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인종과 자본의 시각에서 일본계 미국문학 읽기 -존 오카다의『노노보이』와 모니카 소네의 『니세이 딸들』을 중심으로
박진임 ( Jin Im Park ) 한국영어영문학회 2013 영어 영문학 Vol.59 No.4
The experience of interment during World War II has been one of the primary motifs of fictional and autobiographical narratives by Japanese Americans. Examining textual evidences in John Okada`s No-No Boy and Monica Sone`s Nisei Daughters, this paper argues that the internment has been designed, carried out and concluded based primarily on the principles of economics. Borrowing the notion that ‘wealth has (racial) color’ as Lui and others maintain, this paper analyzes episodes in which the protagonists and other characters testify how their internment has resulted in their loss of capital as well as human rights and dignity, not to mention temporary suspension of their citizenships. In addition, this paper contrasts the image of the US as a land of equity as represented in the literary texts of the 18th century authors in the US with that of our two authors. In doing so, this paper argues that the historical incident of internment in the 20th century is the scene in which American ideals become irrecoverably sullied and American dreams turn into American nightmares.
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포스트콜로니얼리즘과 여성 - 안수길의 <새벽>, <북간도>, <원각촌>을 중심으로 -
박진임(Park Jin-im) 한국현대문학회 2005 한국현대문학연구 Vol.0 No.17
While Postcolonialism provided useful discourses to analyze and understand the experiences of marginal beings such as the colonized, women, and other minority people who had rare opportunity to express their views, concerns and aspirations, Postcolonialism was criticized by feminists because it allowed little space for female subjectivity. The notion of nation, which plays the most crucial roles in Colonialism, is by and large constructed by and based upon male subjectivity and men's exclusive experiences with the consequence that women's experiences should be represented with the aid of male agent or they should be silenced under the premise that male voices can fully represent entire 'human' voices.<br/> Some Feminist critics such as Ann McClintock and Gayatri Spivak criticise that Postcolonialism does little good to the liberation of women as far as the notion of nation fails in incorporating the specificity of women's experiences. As evidenced by some women writers' texts, women rarely benefited from the fruits of nation-building while 'nation' played an important role in establishing male identity.<br/> Among Korean Ahn Su-Kil's texts, I examined three where I regarded women characters display the scenes where nation functions against their pursuit of liberty and blocked their quests for self. One woman character was traded by their father and her body was treated as a commodity only to be ruined by opium in the end. Another became the object of surveillance and control by the one who purchased her. The only way for a woman to resist such a trade was to commit a suicide.<br/> Rather than limiting interpretation ofthe trade of these female bodies as a cultural and historical particulaity, I interprete the three female characters' lives as allegories of nation that are roughly equivalent to colonialism, postcolonialism, and neo colonialism/ imperialism. In doing so, I recuperate the erased space of colonized women in the representations of the colonized in Korean context. In addition, by addressing the specificity of colonized women I attempt to reconsider the notion of nation from the perspective of 'gender.'
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죤 오카다의 『노노보이』에 나타난 일본계 미국인의 어두운 자화상: 아시아계 미국문학의 특수성에 대한 한 고찰
박진임 ( Park Jin Im ) 한국현대영미소설학회 2003 현대영미소설 Vol.10 No.2
John Okada is known to have heralded the beginning of an authentic Japanese American Literature by writing his only and posthumously published novel No-No Boy. In No-No Boy, Okada represents the lives of Japanese Americans after the notorious internment experiences during the World War Two. While sharing the same motif of internment with Nisei Daughters by Monica Sone, another Japanese American novel, the public reception of the two has been quite different. While the latter has been widely circulated and read by the public, the former had been buried until Frank Chin, the editor of Aieeeee!, an Asian American anthology, discovered and published it in 1976. Hence, Okada died believing that Asian America had rejected his work. As Ichiro, the protagonist, is portrayed as a Nisei-- the second generation Japanese American--, the text is mostly about the Nisei. However, there also appear the scraps of the lives of Isei as well as the generational gap between Isei and Nisei. Thus, the text becomes one of the most rare and genuine representations of Japanese Americans during and right after the World War Two. This paper analyzes the psychological conflicts, emotional bitterness and sense of betrayal the Nisei had to suffer as hybrid beings through three Nisei characters. Being born as Americans in the American territory with the Japanese ancestry, they are hybrid beings whose identities are threatened and challenged when the two nations, Japan and America that comprise their hybridity are in war. Ichiro, the protagonist contests the irrationality of the American government by rejecting to serve in the military and chooses to be imprisoned. Even after the war is over, having lost his innocence and beliefs, Ichiro lives as an eternal outsider in the American society. Another character, Kenji chooses the other road untrodden by Ichiro. He strived to prove that he is more American than most Americans by serving in the military and sacrificing his one leg in the war. Kenji, however, also realizes that there is no place for him in America. The third character, Freddie, manages to survive by sticking to mere survival on the belief that the only way to keep his sanity would be to live without thinking only to fail. However, the three also have a commonality. They all long for a world where there is no racial discrimination. All of them are discontented regardless of the choices they made, and they commonly express their angers toward the historical fault. Differently from Sone`s text, where the protagonist swallows the sorrow and strives to fit into the society, No-No Boy may be a text full of anger and bitterness. No-No Boy deserves to be read and discussed more as the importance of hybrid beings, unhomed beings and borderlanders begin to be underscored as a way to ease and overcome the rigidity of binary oppositions as a literary critic Homi Bhabha puts it.
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미국 여성 작가의 베트남 전쟁 소설에 나타난 죽음의 문제 : 메이슨, 필립스, 디디언을 중심으로
박진임(Jin im Park) 한국아메리카학회 2015 美國學論集 Vol.47 No.3
This paper examines the ways deaths of American soldiers in the Vietnam War are represented in novels written by women writers. Examining Jayne Anne Phillip's Machine Dreams, Bobbie Ann Mason's In Country, and Joan Didion's Democracy, this paper delineates the ways American soldiers and their family members perceived and remembered the war. By doing so, this paper questions Heoin-ik Kwon's ways of understanding the role of the United States in world politics and of American lives during the Cold War era. I argue that Kwon needs to separate official discourses of the United States on the ideology of the Cold War from personal experiences and perspectives of common Americans. Whereas the United States might have enjoyed a certainly privileged position in world politics after the World War Two, its people express that they had been victimized by the policies of the government, especially when they maintained anti-war positions during the war era. Novels by American writers unequivocally speak to the sense of loss, post- traumatic stress disorder as well as sentiment of betrayal both the soldiers at war and their family members experienced during the war. Although largely agreeing with Kwon's notion that the rest of the world than the United States experienced mass-killings of civilians, which indeed reaffirms the United States' place in the world as an exceptional and hegemonic power generator, it is hard to consent that the American armed soldiers' deaths were heroic. Kwon, based on the above rationale, argues that the immolations on the ends of the United States deserve less worth of commemoration and consolation. However, to those who are bereft of the family members in the war, their deaths are rarely remembered as heroic. On the contrary, their deaths are described as regrettable and meaningless. American casualties of the war equally turn into objects of sympathetic commemoration as deaths in other parts of the world do.
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