화학사고 영향조사 수행을 위한 예비조사 매뉴얼 구축

서양원(Yang-won Suh),전준호(Junho Jeon) 환경독성보건학회 2018 한국독성학회 심포지움 및 학술발표회 Vol.2018 No.6

그린뉴딜 이행을 위한 오염 제로(Zero Pollution) 달성 전략 연구(Ⅱ)

서양원 ( Suh Yang-won ),박하늘 ( Park Ha-neul ),간순영 ( Gan Sunyeong ),정윤선 ( Yunsun Jeong ),정성용 ( Jung Sungyong ),권유진 ( Kwon You Jin ),이선우 ( Lee Seonwoo ),이태훈 ( Lee Taehoon ),홍성기 ( Hong Sung-ki ),전민형 ( Jeon M 한국환경연구원 2023 사업보고서 Vol.2023 No.0

화학사고의 경제적 손실 추정을 위한 방법론 진단 및 선정 방안 연구 - 인적·생태적 피해액 추정을 중심으로

서양원 ( Yang-won Suh ),곽소윤 ( So-yoon Kwak ),김진산 ( Jin-san Kim ) 한국환경연구원 2016 수시연구보고서 Vol.2016 No.-

The number of accidents caused by chemical substances is on the rise every year, continuing to cause the cost of lives as well as inflicting damage on property and the environment. Legislation was enacted in September 2015 to enable cost estimations for chemical accidents. However, it stipulates cost estimation for a very limited range of items and it fails to define a specific procedure for estimating costs. As such, there is an urgent need to establish a dedicated guideline for cost estimation with regard to chemical accidents. In particular, unlike property, for which costs can be evaluated much easier with available market values and unit values, research must be undertaken to lay the foundation for identifying and defining cost estimation methods in addition to unit cost information appropriate for human health and ecological damages. This research, therefore, identifies items to be evaluated in terms of human health and ecological cost, and reviews the possibility of implementing different cost estimation methods. In doing so, this research aims to set the future direction for research into cost estimation. First, this study reviews various guidelines and studies found in Korea and abroad for chemical accidents in order to examine some of the targets identified in those guidelines and studies as assessment items in chemical accidents. This study also studies chemical accident cases that have occurred in Korea and overseas to find and identify items that were actually investigated in those incidents. Then, for physical damages, this research categorizes damage into bodily harm, mental harm, death and injury. Bodily and mental harm is subdivided into symptoms that were found after actual chemical accidents, and those that could potentially occur. Although death and injury can be assessed more readily, there is a need to find another way to assess damages associated with other items. Given the difficulty of proving causality for some of those items, there is a need to collect more data and conduct mid- to long-term research into the methodology of assessing those items. For damages to the ecosystem, this paper reviews items such as animals, plants, other organisms, vegetables, and biotopes as factors that can be used during cost estimations. Among animals and plants, this study suggests a few select species such as legally protected species and indicator species as well as a few other species as necessary items when assessing any damages caused. For cases where it is difficult to assess the value of each individual plant, this study recommends using vegetation that is relatively easier to assess the value of by unit area (region) based on data for nationwide groupings of vegetation. As for biotopes, although cost estimation is possible for specific units, this study excludes biotopes from the list of items that need assessment due to the lack of relevant national-level data and the need for additional studies on methodology. This study also looks at cost estimation methods that can be implemented for different damages and characteristics. Unlike damage on property, it is difficult to prove causality and assess damage in cases of damages on human health and the ecosystem. In addition, there is insufficient information on unit value that can be used directly in estimating those costs due to the fact that there is no relevant market. As such, this study reviews the different types and characteristics of methods that can be used in cost estimation. It also looks at previous research that uses such methods to estimate damages. Furthermore, among the methods recommended to estimate costs and to review the possibility of implementing them, this paper uses the contingent valuation methods that had been used for various non-market goods to conduct a survey on damages to forests. By doing so, this research aims to estimate the willingness to pay for preventing damages to forests caused by chemical accidents. In order to explore ways to utilize such results, this study creates a virtual scenario of estimating costs from a chemical accident, and applies survey results to the scenario to deduce implications in order to improve the significance and value of the study. Finally, this paper recommends a future direction for research to prepare the foundation for identifying methods to assess costs to human health and the ecosystem.

화학물질관리법 내 화학사고 정책의 개선방안 및 산업계 지원방안 연구(Ⅱ)

서양원 ( Yang-won Suh ),박정규 ( Jeonggue Park ),간순영,조상기,한선영 한국환경연구원 2017 기본연구보고서 Vol.2017 No.-

The purpose of this study is to find ways to improve the chemical accident policy in the Chemicals Control Act and to provide support to industries that have difficulties in implementing the policy. Further analysis and pilot application of the pre-environmental assessment methodologies for chemical accident in the first year of the study is conducted to review the applicability of the methodologies and propose their future direction. In addition, the study investigates the difficulties of SMEs and related writing agencies implementing the chemical accident policy in the Chemicals Control Act, and proposes improvements and support measures for the Chemicals Control Act. First, the study analyzes the method of evaluating the damage in advance for prevention and preparation before the chemical accident. Currently, off-site consequence analysis evaluates the risk to humans, but it does not reflect the quantitative evaluation factors of the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to review the methodology for pre-environmental assessment and to formulate an application method. In terms of the human risk, the study has briefly discussed the methodology of foreign countries for future reference. The study focuses on analyzing the pre-environmental assessment methodologies for chemical accident and sorting out related contents for pilot application. The study has examined how pre-environmental assessment of the chemical accident is used in foreign countries, and reviewed what can be referenced in this study. Based on this, the study pilots the pre-environmental assessment methodologies for chemical accident under the domestic condition. As a result of the pilot study, it is shown that there is no methodology directly applicable to the domestic places of business, and additional review and supplementation work is required for the application. On the other hand, in order to grasp the difficulties in SMEs, opinions of institutions specialized in preparing the off-site consequence analysis are also identified. The difficulties that have been continuously raised from the first year's survey and the new difficulties presented in this survey are summarized and implications are drawn. Based on the pilot application of the methodologies for pre-environmental assessment of chemical accident and the difficulties in implementing the Chemicals Control Act, the study proposes a technological improvement plan and a policy improvement plan for the chemical accident prevention system to complement the off-site consequence analysis system. First, as a technical improvement method of chemical accident prevention system, the study proposes a pre-environmental assessment methodology for chemical accident that can technically complement the off-site consequence analysis system. Based on the results of the pilot application, there are some cases that have practical use cases and relatively easy to acquire related data. The Czech methodology with high scalability to various media was selected as the pre-environmental assessment of chemical accident. However, as a complementary measure for the off-site consequence analysis, it is necessary to carefully examine and apply the methodology in practical application considering the technical aspects and the availability of data at present. Therefore, future work for the domestic application of pre-environmental assessment of chemical accident is suggested. Second, based on the analysis of the results of the opinions of the workplace and the implementation status, the policy improvements for resolving the new difficulties and the current status of the difficulties raised in the first year and additional proposals for the lack of solutions were drawn. As a policy improvement plan for the chemical accident prevention system, KORA program support items, off-site consequence analysis, risk management plan system, improvement of related education support and improvement of awareness are proposed.

고령화 사회에서의 가정 발생 폐의약품 수거 및 처리체계 개선방안

서양원 ( Yang-won Suh ),조지혜 ( Ji Hye Jo Et Al. ),신동원,김유선 한국환경연구원 2018 기본연구보고서 Vol.2018 No.-

In 2017, Korea became an aging society as the elderly population over 65 years of age exceeded 14% of the total resident population. With this aging, the consumption of medicines due to chronic diseases in the elderly is increasing, and the pharmaceutical market is also expanding greatly. The use of medicines in an aging society is likely to eventually be released as household pharmaceutical waste (medicines that can no longer be used or that have expired and need to be discarded). In 2006, the need for a management system for household pharmaceutical waste was highlighted after antibiotics were detected in rivers due to inadequate exposure to the environment. Thereafter, a system for the collection and treatment of household pharmaceutical waste was established, but many cases of improper treatment are still being identified. In this study, we investigated the current status of the ‘domestic household pharmaceutical waste collection and treatment business’ and looked into the issues of the current system. In addition, improvement measures were taken for the elderly to increase the collection rate of household pharmaceutical waste and discharge the waste more safely. In particular, an online questionnaire survey was conducted on 560 citizens and 351 elderly citizens, respectively, to find out how household pharmaceutical waste is currently being discharged and to prepare more effective collection strategies for this waste. The main issues regarding the collection and disposal of household pharmaceutical waste are as follows. First, there is still a lack of awareness about how and where to discharge the waste. Secondly, there is conflict between practitioners because the assignment of roles is not clear. According to Ministry of Environment data(2017), the implementing bodies responsible for transportation from collection sites to storage facilities vary among local governments. Thirdly, the collection period of household pharmaceutical waste is irregular and regional variation is large. According to Ministry of Environment data(2017), 33% of local governments collected the waste on a quarterly basis and 11% was collecting it less than twice a year. Finally, local governments have very low rates of enacting ordinances related to household pharmaceutical waste. By 2016, 85% of all local governments had not enacted ordinances. In addition, regional deviations of the budget for waste were large. According to Ministry of Environment data(2017), 68% of all municipalities had no budget and there was a large budget deviation between the local governments that had set the budget. The following improvements have been proposed in this study: First, information and publicity about those who dispose of waste should be strengthened. One of the publicity measures may be to provide information about safe disposal methods through medicine envelope bags. According to results of the survey, 69.1% of respondents preferred including the information in the envelope. Another option is to provide information through packaging as in the EU. It is also important to provide promotional materials with relevant information in order to collect household pharmaceutical waste more efficiently. Secondly, it is necessary to clarify role sharing by the implementing bodies. This study suggested a role for each stakeholder (citizen, pharmacy, pharmacy association, manufacturer, local government). Thirdly, it is important to consider the current status and cost of collection per type of local government. In this study, three representative local governments were selected, and cost analysis from collection to final incineration treatment was conducted. Fourthly, there is a need to provide information on the discharge of household pharmaceutical waste to elderly citizens and to improve the system for collection of the waste. According to results of the survey conducted on elderly citizens in this study, publicity through media such as TV and radio (37.6%) and guidance through pharmacist/health center staff (36.8%) showed a similarly high proportion. In addition, the opinions of elderly care service practitioners were collected through a forum hosted by this study, and it was found that the provision of information and promotion of the information through ‘The Korean Senior Citizens Association’, smartphones and radio were effective. The method of publicity through caregivers of the elderly care service also needs to be considered. Additionally, another collection system for the household pharmaceutical waste of elderly citizens can be provided through welfare centers for the elderly. Finally, in the mid to long-term, it is possible to consider a plan to improve the entire management system from the stage of production of pharmaceuticals to disposal, collection and treatment. In the production stage, it is possible to classify pharmaceuticals containing ingredients that can harm the environment through the introduction of a preliminary environmental risk assessment system, and to select pharmaceuticals subject to collection based on this classification. It is necessary to provide information about the selected pharmaceuticals on their labels for easy disposal with consideration to the characteristics of each practitioner. In addition to this, technological preparation and institutional improvement should precede the introduction of the preliminary environmental risk assessment system. This is in order to manage pharmaceutical waste based on the risk. In close consultation with related ministries and stakeholders, more detailed links between the preliminary environmental risk assessment and the disposal and collection system of pharmaceutical waste should be prepared.

복합재난(Natech) 대비 사업장 안전관리 방안

박정규 ( Jeonggue Park ),서양원 ( Yang-won Suh Et Al ),간순영 한국환경연구원 2018 기본연구보고서 Vol.2018 No.-

The objective of this study was to find ways to utilize the prediction and evaluation methods for Natech (Natural Disaster Triggered Technological Disaster) and to improve the safety management at the chemical handling facilities. For this purpose, Natech cases of chemical handling facility damage were reviewed. In addition, Natech risk assessment and damage prediction model survey were applied. Furthermore the situation of domestic and overseas chemical handling facility management policies were compared and analyzed to derive Natech safety management tools applicable in Korea. The details of the study are as follows. First, we reviewed the cases of chemical handling facility damage by Natech type. The types of natural disasters that can occur due to Natech were summarized. We analyzed various aspects of the Natech cases such as the types of natural disasters, types of accidents, causes of accidents, magnitude and effects of damages, countermeasures, and follow-up measures. It is understood that the causes of accidents, countermeasures and follow-up actions are different depending to natural disasters. In Korea, it was difficult to easily identify accident cases for Natech whose specific information is provided. Therefore, we have identified areas where natural disasters are likely to occur, and analyzed the number of facilities handling chemicals requiring preparation for accidents in the area and their aging condition. Second, Natech related risk assessment and damage prediction model and system were investigated at home and abroad. Based on this investigation, the pilot Natech risk assessment was conducted assuming the occurrence of an earthquake in Gyeongju and Pohang using the EU RAPID-N. To do this, it was assumed that an earthquake occurs individually in Gyeongju and Pohang at the same intensity as of 2016 and 2017. The chemical handling facilities near Gyeongju and Pohang earthquakes were selected to evaluate the risk of domestic Natech. The type and size data of equipments in the chemical handling facilities were assumed to be virtual values. The worst case scenario and the alternative scenario were applied. As a result of applying this scenario, it was confirmed that if a chemical accident occurs at the chemical handling facilities due to an earthquake, it could affect the surrounding area. We applied a hypothetical value to the equipment data because the purpose of this study is to confirm the applicability of the evaluation model, but not to quantify the actual risk range. Therefore, it is necessary to promote follow-up plan such as pilot implementation of the RAPID-N for high risk areas of chemical accident by applying actual figures later. For this purpose, it is suggested that Natech risk assessment and damage prediction method should be developed by comparing and analyzing Natech risk assessment and damage prediction model at home and abroad. We have proposed to develop a screening model such as the RAPID-N in the short term and proposed to build a detailed evaluation system such as the HAZUS-MH in the long term. In particular, when developing a detailed risk assessment model for Natech, it should include damage prediction models for floods and hurricanes, which are common natural disasters in Korea. Third, we compared and analyzed the chemical handling facility management policies of Natech in Korea and abroad. Based on this analysis, policy proposals for safety management at chemical handling facilities against Natech were presented as suggestions for accident prevention system, related facility standard, improvement plan for PRTR (Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers), and Natech accident case database construction. We analyzed the Natech prevention systems including the CalARP (California Accidental Release Prevention Program), the German Major Accident Ordinance and Technical Rules for Installation Safety in Germany, and the chemical accident prevention system in the 「Chemicals Control Act」 in Korea. As a result, it was suggested that the risk for natural disasters should be taken into account in the process risk analysis conducted the off-site consequence analyses and risk management plans of the 「Chemicals Control Act」. In addition, it was proposed to prepare risk assessment techniques and guidelines for natural hazards in process risk analysis. For Natech-related facility standards, we reviewed the examples of seismic design standards for major industrial facilities in France by seismic hazard zones, the domestic 「Chemicals Control Act」, and the 「Act on the Preparation for Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions」. Accordingly, it was proposed to add the chemical handling facilities applied to the 「Chemicals Control Act」 to the facilities subject to the earthquake and ash-resistant measures of the 「Act on the Preparation for Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions」. It was also proposed to differentiate the seismic design criteria of hazardous chemical handling facilities, and to set up standards for handling and managing hazardous chemicals. In the improvement of the Natech related PRTR, we compared the TRI(Toxic Release Inventory) of the US 「Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act」 and PRTR of Korea. Based on this, we suggested the improvement of the guidelines to report for PRTR if there is a leakage amount due to a fatal accident such as earthquake, fire, flood, or a one-time accident not related to the production process. Next, we reviewed the EU's RAPID-N and the Chemical Safety Clearing-house of Korea and suggested that Natech accident case database construction is necessary. We put forward to construct a separate system to collect Natech cases or to improve the system by adding Natech DB items to the Chemical Safety Clearing-house which is the general chemical accident DB system. Finally, the future directions were presented. Although the earthquake was mainly dealt with in this study, it was suggested that Natech study for typhoon and heavy rain should be a future project. Also, it is necessary to carry out a pilot project for high risk areas of domestic chemical accident using the RAPID-N.

미세플라스틱 관리 동향 및 정책 제언

박정규 ( Jeonggue Park ),서양원 ( Yang-won Suh ),조지혜,정다운,간순영 한국환경연구원 2018 수시연구보고서 Vol.2018 No.-

This project has analyzed in detail the voluntary abatement activities of international organizations, industries and NGOs, as well as the management trends of foreign countries regarding microplastics. Based on the analysis, it was suggested to quickly establish microplastic management policies that are appropriate for domestic conditions and can be trusted by the public. First, the types and definition of microplastics and oxo-plastics, and the status of microplastic production were summarized. The environmental and health effects and the status of risk studies were reviewed. It was confirmed that the increase of microplastic generation intensifies the concern about the environment and the human body. However, the research and scientific basis for this is still at an early stage, and the risk assessment for analyzing environmental and human risks remains at a basic level. For the risk assessment of microplastics, further studies are needed on monitoring, toxicity data, analytical techniques, and risk assessment techniques. Next, the management trends of microplastics and oxo-plastics by country and the activities of international organizations, industries and NGOs were analyzed. First, we reviewed the management trends of the EU, USA, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and Korea to compare and analyze the management trends of microplastics. In order to examine the management status of oxo-plastics, EU-based trends in France, Netherlands and Spain were analyzed, and their implications were derived. Korea currently only regulates microplastics contained in cosmetics and rinse-off products. However, it is also necessary to consider expanding the scope of control to products suspected of containing microplastics as in the EU and the UK. In addition to this, whether to designate microplastic as a restricted substance in the 「Act on the Registration and Evaluation, etc. of Chemical Substances」should be considered. In the case of oxo-plastics, it was confirmed that it is necessary to investigate the actual condition and the environmental impact. Secondly, we analyzed the activities of international organizations such as the UNEP (United Nations Environment Program), OECD and WHO. These international organizations are carrying out indirect reduction activities such as carrying out related research and establishing a network through network construction such as information sharing, in addition to abatement activities leading to direct action on microplastics. Direct abatement activities were mostly conducted as part of overall plastic abatement activities. At present, the regulation of microplastics is mainly focused on products, and it does not reach the level of managing microplastics from the viewpoint of chemical substances. Thirdly, we examined reduction and substitution activities in the industry. Reduction activities were mainly carried out in the cosmetics industry, where alternative materials are easy to use. In the microfibers and secondary microplastics industry, it seems that the development of substitutes and continuous consumer movement should be done together in order to continue the efforts to reduce microplastics. Finally, as a result of examining the activities of NGO reduction, local NGOs were found to induce multinational corporations to ban the production and use of microbeads through international solidarity. This also contributes to the introduction of the government's policy to strengthen microplastic regulations and to raise consumer awareness. In Korea, there is no visible activity other than the anti-microbeads campaign. In order to improve citizens' awareness of microplastics and to lead the company's microplastic reduction activities, NGO activities should be strengthened. In this way, the government's management trends, international organizations, industry and NGOs' reduction activities were examined. Based on this, a necessity of management was derived and the following policy suggestions were presented. ○ Conducting a survey on microplastic-containing products ○ Collecting and confirming the scientific basis for regulating the microplastics of chemicals and household chemical products in the 「Act on the Registration and Evaluation, etc. of Chemical Substances」 and 「Act on the Safety Management of Household Chemical Products and Biocides」 ○ Identifying the risks of microplastics and developing evaluation techniques in order to manage the safety of microplastics ○ Examining the status of oxo-(biodegradable) plastic disposal through their pilot monitoring The research tasks and directions for the management of microplastics were also derived. In order to manage systematic microplastics, it is necessary to identify the sources of microplastics and analyze the pollution levels in various media. The development of risk assessment techniques is also required to manage the risk of microplastics. Additionally, it is crucial to conduct research into the development of technologies that produce materials and products that replace microplastics in terms of green chemistry. Furthermore, in order to periodically synthesize the results of this research and to establish a sustainable microplastic management infrastructure, research should be implemented to build a microplastic integrated database covering pollution sources, monitoring, information on toxicity, hazard data, and alternative materials. Finally, industrial development and investment in microplastic alternatives should be made. At the same time efforts should be made to reduce microplastics through the establishment of coordination systems between governments, international organizations, industry and NGOs.