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박재목 ( Jae Mook Park ) 한국사회사학회 1999 사회와 역사 Vol.56 No.-
This paper provides an overview of the evolution of American environmental movement, with special emphasis on movement organizations and environmental policies, and examines the factors affecting its emergence, development and decline. Three characteristics were found, concerning the development of environmental movement in the U.S. First, the movement has changed dramatically around the 1960s from conservation/presseruation movement to modern environmental movement. Second, the movement showed a continued differentiation of ideologies, issues, goals and strategies. Third, albeit its short-term ups and downs, the movement has shown exceptionally continuous growth and development. It has been confI1med that many general socio-economic processes, such as industrialization, urbanization, growth in the size of new middle class, and improvement of living standards have been major factors affecting emergence and development of the movement. But other situational factors, including wars, ruling party``s environmental policies, best-seller books on enVironmentalism, environmental disasters, entrepreneurial issue management, have also exerted strong effects on the rise and fall of the movement. The paper examined two theoretical problems. One is about the relevance of Down``s ``issue-attention cycle`` hypothesis that has been proven to be very useful in explaining short term ups and downs of environmental movement. But it turned out to be least powerful in explaining long term development of the movement, for environmental problems tend to be pervasive, at least in our industrial era. The other problem is a possible negative relationship between the environmental policy of a particular political leader and the environmental movement. It has been found that while the pro-environmental Clinton-Gore Administration has had no positive impact on an increase of membership in environmental movement organizations, the Reagan Reaction, backlash against the environmental innovations, provided people with good reasons to participate in the movement
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