김정은 시대 북한사회 변화 실태 및 북한주민 의식조사

강동완(Kang Dong Wan),박정란(Park Jung Ran) 북한학회 2014 북한학보 Vol.39 No.2

김정은 정권의 체제안정성 평가는 정치적 권력관계와 함께 북한주민들의 충성도와 사상통제, 사회경제적 변화 요인 등을 통해 살펴볼 수 있다. 최근 북중 접경지역에서 밀수를 통한 상품과 자본 그리고 이른바 한류로 대변되는 외부정보의 유입 등으로 인해 최소한 장마당으로 대변되는 북한 주민들의 행위양식은 많은 변화를 보이고 있다. 김정은 집권 3년은 지배 정당성과 지지를 위해 정치, 경제적 부분보다 단기간에 가시적 성과를 제시할 수 있는 문화와 체육 분야에 집중되었다. 새로운 지도자에 대한 기대감으로 인해 정권안정성과 충성도는 더욱 높아졌을까, 아니면 과거와 다를 바 없는 경제난의 지속으로 인해 현상변경에 대한 요구만 높아졌을까. 본 연구는 북한 당국의 통제범위를 넘어 외부정보에 노출되며 자본주의 행위양식을 축적하고 있는 북한주민의 의식변화와 사회구조가 체제변화에 미칠 영향에 대해 주목한다. 본 연구는 김정은 시대 3년의 사회변화 실태와 현황 그리고 북한주민의 의식변화를 살펴보기 위해 제3국에서 북한 주민 100명을 대상으로 면접조사를 실시하였다. The North Korean regime will claim high stability if the uniform order system flows downwards along its hierarchy with closure maintained through the strict control of outside information. However, it will be no exaggeration that the behavioral patterns of North Korean people at least represented by farmers' markets are already in a transitional period toward capitalism due to the recent influx of external goods, capital and information represented by the so-called Korean Wave through smuggling along the borders between North Korea and China. In its third year, the Kim Jung-eun regime has focused on the areas of culture and sports, which can generate visible results in a short period of time, rather than those of politics and economy for the sake of ruling legitimacy and support. Claiming to advocate North Korea as a powerhouse in the socialist civilization, it has tried to demonstrate the leadership of the new leader and his possibilities for changes through the idea of cultural and sports powerhouse. What would North Korean people think of at the result of those achievements? Would their expectations for the new leader lead to the stability of and loyalty to the regime? Or would they have more demands to change the current state due to the continuance of economic hardship from the past? Keeping the possibility of bottom-up changes, this study focused on the effects of changing perceptions of North Korean people, who were exposed to outside information and accumulating the capitalist behavioral patterns, and the social structure on changes to the regime, which had not detected political resistance force yet. In an effort to examine the patterns of social changes in the third year of Kim Jung-eun regime, the study conducted an interview investigation with North Korean people. The study was based on a direct interview investigation with 100 North Korean people in China from January to May, 2014 in order to examine their consciousness.

백두산 화산 폭발에 의한 탈북: 향방과 대비

박정란 ( Jung Ran Park ),강동완 ( Dong Wan Kang ) 국방대학교 안보문제연구소 2011 국방연구 Vol.54 No.3

본 연구는 백두산 화산폭발을 계기로 해서 발생할 수 있는 탈북의 향방을 주체, 시기, 경로, 경과 등으로 구분하여 추정하고, 이를 토대로 대비 방안을 제시하는 것이다. 백두산 화산폭발로 인한 탈북 현상이 북한 내부는 물론 남한, 한반도 인접국, 국제사회에 미칠 파장은 무엇이며, 탈북의 향방을 예측함에 있어 고려되어야 할 요인들이 무엇 인지를(북한 내외부 환경, 백두산 화산폭발 강도와 피해 범위 등) 고찰한다. 이를 통해 탈북의 향방 예측과 대비 방안 모색의 기반을 삼고자 하였다. 백두산 화산폭발을 계기로 한 탈북 대비 과제 및 방안을 제시함에 있어서는 우선 백두산 화산폭발과 대규모 탈북 대비 현황을 점검하였다. 구체적인 대비 방안 마련에 앞서 기본 목표설정의 명료화가 필요하다고 보았으며, 대비 과제 및 방안을 인프라 구축, 국외 긴급 수용 및 체류대비, 국내 입국 시 대비 등으로 구분하여 제시하였다. 특히 탈북자들이 국내에 입국하였을 경우 어떠한 대비가 이루어져야 할 것인가에 대해서는 입국 후 단계별, 부문별 대비와 더불어 사회통합 대비방안 등으로 세분화하여 구체적인 접근을 시도하였다. The main contents of this paper classify and presume the subjects, period, course, progress, and etc. of North Korean refugees that could possibly occur from the Baekdu Mt. Volcanic eruption, and present preventive solutions based on this hypothesis. Before the content stated above, this paper will study what effects the Baekdu Mt. volcanic eruption and North Korean refugees naturally bring to the internal part of North Korea as well as South Korea, neighboring countries around the Korean Peninsula and national society. This study also includes what factors (North Korea`s internal and external situation, the intensity and extent of damage from the Baekdu Mt. volcanic eruption, and etc.) need to be considered of the course of North Korean refugees. This writing suggests the foundation of the future direction and preparation of North Korean refugees. A prior examination of the present condition of supplements prepared for the occurrence of North Korean refugees due to the Mt. Baekdu volcanic eruption was brought up regarding the preventive assignments and solutions of this future possibility. Before arranging a specific direction and plan, we came up with the fact that it was necessary to clarify the establishment of a standard goal, and presented solutions such as forming an infrastructure of preparation tasks and solutions, preparation of urgent accommodation and stay in domestic and foreign countries, and the preparation for domestic immigration. Especially focusing on certain preparations for the possibility of North Korean refugee immigrations, a detailed approach was attempted accompanying thee phase and section provision after immigration, social integration preparations and plans, and etc.

연구논문 : 중국과 베트남에서의 국제 NGO 활동이 북한 개발지원에 주는 함의

박정란 ( Jung Ran Park ) 서울대학교 통일평화연구원 2009 통일과 평화 Vol.1 No.1

본 글에서는 중국·베트남에서의 국제 NGO 원조활동 사례 분석을 통해 북한 개발지원에 주는 시사점을 도출하고자 하였으며, 향후 국제 NGO의 역할을 전망하고자 하였다. 우선 베트남·중국 내 국제 NGO의 개발지원 활동을 한계와 성과로 구분하여 평가한바, 한계로는 활동 영역의 제한과 효율성 저하, ``느슨한`` 네트워크 현상으로 인한 NGO활동에 필요한 정보 및 기술 교류·지원과 재정 확보의 어려움이 두드러졌다. 이러한 한계에도 불구하고 성과로 평가될 수 있는 것은 현지 사회단체와의 협력을 통한 시민사회 성장 도모, 내부 행위자의 자발적 참여 가능성 및 능력 확대, 공식·비공식·반공식적 파트너십을 활용한 지속적 개발 가능성 확대, 인간중심 개발로의 건전성확대였다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 북한 개발지원에 주는 시사점을 도출하였으며, 향후 국제 NGO의 대북 개발지원 활동에 대한 전망을 제시하였다. This study set out to analyze the cases of international NGOs` aid activities in China and Vietnam, identify their implications for the support for North Korea`s development, and predict the future roles of international NGOs. The international NGOs` activities to support development in Vietnam and China were assessed in terms of limitations and achievements. The limitations include the restricted scope of activities, dropping efficiency of activities, and "loose" networks, which make it hard for NGOs to obtain necessary information, provide support for technology exchange, and raise finance. Despite those limitations, however, they have attained various results including helping their civil societies to grow in cooperation with the local social groups, increasing the possibility of inside agents` voluntary participation and capabilities, promoting the possibility of sustainable development through official, unofficial, and semiofficial partnership, and spreading soundness toward human-oriented development. Those results led to some implications for the support for North Korea`s development and some prospects for future activities of international NGOs to support North Korea`s development.

북한의 정치사회화 및 수령관에 대한 인식변화 연구

박정란(Park Jung-Ran),강동완(Kang Dong-Wan) 한국정치정보학회 2009 정치정보연구 Vol.12 No.1

북한체제의 형성·유지 과정에서는 체제순응형의 인간개조를 위해 정치사회화가 주요한 기능을 수행한다고 볼 수 있다. 특히, 청소년기의 지속적이며 반복적인 정치사회화 과정을 통해 수령에 대한 충성심과 복종심을 고양하고 있다. 본 연구는 북한의 수령론을 중심으로 한 정치사회화의 내용을 통시적으로 살펴보고, 북한이탈청소년과의 인터뷰를 통해 정치사회화의 실태 및 수령론에 관한 인식변화를 분석하고자 한다. 특히, 북한에서 고난의 행군기(1995-1997년)로 명명되는 경제위기 상황에서 청소년기를 보냈던 당시 북한 청소년들의 경우, 경제위기 요인이체제순응 및 수령에 대한 충성도 변화에 어떠한 영향을 미쳤는가에 주목한다. 북한에서 정치의 비중과 혁명을 계승할 세대로서 청소년의 정치사회화 중요성을 고려할 때, 북한 청소년을 대상으로 한 정치사회화 실태 분석은 북한의 현재와 미래의 향방을 가늠하는 의의를 지닌다고 볼 수 있다. In the process of establishing and maintaining the North Korean regime, political socialization plays a major role in making people conform to the regime. Especially through the consistent and repetitive political socialization process in adolescence, people in North Korea enhance their loyalty and obedience toward their leader. This study aimed at conducting a diachronic examination into the content of political socialization based on the great leader theory, and then analyzing changes in adolescent North Korean defectors' perception of the reality of political socialization and the great leader theory through interviews with them. The study, involving people who spent their adolescence in North Korea hit by the economic crisis called the arduous marching period(1995-1997), focused especially on the effect of economic crisis on adolescents' level of conformity to the regimen and loyalty to the leader. Considering the gravity of politics and the importance of politically socializing adolescents in North Korea as a generation that will carry out the revolutionary work left unfinished by the current generation, this study which analyzed the reality of political socialization of adolescents in North Korea is meaningful in that it allows people to gauge the present and future of North Korea.

교사의 발문에 의한 수화동화가 청각장애 아동의 언어표현력에 미치는 영향

박정란 ( Jung Ran Park ),이진숙 ( Jin Sook Lee ) 대구대학교 한국특수교육문제연구소 2007 특수교육저널 : 이론과 실천 Vol.8 No.1

This study focused on the Deaf children``s having difficulty of comprehension, ability of vocabulary and ability of writing. So it has purposed to figure out how to improve language development of Deaf children``s with the Sign Language a Teachers`` questions on Fairy Tale to facilitate and to indicate the effective teaching method. The subjects of this study consist of 14 Deaf children‘s 11~12 year old dwelling in S & I city and volunteered for this study from September 25, 2006 to November 6, 2006. They were into the experimental group who had time for teacher``s follow-up service to give a summing-up of the sign language a fairy tale to facilitate, use television and the control group who just use television. Scores were analyzed using SPSS PC+ Win 12.0, analysis of t-test to verify hypotheses. The results were as follows: 1. The writing ability(in using numbers of sentence) in the experimental group were significantly higher than the control group(p=.000). 2. The writing ability(in using numbers of vocabulary)in using numbers of vocabulary in the experimental group were significantly higher than the control group(p=.000). 3. The drawing expression ability in the experimental group were significantly higher than the control group(p=.000). Accordingly, teacher``s follow-up service to give a summing-up of the sign language a fairy tale to facilitate would be helpful for the Deaf children``s in the long term.

역대 정부의 통일,대북정책: 쟁점과 과제

박정란 ( Jung Ran Park ) 전북대학교 사회과학연구소 2008 지역과 세계 Vol.32 No.2

본 글은 지난 60년 동안의 대북·통일정책을 반추하면서 종합적인 평가와 더불어 각 시기별 대두한 쟁점과 과제를 짚어보고자 한다. 그 쟁점을 크게 네 가지 차원으로 나누어 제시하였는 바, 첫 번째는 구체적 실천보다 남북한 모두 서로의 주도권을 선점하기 위한 정치적 수사의 성격을 띠었다는 점, 두 번째, 정권이 교체될 때마다 대북·통일정책의 변화로 인한 한계, 세 번째, 통일정책과 통합정책에 대한 구분의 모호성으로 인한 한계, 네 번째, 통일·대북 정책 추진, 실천과정에서 국민 합의 도출 미흡함으로 인한 문제 등이다. 통일·대북정책의 향후 과제로는 정치적 통일을 전후한 `통합`과정에서의 전략적 로드맵 제시의 필요성, 기능주의적·신기능주의적 접근 방법의 한계를 넘어서는 이론적 체계 구축, 적극적 평화의 개념을 바탕으로 한 평화체제 활성화, 대북·통일정책에 대한 상보적·발전지향적 태도 정착, 남북간 협력 추진의 틀과 내용의 조정, 통일·대북정책 추진의 국제사회와의 협력틀 구축 등을 제시하였다. This study set out to reflect on the North Korea and unification policies of South Korea in the past 60 years, conduct an overall evaluation of them, and examine the issues and tasks in each period. The issues were grouped in four categories; first, the policies were more like political investigations to take away the initiative from each other rather than practical measures; second, South Korea`s North Korea and unification policies kept changing at every change of the administration; third, there were limitations due to the ambiguous boundaries between unification policies and North Korea ones; and fourth, the South Korean governments failed to induce the nation`s agreement in the process of carrying out and implementing unification and North Korea policies. The future tasks of South Korea`s unification and North Korea policies include offering a strategic roadmap in the integration process before and after the political unification, setting up a theoretical system to overcome the limitations of functional and neo-functional approaches, activating a peace system based on the concept of active peace, settling down the attitude of mutual supplement and development towards North Korea and unification policies, adjusting the framework and contents of cooperation between two Koreas, and building a cooperative framework with the global community in carrying out unification and North Korea policies.

농인의 수화사용경험과 수화통역서비스이용 경험에 관한 질적연구

박정란(Park Jung Ran) 경성대학교 사회과학연구소 2010 社會科學硏究 Vol.26 No.4

본 연구는 농인이 일상생활을 수화라는 언어를 통해 경험한 삶과 경험과정을 알아보고 그 속에서 수화사용경험에 어떤 의미를 부여하고 있는 지를 총체적으로 탐색하고자 농인 4인의 수화사용 경험을 질적연구방법 중 내러티브(narratives)방법으로 살펴보았다. 수화사용 전 경험, 수화사용 후 경험, 수화통역서비스 경험으로 구분하여 수화의 의미와 수화사용 경험의 의미를 살펴보았다.참여자들의 수화사용 전 경험은 [억지로 어색한 구화를 사용함], [무력한 벙어리로 동정 받음], [청인사회와 서로 거부함], 수화사용 후 경험은 [시원하게 표현함], [농인으로서 자부심을 찾음], [청인사회에서 사는 맛을 느낌], 수화통역서비스 경험은 [신비한 만남으로 세상이 보임], [통역사의 능력에 따라 세상이 바뀜], [당당하게 요구하여 세상을 찾음]의 의미로 나타났다.참여자에게 수화는 [사회와의 연결고리], [유일한 의사소통 통로],[농인의 언어적 권리], [꼴등에서 정체감을 찾음]의 의미를 보였다.연구자는 참여자의 수화사용 경험의 이야기를 ‘연리지’로 도출하였다.장애인과 비장애인을 구별하거나 차별하지 않는 서로의 개성을 인정하고 조화롭게 한몸이 되어 사는 사회를 연리지의미로 설명하였다. 이중문화ㆍ이중언어를 경험하는 농인의 알 권리가 박탈당하지 않고, 자신의 능력을 최대한 발휘할 수 있도록 사회적 모델 관점으로서 수화에 관한 인식 개선과 전문적 수화통역 활성화를 제언하였다. The purpose of this research is to find out the experience of life and experience process through the sign language for the daily life of the Deaf and comprehensively search for the implication in the sign language using experience within. Communication method of language in sign language would be a way to bring out the mutual recognition simultaneously within the 2Bi in the Deaf society and the hearing-person society. Prior to use the sign language, 〈demand for oral communication〉, 〈feeling of lethargic self〉, and after using the sign language 〈express the feel relieved conversation〉, 〈approached as the pride of the Deaf〉, 〈feeling of how to live〉. The sign language translation service to 4 Deaf people were experience for 〈turning the world following the capability of interpreter〉, 〈different capability sign language interpretation service〉, 〈sign language interpretation service fit for the Deaf〉. Therefore, the implication of 4 Deaf were the 〈ring to the society〉, 〈unique communication route〉, 〈linguistic right of the Deaf〉, 〈find the identity from the last to the first〉. Such stories of experiencing the sign language use of participants were formulated in metaphorical implication in ‘Yeon-ri-ji’. With respect to the conflict and challenge encountered psychological and social experience due to the cultural difference of the Deaf and the hearing-person, it makes the compromise and change actively to make the mutual exchange of the Deaf and the hearing-person as it implicates the dynamic process made for new culture. This research has presented the need and possibility of practicing the social welfare to help our the mutual reaction between the Deaf and the hearing-person to be of help to understand the experience with the surrounding system with the Deaf family to live under the culture as understanding the characteristics for the Deaf culture and the Deaf community at the practicalsite of social welfare. Lastly, it is hoped to be the base data to access to the issues of the Deaf family and various social issues for the future, and itis requested to have even more of in-depth research for the welfare of the Deaf.

북한의 여성고등교육과 남북한 통합과제

박정란(Park, Jung Ran),강동완(Kang, Dong Wan) 동아시아국제정치학회 2013 국제정치연구 Vol.16 No.2

In North Korea, female laborers are being marginalized in the heavy industriesand military-centric political and economic policies. As the national patriarchal system works as the power hierarchy even in the family, women are experiencing the limitations of their roles as an assistant. With the deepening economic crisis in North Korea, women are forced to take more responsibility in the family livelihood through private economic activities and bombarded with more role burdens. The structure and current state of higher education in North Korea examined from a feminist perspective in the study involved the common denominators between North and South Korea such as the colonial experiences, division, war, and regime competition and also heterogeneous quality due to differences in the political and economic system and cultural creation between them. That is, both North and South Korea have witnessed the succession of social exclusion not to be ignored in women"s career ambitions and moves including labor as well as higher education for women. There is a need to investigate what implications of the situation would have for North Korea and the integration of North and South Korea and what kind of integration tasks it would demand from higher education. The study analyzed the major issues and structures of higher education in North Korea from a feminist perspective with a focus on the content of science- and technology-based educational reform and looked into the new opportunities and limiting situations offered to women, thus promoting an understanding of the multi-layered framework of exclusion inherent in North Korea.

탈북여성 연구: 동향, 쟁점, 과제

박정란 ( Jung Ran Park ),강동완 ( Dong Wan Kang ) 북한연구학회 2011 북한연구학회보 Vol.15 No.2

Female North Korean defectors entering South Korea started to outnumber their male counterparts in 2000, which has caused the researches focusing on women in such a situation to expand. The quantitative growth of researches on female North Korean defectors has been accompanied by the increasing diversity of content and in-depth analysis in each area. Such issues as the backgrounds behind their entry into South Korea, violation of their human rights in the process, and their social adaptation processes have been further segmented and addressed from a gender sensitive perspective. Reflecting on the results of the previous studies and reviewing future research tasks in the midst of changes to the study of female North Korean defectors are part of the essential elements in a process of the qualitative growth of the study field. Thus this study set out to sort out major characteristics of researches on female North Korean defectors in terms of content, identify controversial issues, and propose future research tasks. As a result, the major trends and characteristics of researches on female North Korean defectors can be categorized into expansion of research area, segmentation according to life cycles, increase of researches from a gender sensitive perspective, the route to escape North Korea, and approach to the understanding life context in South Korea. The controversial issues in research trends were examined according to human rights, economic activities, family, and mental and physical health. For future research tasks, the study also suggested a need to analyze the causal loop of the route to escape North Korea and the expansion of significance of female North Korean defectors` human rights and the contexts, expand discussions about how to support their settlement from a gender sensitive perspective, and recognize and study them as social and cultural subjects.

여성 새터민의 자녀 돌봄과 일: 실태와 지원방안

박정란 ( Jung Ran Park ) 한민족문화학회 2009 한민족문화연구 Vol.27 No.-