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서금석(Seo Keum-Suk),김병인(Kim Byoung-In) 역사학회 2014 역사학보 Vol.0 No.222
The study examined the correlation between the agricultural produce and factors of production in Goryeo period through the changes and utility of a medium or small hoe among farm tools directly used in agricultural production, based on dry-field farming. The changes in a hoe made in Goryeo period were highly influenced by the environment of dry-field farming, which implies that it was related to female work force. Although production of farm tools and their distribution was made according to the national policy, the distribution rate was not so high in Goryeo period. The best way to solve the problem would be to raise the utilization ratio. To increase the utilization, diversified functions and changes were made and added to farm tools to attract work force into farming. Its typical example was a hoe with some changes. There were no times to give up female work force in history. The female labour invested into spinning at night was required for day work, too. Women participated in agricultural activities as much as men did and played a role as one pivot in the productivity. In such an environment, a hoe as one of the small farm tools required especially for dry-field farming would be equipped with its optimum appearance to be suitable for the work conditions and labor.
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연구논문 : 고려 중기 역법(曆法)과 金의 『중수대명력(重修大明曆)』“보기삭술(步氣朔術)” 검토 -『고려사(高麗史)』 「세가(世家)」 11월 삭일(朔日) 분석을 중심으로-
서금석 ( Keum Suk Seo ),김병인 ( Byoung In Kim ) 호남사학회(구 전남사학회) 2014 역사학연구 Vol.53 No.-
고려는 여러 경로를 통해 曆을 받아들였다. 이글의 목적은 고려가 金으로부터 책명을 받은 시점부터 원나라의 공식 曆인 授時曆이 고려에 반포되기까지 금의 역법이 고려에서 실제 행용되었는지 여부를 11월 초하루 일자 계산을 통해 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 확인하기 위해 『金史』 「曆志」에 편성된 (重修)大明曆의 氣朔術을 활용하였다. 금의 대명력 산술에 의해 계산된 11월 초하루가 시간이 지남에 따라 하루 정도 차이가 발생한 부분에 대해서는 다양한 해석이 가능하다. (劉)宋의 祖沖之 대명력이 요나라 賈俊의 대명력에 영향을 주었고 송의 기원력은 楊級의 대명력과 趙知微 대명력[重修大明曆]에 기원이 되었을 것으로 보인다. 대명력이라는 同名의 역법이 각기 서로 다른 氣朔術을 전개하였던 점에서 이를 미루어 짐작할 수 있다. 따라서 요나라 賈俊의 대명력과 금나라의 대명력은 동일한 역법이라고 볼 수 없다. 조지미의 대명력은 금 세종의 명에 따라 1171년에 만들어졌다. 그러나 이 역법은 곧바로 반포되지 않았다. 이 역법은 일월식의 징험을 거쳐 그로부터 10년 뒤에 시행되었다. 이로써 금나라는 멸망할 때까지 조지미의 (중수)대명력은 행용하였으며, 금을 멸망시킨 원에서도 처음에는 이 曆法을 이어 받아 사용하였다. 그리고 원은 고려에 이 曆을 하사하였다. 고려는 원의 수시력이 반포되기까지 금의 (重修)大明曆을 받아들였다고 보여 진다. 본론에서 살핀 10가지 사례를 분석하여 원의 수시력이 고려에 반포되기 이전에 고려는 金의 역법을 받아들였을 가능성이 크다. 이 글은 『고려사』 「세가」에 기록된 11월 초하루 기사를 중심으로 金의 (重修)大明曆의 氣朔術을 적용하여 이를 논증하였다. 금의 (重修)大明曆도 시간이 경과함에 따라 하루의 차이를 보이는 등 괴리를 발생시켰다. 이와 같은 계산상의 時差에 대해 고려는 선명력과 주변국들의 여러 曆을 참고하여 고려에 맞는 曆日을 계산해 냈을 것이다. Goryeo dynasty accepted the calenda system through various routes. This study is purposed to examine if the calenda of Jin dynasty was actually used in Goryeo from the time when Goryeo got the calenda from Jin till the Shoushi calendar, Yuan dynasty’s official calenda was promulgated in Goryeo through the calculation of the 1st day of November of the lunar calendar. To confirm the fact, this study used ‘Gisagsul’, the (Rev)Daming calendar compiled in 「Yeokji」, 『History of Jin Dynasty』. There are several interpretations of why there happens time difference of around one day shown as the first day of November with time calculated by Jin’s Daming calenda arithmatic. Zu Chongzhi’s Daming calendar of Liu Song influenced on Gujun’s Daming calendar of Liao dynasty, and the Song calendar is considered having been the root of Yangji’s Daming calendar and Zhao Zhiwei’s Daming calendar, [Revised Daming Calendar], which can be said that the calendar systems of the same name called the Daming calendar developed different Gisaksul. Thus, Gujun’s Daming calendar of Liao and the Daming calendar of Jin can not be said to be the same calenda system. Zhao Zhiwei’s Daming calendar was made at King Sejong’s command during Jin dynasty in 1171. But, the calenda system was not promulgated right that time. It was enforced ten years from that time through experiencing solar and lunar eclipses. That is, Jin dynasty used Zhao Zhiwei’s (Rev)Daming calendar till the fall of Jin dynasty, and Yuan destroying Jin also used the calenda at first. In addition, Yuan granted the calenda to Goryeo dynasty. Goryo seems to have accepted the (Rev)Daming calendar of Jin till it promulgated the Shoushi calender of Yuan. Based on the analysis of ten cases, it is quite possible that Goryeo had introduced the calendar of Jin dynasty before the Shoushi calendar of Yuan was promulgated in Goryeo. This study proved that by applying Gisaksul, the (Rev)Daming calendar of Jin dynasty centering around the description of the first day of November recorded in 「Saega」, 『Goryeosa』. The (Rev)Daming calendar of Jin dynasty caused a gap such as time difference of a day as time goes by. For the time difference in calculation, Goryeo would have calculated a calenda day suitable for Goryeo by referring to the Xuanming calendar and various calendars from its neighboring countries.
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서금석(Seo, Keum-Suk) 역사학회 2015 역사학보 Vol.0 No.225
The Four Pillars of Destiny Studies called Sajuhak was introduced to Goryeo from Song and Yuan Dynasty in the 13C and 14C. In the historical background, the inflow of the Four Pillars of Destiny Studies was connected to a shift between power groups in Northeast Asia under turbulence in the 13<SUP>th</SUP>~14<SUP>th</SUP> Century. That is, the inflow appeared as cultural exchanges through commercial trade, war, or intellectual desire. Goryeo could meet the Study from Southern Song as it had kept exchanges with Hangzhou, the capital of Southern Song in the 13th century. The advent of superpower, Yuan in the 13<SUP>th</SUP> century and unification of Zhongyuan (China) let the Study absorbed into Yuan, the moment of which was the war in Northeast Asia and power reorganization by Mongolia, conquering dynasty that time. And such history let Goryeo accept Neo-Confucianism from Yuan, replacing the value of thought in 14C Goryeo with Neo-Confucianism. In the process, the Four Pillars of Destiny from Yuan was introduced to Goryeo along with Neo-Confucianism and widely used in late Goryeo and early Chosun with Neo-Confucians’ contribution, Finally, the Four Pillars of Destiny introduced to late Goryeo had effect on Feng-Shui and Yin-Yang Studies to be designated as one of the Ten Studies in the first year of King Kongyang’s reign and included in the Civil Service Examination in early Chosun.
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