알렉시스 드 토크빌의 내면 세계를 위한 이해

방문숙(Moon Sook Bang) 이화여자대학교 사학회 1998 梨大史苑 Vol.31 No.-

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토크빌의 귀족주의 논의에 관한 소고

방문숙(Moon Sook Bang) 이화사학연구소 1999 梨花史學硏究 Vol.25-26 No.-

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알렉시스 드 또끄빌과 7 월왕정

방문숙(Moon Sook Bang) 이화사학연구소 1988 梨花史學硏究 Vol.17-18 No.-

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토크빌의 7월왕정 선서의 의미

방문숙(Moon Sook Bang) 경기사학회 1999 京畿 史學 Vol.3 No.-

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토크빌 사상 연구 - 의정생활을 중심으로 -

방문숙 (Moon Sook Bang) 한국서양사학회 1999 西洋史論 Vol.60 No.1

Alexis de Tocqueville(1805-9) acknowledged himself as liberal of a new kind. Although from a famous aristocratic family, he was certained that the aristocratic age would dissapear and democratic age as equalities of the all conditions would come like providential fact. So many researches about Alexis de Tocqueville were made in sociological and political perspective and most of them dealt with his first work, 『Democracy in America』. However, Tocqueville was interested not in America, but in France`s actual political arena and his true concern was how to maintain liberty and reconcile with equality in democratic, namely, modern society. Tocqueville made an oath of allegiance at the July Revolution Government reluctantly. Also he took participate in political world as member of the Chambers of Deputies from 1839-48 and a legislative member and the minister of Foreign Affairs in 1849-51. This thesis focuses on the nature of Alexis de Tocqueville`s liberalism and survey the genuine looks of his liberal thought as he proudly told in his basic attitude towards the July Monarchy and the Second Republic period. Tocqueville`s basic attitude towards the bourgeois society differentiated him from other contemporary liberals. As a liberal of a new kind, Tocqueville wished the combination of the two elements, morality and religion, in the political world. And he stressed that the threat of liberty was within the very democratic society, namely the taste of material pleasure, selfishness, individualism, and the indifference of political liberty. This is the point which makes Tocqueville different from other liberals.

토크빌의 사회사상의 성격과 그 한계

방문숙(Moon Sook Bang) 이화여자대학교 사학회 1995 梨大史苑 Vol.28 No.-

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토크빌의 오리엔탈리즘

방문숙(Moon-Sook Bang) 한국프랑스사학회 1999 프랑스사연구 Vol.- No.2

토크빌과 [ 미국의 민주주의 ]

방문숙(Moon Sook Bang) 한국미국사학회 2000 미국사연구 Vol.12 No.-

Alexis de Tocqueville(1805, 1859) was born in July 29, 1805, in Paris. His parents tended to long for the old monarchy, the Ancient Regime (before the 1789 Revolution), and his family-surroundings were very religious, moral, conservative and a little bit liberal, especially it clung to the royal powers. Namely, we can say that Tocqueville came from a very long-historied aristocratic background. But Tocqueville did not follow the usual way as so many aristocrats did. When the July Revolution broke our in France (July 1830), he vowed loyalty for the revolutionary regime. Though he suffered from the Bourgecis regime, he was blarned for it by his family and friends, colleagues. Although he was a aristocrat, Tocqueville dared to make an oath of allegiance the July Revolution government reluctantly. After that oath, he resigned his juge-audeteur (lawyer without pay) at Versailles in Paris, and finally decided to go to America. Though the pretext of it was to research the penitentiary system in America, his real goal was to examine the American democracy, which seemed to be very successful case because it could reconcile liberty and equality in the real world. Why is his book, Democracy in America, so popular? The book deals with issues like religion, the press, money, class structure, racism, the role of government, the judicial system, and other issues that are just as relevant today as they were then. Democracy in America had undergone several periods of popularity throughout the century, but it has never been as popular as it is now. Many colleges around the country use the text in political science and history courses, and historians consider it one of the most comprehensive and insightful books ever written about America. Tocqueville used to say to acknowledge himself $quot;a liberal of a new kind$quot; (1837). As we know well, in spite of the famous aristocratic family, he was certain that the aristocratic age would be disappeared and the democratic age as the period of the equalities of all conditions would came like a providential fact. So many researches about Alexis de Tocqueville were made from sociological and political perspectives and their sphere was mostly his first work, Democracy in America(1835/1840). However, Tocqueville was not interested in America, but France`s actual political arena, and a mass democratic society in the future. His true concern was how to maintain liberty and reconcile it with equality in a democratic, namely, modern society. Tocqueville also recognized himself as $quot;an aristocrat by instinct$quot; and he disliked the democratic age but he pronounced his balanced stand in the irreversible trends, which would go for an aristocratic or democratic society. The fact that he was born in a famous aristocratic family and his American trip(1831. 4. - 1832. 2.) soon after his oath the July Monarchy constructed his unique liberalism. As a liberal, he pointed out that the aristocratic age should disappear and anticipated the democratic age. At that time, so many liberals and democrats believed that democracy would be identified with a revolution or it would bring about a hopeful picture of the future. But he differed from other liberals in some aspects of liberalism. Tocqueville had a desire for the harmony of two elements, morality and religion, in the political would in defense of the coming of a democratic society. And he stressed that the threat of liberty was within the very democratic society; namely, the taste of material pleasure, selfishness, individualism, and the indifference of political liberty. Tocqueville was assured that the coming of a democratic age meant that equality was superior to liberty. By his famous statement, democracy means $quot;the equality of all the conditions$quot; Democracy is an equalitarian society and a mass society, too. By this reason, Tocqueville could not welcome the coming democratic society, because it contained an acquisitive ethics of self-interest an

토크빌의 평등 사회 비판에 관한 분석

방문숙 이화여자대학교 사학회 1999 梨大史苑 Vol.32 No.-

토크빌의 귀족적 자유주의의 정체성을 찾아서 : 이중성의 지적기원을 중심으로 on the Focus of the Intellectual Origins for His Ambivalence

방문숙 이화사학연구소 2003 梨花史學硏究 Vol.0 No.30

This study is intended to contribute to the task of defining the complicated and various features of Alexis de Tocqueville(1805-1859)'s Aristocratic Liberalism. He accepted enough the coming of the Democratic era and called it "the era of the Equality" (the equality of the all conditions). He recognized the transition of the Aristocratic age and Democratic(or Modern) age. He stated his dislike of the mass, the despise of the bourgeoisie, specially their selfish and material tastes. He confessed once he was 'an aristocrat of instinct', at once he emphasized he had the balence between the aristocratic and democratic ages. Besides he wanted to distinguish himself from the other liberals in the 19^(th) Centuries. So he called himself, 'a liberal of a new kind' This study is to analyze Tocqueville's Ambivalences of aristocratic liberalism, especially it will be focused on the intellectual origines its multiple meaning. That's why the influences of the Humanism, namely the two humanisms' currencies are the classical humanism (the Greek) and the civic humanism (the Renaissance). Tocqueville connected the humanism and the liberalism with some pains and his aristocratic liberalism came to contain the lament and the pessimism for the modem society. But in this point he showed himself he was a humanic liberal with agonies and he was not dogmatic and narrow-spaced such as the other liberals defending the bourgeoisie all the time.