대기근 직후 아일랜드에 대한 여행자의 시선 -해리엇 마티노와 아일랜드 문제-

배인성 ( In Sung Bae ) 호남사학회 2012 역사학연구 Vol.46 No.-

This paper examines Harriet Martineua`s Letters from Ireland, focusing on the ``Irish Question`` which included from geographical and agricultural to social and economic themes. Such public works projects as railroads and bridges, reforestation, and bog reclamation were crucial to the industrialization of Ireland, as was implementing modern methods of agriculture and flax production. It was post-famine in 1852 that ``The Great Famine``, the wretched accident in Ireland`s history, passed by. As a citizen of the British Empire, Harriet Martineau was apt to have a prejudice. However, she tried to see and report correctly ``Irish Question`` based on an objective gaze. This demonstrated a mission and identity of journalist. Letters from Ireland was an important text which could understand post-famine Ireland. She tried to sympathize the Irish`s suffering and consider settlements. It was abundant natural resources, Irish people, and education to which Martineau consistently appealed as the permanent remedy for the ``Irish Question``. Above all, she told us of ``the Irishman`s passion for land`` as being explainable in terms of the symbolic meaning of land as a source of ``power, independence, and dignity``. She insisted a proper lent, fixity of tenure, the value of the improvements of land, and a change as a land owner. She explained the Irish workhouses which related to the condition of the famine of Ireland. Moreover, she gave a positive assessment of the industry of the women in Ireland on the one hand and a negative view of it on the other hand. Because the women had to work out of the house and home for making a living during the famine. In fact, ``Irish Question`` has been one of the most troublesome problems in the British Empire before the famine happened. The Union Repeal Movement had been developed in the 1830-40. After that, the relations between two countries were made worse than before through the great famine. She supported the union of two countries. She acknowledged, however, the British Empire`s misgovernment toward Ireland and heavily criticized it. In Short, She emphasized the real remedy for the Ireland`s difficulties and the duty of the British Empire leading the Irish to do better.

평등한 공동체를 꿈꾸다 -윌리엄 톰슨과 안나 휠러의 『인류 절반의 호소』 를 중심으로-

배인성 ( In Sung Bae ) 한국서양사학회 2010 서양사론 Vol.0 No.104

해리엇 마티노의 역사 쓰기와 읽기 -아일랜드 합방폐지를 둘러싼 논쟁-

배인성 ( In Sung Bae ) 영국사학회 2013 영국연구 Vol.29 No.-

This article examined Harriet Martineau`s writing about the Repeal of Ireland, focusing on her perspective of Daniel O`Connell who led the Repeal Movement in 1830-40s. Martineau`s History of England encompassed the whole social and political world. She wanted to teach her readers how to understand her nation and its empire. Martineau devoted considerable space to Ireland. She was a committed unionist. So she envisioned the perfect unity of England and Ireland. She criticized sharply O`Connell in History of England for his false attitude of Repeal Movement. To the Irish, Repeal meant every man`s ownership of his bit of land, release from standing debts, and the abolition of taxes. He exploited these ideas to drag the Irish. His attitude revealed the ambiguity as a hero in the Repeal. While expressing clearly that the Irish could achieve all of their heart`s desires through the repeal, he thought himself the independence of Ireland was impossible. That`s why she appraised him ``agitator``. Martineau believed that Ireland`s miseries could be remedied only by British intimate connection with country of superior industrial condition and habits. The ideal relationship between England and Ireland was ``real unification``. In short, While encouraging ``Ireland for the Irish``, she insisted that the structure of Empire be held and practiced thoroughly.

프랜시스 라이트와 개혁의 목소리 -7월 4일 연설을 중심으로-

배인성 ( Bae In-sung ) 영국사학회 2019 영국연구 Vol.41 No.-

The purpose of this study is to introduce the July 4 speech of social reformer Frances Wright, who addressed in New Harmony in 1828 and Philadelphia in 1829, and to analyze its meanings in relation to her reform movement. Wright redefined the historical meanings of July 4 by borrowing the traditional method of speech and by preaching her own unique messages of reform. They included the possibility of progress and improvement towards American society, the principle of change, and the positive vision for all mankind. Wright sought to realize human-egalitarian social reform by expanding the patriot who was at the center of the traditional narrative on July 4 to the audience of New Harmony and to the whole human race. While the speech in New Harmony was for the sake of its own event which reflected the special character of the utopian socialist community, the speech in Philadelphia was a political voice for the American people and a declaration of war for her reform. In short, Wright's July 4 speech was a historical product combining traditional narrative and persuasive rhetorical form and a useful tool for her reform movement. Furthermore, it has an important meaning in demonstrating the voice of British woman who was ‘other’ in American society.

영국의 자유사상 페미니즘에 관한 시론

배인성 ( Bae¸ In-sung ) 영국사학회 2020 영국연구 Vol.43 No.-

This paper examines the correlation between freethought and feminism by paying attention to women’s activities in the Secularist Movement in the 19th century. Although England was a society dominated by the Anglican Church, the phenomenon of religious rejection and secularization detected within the society revealed that this era was a crisis of faith. Freethought based on the trust of reason worked as a principle of major struggles for truth, morality and social reforms against existing cultural authorities. This intellectual tide of freethought developed through the Owenities in the early 19th century and expanded to a new concept of secularism in the mid-19th century. Freethinkers such as Frances Wright, Eliza Sharples, Emma Martin, Harriet Law and Annie Besant resisted femaleized religious and moral issues under the principles of ‘free inquiry, free speech and free press’, without relying on the gender roles imposed by the society. They were active in democratizing social institutions with competing voices as lecturers and journalists. This was possible because the secularist movement to practice an equal and free world opened its doors to women. The secularist movement was a historical product that can be understood in the relationship with Freethought feminism which presented new women’s image as an independent subject and worked for the cause of women’s emancipation.

즉각적 노예 해방을 향한 수사와 행동주의 -엘리자베스 헤이릭의 사례-

배인성 ( In Sung Bae ) 한국서양사학회 2015 서양사론 Vol.0 No.126

This study is an attempt to investigate the discourse of slavery of Elizabeth Heyrick in the frame of ‘rhetorical aspect’ and ‘activism’. More specifically, it was focused on the ideological background of ‘Immediate Abolition’ Elizabeth Heyrick supported and the union and activity of some Ladies’ Anti-Slavery Societies. ‘Immediate Emancipation’ of Heyrick was noteworthy in that point bold challenge against the policy of ‘Mitigation and Gradual Abolition’ that had been adopted by the National Anti-Slavery Society in Britain at its foundation in 1823. I tired to seek the meaning of the ‘Immediatism’, the solidarity with the Ladies’ Anti-Slavery Societies and the role and significance of Heyrick in the British Anti-Slavery Movement rather than focusing on as a feminist or a radical. This includes the tensions among various factors, such as politics, economy, religion, gender, race and so on. As a result, the language of Heyrick will be revealed revolutionary rhetoric beyond the rhetoric of religion and gender demanded to women in Britain. In short, the cooperation with Heyrick and some regional Ladies’ Societies had played an important role that could grow up the Activism of Immediate Abolition and afterward Feminism. (Chonbuk National University / baein@hanmail.net)

빅토리아 시대의 기독교와 ‘여성 문제’ -자유사상가들을 중심으로-

배인성 ( Bae¸ In-sung ) 영국사학회 2020 영국연구 Vol.44 No.-

This paper examines the biblical interpretation and alternatives of freethinkers on women's status, subordination, oppression and marriage systems within the framework of Christianity and Woman Question. The Victorian era was a time when Christian ideals were revered as important values in all areas of life, but it also opened the door to secularization by experiencing a crisis of faith and the diversification of religion. The intellectual tide of freethought served as a major driving force in the Secular Movement of the Victorian era. Freethinkers were at the vanguard of the struggle to break down the sexist Christian myth that had justified women's subordination and oppression. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how freethinkers who rejected religion based on their trust in human rationality proposed free inquiry and free press thought about women's issues in the Bible. In the process, the discussion of freethinkers on women's issues will be understandable through comparison with Christians. The two sides exchanged intellectually to prove the legitimacy of their theories, in which freethinkers qualified women as equals rather than the helpmate of men. The activities of freethinkers imply resistance against the order of the empire dominated by the Church of England. As a result, freethinkers sought the possibility of women's liberation through a different perspective from Christians.

해리엇 마티노, 글쓰기, 그리고 여성 문제 -마티노의 초기 활동(1820-30년대)을 중심으로-

배인성 ( In Sung Bae ) 영국사학회 2009 영국연구 Vol.21 No.-

노예와 여성 해방을 위하여 -미국 노예제폐지운동에서 마티노의 활동을 중심으로-

배인성 ( In Sung Bae ) 영국사학회 2011 영국연구 Vol.25 No.-

This article examines Harriet Martineau`s Slavery and ``Woman question`` discourses, focusing on her works and activities of the 19th century. After finishing the writing of Illustration of Political Economy, she traveled in America from 1834 to 1836. This period reached the peak of Anti-Slavery Movement. Martineau might have been small, plain, deaf, and provincial, yet her reputation as an abolitionist sympathizer preceded her visit to America, a reputation based primarily on her compassionate treatment of the plight of black slaves on a West Indian plantation in the 1832 Illustration of Political Economy tale, Demerara. She called the situation of this period ``reign of terror``, ``martyr age,`` and ``the great conflict.`` Near the end of her stay she spoke up in a public meeting for the abolitionists of William Lloyd Garrison`s circle and lost much of her welcome in America, since the abolitionists were thought wildly fanatical by many Americans at the time. Martineau was associated with American abolitionists and ``beloved Americans.`` Above all, she supported and participated in Garrisonions which led William L. Garrison and advocated not only the universal emancipation but also women`s rights. For her, Anti-Slavery Movement in America was the point of dispute related ``Woman Question`` which involved in women`s human rights, women`s education, and women`s employment in the 19th century. Her contributions to Anti-Slavery Movement in America was lasting and consistent writing against slavery. She wrote articles related slavery issues in the Daily News, The Liberty Bell, Spectator, Once a Week, National Anti-Slavery Standard and so on. Also, She wrote Society in America, Retrospect of Western Travel and the Martyr Age of the United States. The reason she participated in Anti-Slavery Movement in America was the analogy between the woman`s lot and the slave`s. By this, We can know Harriet Martineau played an important role of American Anti-Slavery Movement and established a foothold toward feminism.

고전경제학 읽기와 여성 경제담론 쓰기 -해리엇 마티노의 『정치경제의 실례』를 중심으로-

배인성 ( In Sung Bae ) 호남사학회 2008 역사학연구 Vol.34 No.-