if the cloud service provider commits an act that has defects in reliability, safety, security and technology, the damage occurring in the public sector becomes a serious situation that cannot be resolved only by post-remedies. However, the state cannot monitor and regulate cloud services individually. Therefore, important issues such as whether it is possible to obtain an orderly legal approach while respecting the autonomy of the cloud service market and, if possible, what kind of method should be taken, are becoming important issues. In this paper, the focus of this study is on effectively improving the regulation of public cloud services through self-regulation and regulated self-regulation. The key is to maintain the level at which public sector cloud services are properly provided as public services. Now, public goods are not only important for tangible objects such as personal property and real estate, but also public services such as public sector cloud. Combining the laws and regulations, the Minister of Science, ICT and Future Planning may cancel the registration of a digital service registered in the use support system through the review of the committee. Cancellation of the Minister s registration is a traditional high-authority regulation, and it is a single act of power by the administrative agency, which corresponds to the disposition under Article 2 Paragraph 1 of the Administrative Litigation Act. If the reasons for cancellation of registration are classified, there is a case of ex officio cancellation issued to remove defects that have been incorrectly registered. While the government completely amended the Procurement Business Act , it is required to implement a digital service contract system so that regulated self-regulation can be used in various digital service fields such as public sector cloud services. Through this, it is possible to take and analyze the method of mixing so that public sector cloud services are properly provided. Improvements and changes in these laws are justified because they are to revitalize the market by utilizing an appropriate regulatory mix. In the future, various regulations should be utilized more flexibly and effectively.

글로벌 클라우드 서비스에 대한 법적 규제

성봉근(Sung, Bong-Geun) 한국토지공법학회 2020 土地公法硏究 Vol.90 No.-

The corona virus is changing the global economy and society. One of them is the increased use of cloud services. Post-Corona society and government have become more dependent on cloud services. By the way around the cloud service, global cloud service companies use market dominant power to abuse or inadvertently cause damage to users, and even cross the border and cause conflicts with administrative bodies such as the state and local governments. Despite the recent legislation of Act on the Development of Cloud Computing and Protection of its Users, there is a wide range of things that have not yet been identified. The challenge remains how to fill the legislative gap successfully. The recent international trend of regulation is not only ‘high-level regulation’ but also ‘Self-Regulation’’ or “Regulated Self-Regulation which has the characteristics of co-regulation. In this paper, however, the scope of the study is reduced, focusing on effective administrative measures for global cloud services as high-level regulations. In this regard, we reviewed the significance, legal obligations, and effective administrative measures in case of failure to comply with global cloud services. Therefore, it should be noted that this study stands on the premise to be used with self-regulation or regulated self-regulation. Administrative Penalties should be used for minor violations rather than Criminal Penalties. However, there is also a challenge in the market for Administrative Penalties. Act on the Regulation of Violations of Public Order and the legislative system of Act on the Development of Cloud Computing and Protection of its Users should be maintained as general-concrete legislation system, but the specific and individual contents of the penalty shall be legislated and applied differently in accordance with the peculiar nature. In addition, I believe that we should not only impose penalties but also combine other effective means without departing from the principle of proportionality. However, in order for the effect to be a real success, it is very important to use new penalties to eliminate illegal profits. It is also necessary to raise the new penalty amount to an effective level. Furthermore, for global cloud companies, as shown in Europe, naming global companies in the science and technology market and giving them shyness and shaming by indicating the violations are more effective. Therefore, it is necessary to actively use public announcements in administrative law. In order for the government s regulation of this market to be constitutional and justify, without under- or over-regulation, it is necessary to apply and comply with the principle of proportionality. 코로나 바이러스가 글로벌 경제와 사회에 많은 변화를 주고 있다. 그 중에 하나는 클라우드 서비스 사용이 더욱 증가하게 되었다는 것이다. 코로나 이후의 사회와 정부는 클라우드 서비스에 더욱 의존적이 되게 되었다. 그런데, 클라우드 서비스를 둘러싸고 글로벌 클라우드 서비스 업체들이 시장지배적인 힘을 이용하여 이를 남용하거나 부주의하여 이용자들에게 손해를 발생시키기도 하며, 국경을 넘어서서 국가와 지방자치단체 등 행정주체와 갈등을 일으키기도 한다. 이제 기본권침해의 주체는 국가 등 행정주체에 국한하지 않고 인간에게 필요불가결한 서비스를 독과점하는 기업에게로 확대되는 현상이 뚜렷해지고 있다. 클라우드컴퓨팅 발전 및 이용자 보호에 관한 법률 이 최근 입법되었음에도 불구하고 아직 규명되지 못하는 것들이 광범위하다. 어떻게 이에 대한 입법적 공백을 성공적으로 메워나가야 할 것인지 쉽지 않은 과제가 남아 있다. 최근의 규제의 국제적 흐름은 ‘고권적 규제’ 뿐만 아니라 ‘자율규제’나 공동규제의 성격을 가진 ‘규제된 자기규제’를 ‘병행’하여 조화롭게 활용하는 것이다. 그러나 이 글에서는 연구의 범위를 고권적 규제로서 글로벌 클라우드 서비스에 대한 실효적 행정조치에 포커스를 맞추어서 연구하였다. 이와 관련하여 글로벌 클라우드 서비스의 의의, 법적인 의무, 그리고 의무를 불이행하였을 때를 대비한 실효적 행정조치 등에 대하여 검토하였다. 따라서 본 연구는 자율규제나 규제된 자기규제 등과 함께 활용하기 위한 전제에 서 있음을 주의하여야 한다. 행정형벌의 수단보다는 경미한 의무위반에 대하여는 과태료를 사용하여야 할 것이다. 그렇지만 이 시장에서는 과태료 역시 개선할 과제가 남아 있다. 질서위반행위법이라는 총론과 클라우드컴퓨팅법 이라는 각론적인 입법체계는 유지하되, 각론적인 성격에 부합하도록 과태료의 구체적이고 개별적인 내용은 다르게 입법하고 적용하여야 한다. 또한 과태료 부과에만 그치는 것이 아니라 비례의 원칙에 벗어나지 않는 범위 내에서 효과적인 다른 수단들을 함께 병과할 수 있도록 하여야 한다고 생각한다. 그러나 그 효과가 실질적인 성공을 거두기 위해서는 과징금을 사용하여 불법수익을 박탈하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 또한 과징금의 금액을 실효적인 수준으로 상향하는 것이 필요하다. 나아가서 글로벌 클라우드 기업에게는 유럽 등지에서 보듯이 과학기술분야의 시장에서 글로벌 기업들에 대하여 이름을 밝히고(Naming), 그 위반사실을 적시하여 부끄러움과 수치심(Shaming)을 안겨 주는 것이 오히려 더욱 성과와 효과를 확보할 수 있다. 따라서 행정법상 공표를 적극적으로 활용하는 것이 필요하다. 정부의 이 시장에 대한 규제가 과소규제나 과대규제가 되지 않고 성과를 거두면서도 헌법적 정당성을 가지기 위해서는 비례의 원칙을 적용하고 준수하는 것이 요구된다.

팬데믹과 뉴노멀 시대에 있어서 4차산업혁명과 법치주의의 과제

성봉근(Bong-Geun Sung) 한국토지공법학회 2023 土地公法硏究 Vol.104 No.-

사이버경찰활동의 최근의 헌법적, 경찰법적 문제점과 과제

성봉근 ( Sung Bong-geun ) 한국경찰법학회 2018 경찰법연구 Vol.16 No.1

As the risk society deepens and it is combined with the information society, we have summarized and examined the theoretical analysis framework that is newly discussed to be applied to the measures to prevent risks in advance by the exercise of national authority such as cyber police activities. Through the cyber police activities, it is necessary to safeguard the people in the risk society, but at the same time, it has a difficult task to get the justification so that it does not become a monster or Big Brother. Otherwise, the people will not fully accept cyber police activities. Especially, recently the cyber world is expanding in relation to the activities of state agencies such as cyber police activities, and the legitimacy is strongly demanded from the viewpoint of the police law as well as the constitution. Through cyber-police activities, it is possible to effectively prevent risks and to achieve results in areas of risk. However, there must be a justification for infringement of the self-determination and privacy of the victims. This debate begins with a discussion of the traditional legitimacy of Bockenforde and is discussed in depth and diversity by contemporary scholars of modern law, including Schmidt-Assman. Particularly, as Schmidt-Assman points out, it is important to note that in order for cyber police activities to gain legitimacy, they need three things: acceptability, participation, and openness. Moreover, as Pitschas emphasizes, the acceptance which means that police activities should be accepted and understood by the people is strongly demanded by the European countries as well as the Anglo - American countries, and those efforts are being made to acquire them. In addition, new contents to be observed by cyber police activities should be dynamically approached in accordance with the principle of distance. Of course, the principle of proportionality, the principle of equality, the principle of cooperation with international society, and the principle of cooperation between public and private sector so called PPP which means public private partnership etc should be also observed.

인공지능 등 4차산업혁명기술을 활용한 디지털 뉴딜의 발전과 규제 변화의 방향 연구

성봉근(Sung, Bong Geun) 한국공법학회 2024 공법연구 Vol.53 No.2

This paper investigates the evolving ecosystem underpinning norms and policies in response to the advancement of Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and big data. It aims to explore appropriate legal and policy directions for the development of the Digital New Deal. Specifically, the research focuses on the transformative impact of the digital era—marked by the active utilization of AI—on administrative operations. It examines changes in the ideals, theories, practices, and effectiveness of administrative functions, and projects future directions.<BR/> In the introduction, the background and objectives of the study are presented, along with definitions of key concepts, such as the Digital New Deal and digital transformation. A distinction is made between the stages of digitization, digitalization, and digital transformation to establish the conceptual pillars of the research.<BR/> The first section analyzes the changes brought about by the digital revolution in modern administrative services and the legislative system. It discusses the legal foundations for implementing digital platform governments, the safeguarding of citizens’ rights, and the implications of a hyper-connected society. Attention is given to the emergence of platforms, the increasing involvement of diverse stakeholders, and the evolving roles of the private and public sectors.<BR/> The second section examines the transformations in government structure and function. It analyzes the evolution from electronic governments to digital platform governments, the strengthening of public-private collaboration, the limitations of government roles, the utilization of private expertise, and the activation of new markets.<BR/> The third section explores the ideals and theories pursued in the era of digital transformation. From various perspectives—pragmatism, natural law, positivism, utilitarianism, discourse theory, law and economics, game theory, theories of justice, digital divides, sustainable development, and environmental protection—the study evaluates policy implications from a jurisprudential standpoint.<BR/> The fourth section delves into the legal and institutional changes in administrative operations caused by digital transformation. It addresses shifts in regulatory subjects and standards driven by algorithms, changes in regulatory functions, and innovations in administrative procedures and remedies. By analyzing the positive and negative effects of digital technologies on administration, this section outlines future regulatory directions and legislative approaches in the digital era.<BR/> By contributing to international academic discussions, this study seeks to provide insights into the nexus between digital transformation and administrative evolution. It aspires to aid in the development of strategies and policies tailored to the conditions and needs of individual nations.

대학 교육에 대한 행정규제의 법정책상 변화와 개혁

성봉근 ( Sung Bong Geun ) 대한교육법학회 2017 교육법학연구 Vol.29 No.2

Government regulation of university education should have legitimacy in terms of content and also process. If the regulation of university by the Government including Ministry of Education emphasize competitiveness and economy too much, it can threaten the publicity of the university. Universities should not fall into vocational schools that are lack of critical and creative education. Universities should be kept as the basis and foundation of social development relying on critical reflection and thinking. In order to obtain an objective and proper view of the government`s administrative regulations on the university, I have attempted comparative legal approach on how to overcome conflictual interests in Germany, the United States, and France including historical approach. Finally, I have tried to clarify the basic legal theory and legal philosophy of administrative regulation of University. Now the government regulations of university should also be reconsidered to respect the autonomy of universities based on the new Constitutional View which is for example so called `Ensuring state` including `Steering state`. Therefore, the distance from the Government to university should be adjusted in the course of regulation according to the principle of distance in the way of the steering state considering the principle of proportionality. Government should pursue the guarantee of the publicity of the university and the economy harmoniously. We need to amend and correct the standards of administrative regulation which is too much focused on economical view. It`ll cause the failure of the government to identify the university evaluation method same with the corporation and to focus on the profitability as the main standards. In the end, the introduction of competition principles to universities should be regarded as a harmonious competition involving the publicity of universities. We need to modify regulation paradigm and regulation standard to pursue the autonomy and essence of universities and efficiency with harmonized way.

일반연구논문 ; 보장국가에서의 위험에 대한 대응 -전자정부를 통한 보장국가의 관점에서 본 위험-

성봉근 ( Bong Geun Sung ) 한국법정책학회 2015 법과 정책연구 Vol.15 No.3

So many Modern-Type Risks are occurring which is different from the traditional risks. And the most obvious problem is that we are experiencing the Market failure and Government failure in controlling these Modern-type Risks on and on. Why we are experiencing this continued failure? If you connect the several recent keywords of the modern administrative law which are for example, the appearance of the Modern-Type Risks and the necessity of the control on the risk ```` and requested state guarantees, the development of E-government etc, then you can know that now is the time to renew and remake the study on the conventional administrative law theory and legal system. After these Modern-Type Risks are appeared, we cannot control risks effectively only with the conventional and traditional Administrative Theory. Now we must choose the right way to control the Modern-Type Risks, and our choice will make huge influence to the Positive law and the Administrative practice including the Practice in the Adjudication. The third way of Legal Theory is to take a new path so called State Guarantee which is try to permit ``Autonomy in the market`` at first, but in the case of market failure Gov. should intervene to control the risks. We should not satisfy only to establish laws and institutions in order to respond properly to these the modern-Type Risks. We can control the modern-Type Risks effectively through harmony by connecting the market and the government on the basis of concept guarantee state, while distributing their roles and responsibilities properly. And I insist that E-Government is the most appropriate and effective implementation as a necessary way to do this. If We use the ICT and share a network built from e-government, we can monitor the Contemporary the Modern-Type Risks effectively, control them occurs from early until the end of it , and guarantee the basic rights of the people. At last, I checked up the existing discussions and examined this review on the concept of risk using a comparative legal method. Especially I``ve tried to analyze the difference between Danger and Risk in the view of Guarantee State through E-Gov. And I``ve try to reclassify as an external Risk type and internal Risk type, while identifying the type and characteristics of the modern-Type Risks. If we choose the Road of Guarantee State and connect it with E-Gov., then Gov``s duty expands to area of Risk including Danger. So we can lead this Gov. to the Road of Good-Gov.

종이문서에서 전자문서로의 이전에 따른 법정책적 연구

성봉근 ( Bong-geun Sung ) 한국법정책학회 2016 법과 정책연구 Vol.16 No.2

As Information Society and Electronic Government has appeared, Paper Documents as tools of communication are disappearing and replacing so fast by the Electronic Documents. Many Peoples are arguing about whether this Change is only technical progress or has the significant meaning in Law Theory. But we``d better know this Change is contributing to make ``better Government``s. Because we can improve Democracy and promote participation dramatically through allocating Government``s Burden and Liability with lower Cost and more effectiveness by the help of E-Document and ICT. This is also the core message of Post-NPM in UK and US, NSM and Steering States or Ensuring States in Germany. We``d better know that this change also contribute to make people use practically use the freedom of trade because information is widely and massively open to so many people by the help of E-Document and ICT.As E-Document and Internet are developing, so many Modern Phenomena are appearing for example, De-bordering or Beyond, Decentralizing, Allocating of Liability. In conclusion, E-Documents are the core tools for promotion of Information Society and revolution of E-Government. But we``d better also know about the demerits of E-Document compared to Paper Document for example, the lack of Body, weakness of manipulation, abnormal language because of technique, dependency of technique for security, and also Digital Divide. So we should take effort to overcome demerits of E-Document and get the merits in making Law and Theory. For this aim, we``d better think over several points. At first, we shall consider about Equal Value between Paper Document and E-Document. In Public Law area, we have the Article for Equal Value through ``Electronic Government Act``. But ``Administrative Procedure Act``which is basic law for Public Administration is lack of this Equal Value Article. For the improvement of the System of law, we``d better revise``Administrative Procedure Act`` to add the Equal Value Article. In Private Law Area, although Electronic-Commerce is prosperous, ``Civil Act`` is lack of Equal Value Article. Instead of ``Civil Act``, this Article exists in ``Framework Act on Electronic Documents and Transactions`` and several Individual Acts. Also for improvement of the legal system in legislation, we``d better revise ``Civil Act`` to get this Equal Value Article. Second point is about Integrity and Security. The Article which make E-Document has the assumed Integrity is devised to make the E-commerce prosperous and easy in ``Framework Act on Electronic Documents and Transactions``. This Act has been revised to admit and accept not only Digital Signature but also various types of Signature. But this Act requires strict requirements for security. There are two types of Signature, those are normal electronic signature and qualified electronic signature. They have different power, because that has only power of Authenticity, but this has Integrity and Authenticity. We``d better revise law to add the Security Article in ``Administrative Procedure Act`` and ``Civil Act`` for better and systematical Legislation. Third Point is Freshness and Publicity. To make Information Society prosperous and E-Gov. more communicative, we``d better declare doctrine of Freshness and Publicity. Fourth Point is Confidentiality. Individual Information and Privacy, the right to self-determination of personal information etc. must be practically protected. New Legislation Trend is not in traditional Administrative Regulation, but in using Self-Regulation at first for Market``s Autonomie and secondary Government``s Regulation to repair and help Market. This new Regulation is proper approach and method to access and control E-Commerce Market and Information Society. This means to accept Steering State and admit Enabling State. But we shall take more effort to concrete this ideal View of State and Theory and develop legislative skill, for example ``Experimental Article``. At the same time, we``d better take effort to control various Hacking.

실시계획에 대한 인가 절차 및 법적 쟁점

성봉근(Sung, Bong-Geun),손진상(Son, Jin-Sang) 한국토지공법학회 2017 土地公法硏究 Vol.78 No.-

대규모 공공시설에 대한 실시계획인가들은 더 이상 일방적인 행정을 강요하여 우리 사회의 갈등과 반목이 반복되지 않게 하여야 한다. 실시계획에 대한 인가 역시 구성원들의 공적인 토론에 의하여 결정되는 ‘숙의민주주의’(Deliberative Democracy)에 기반을 두어야 한다. 따라서 사회 구성원은 물론 행정기관들 사이에서의 ‘대화형 행정’의 세계적인 흐름에 부합하도록 실시계획인가의 패러다임이 전환되어야 한다. 공간에 있어서 ‘평등한 생활관계 보장’ 이라는 관점에서도 마찬가지로 절차를 소홀하게 취급하는 법제와 판례의 실무를 수정할 필요가 있다.실시계획에 대한 인가는 대규모 공공시설에 대한 행정계획결정으로서 처분성이 있으며 계획재량이 인정된다. 계획재량에 대한 인가는 보충행위인 인가라고 하기 보다는 설권행위인 특허로 보는 것이 타당하다. 실시계획에 대하여는 여러 복합적인 법령상의 인허가를 받아야 하는 것이 원칙이지만, 인허가의제 규정을 두어서 관할과 절차를 집중하게 하는 경우가 대부분이다. 이것은 겉으로 보면 대단히 행정능률을 도모하기에 편리한 법제도이지만, 실질적으로 속을 들여다보면 수많은 이해관계인들의 갈등을 해소할 수 있는 절차를 덮어 버리는 것이다. 이는 개발위주의 행정정책으로 이어져 온 우리 행정의 현실과 관련성이 있으며, 일방적 행정의 패러다임에 머무르고 있는 것이다. 이제는 개발위주보다는 충분한 토론과 대화를 통하여 공공갈등을 해결하는 대화형 행정의 단계로 가야할 시기이다. 독일의 계획확정절차를 도입하거나 아니면 우리식으로 수정한 실시계획절차이든, 대화형으로 패러다임을 전환하여야 한다. 따라서 독일의 ‘계획확정결정’에서처럼 ‘집중효’를 도입하거나 우리의 ‘인허가의제’에 대한 입법을 수정하여 중요한 절차는 생략할 수 없도록 개정하여야 한다. Government has been often decided to determine Authorization about Scheme of Execution for Public Facility without communication and due process. This one-sided administration paradigm in it caused public conflicts grow bigger in our society. Now is the time to stop this decision style in also public facilities. We shall change it and determine Authorization about Scheme of Execution for Public Facility based on the consideration of the members in this society by the communication process about whether to decide, where to locate and how to compensate etc. Therefore, we shall change the paradigm of Authorization and Plan about Scheme of Execution for Public Facility so that we can catch up with the global trend of ‘interactive administration’ among the social members as well as administrative institutions. We are also necessary to revise the practice of law in court and legislation not to neglect the procedure, because we shall also consider the viewpoint of ‘guaranteeing equal living relations’ in space. Authorization about Scheme of Execution is an administrative plan decision for large-scale public facilities. It is disposable by the administrative agency and planneddiscretion is used for balance between so much related public interest and private interest. It is not exact if we call it Authorization because it’s character is belongs to patent which is generated to privilege to build public facilities for public interest. It is a principle that the Authorization about Scheme of Execution for Public Facility should be issued with conditions under various complex laws and ordinances. But it is often that the jurisdictions and procedures are concentrated with the provision of ‘legal fiction of Authorization and Permission’ or ‘concentration effect’. This legal system is very convenient for promoting administrative efficiency on the surface, but if we look inside, it neglects often the process for resolving the conflicts of many interested parties. This is related to the reality of our administration, which has lead to developmentoriented administrative policies, and it remains a paradigm of unilateral administration or ‘command and control’ administration. It is time to transfer to the stage of interactive administration to resolve public conflict through sufficient discussion and dialogue rather than development-oriented decision. Now I suggest that we change the paradigm interactively, either by introducing a ‘German plan confirmation procedure’ or by implementing a modified version of our ‘legal fiction of authorization and permission’. Therefore, as in the German ‘German plan confirmation procedure’, we have to amend the legislation including ‘administrative procedure law’ so that important procedures for resolving conflicts of people can not be omitted.