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박연기(Yeon-Ki Park),김병석(Byung-Seok Kim),신진섭(Jin-Sup Shin),배철한(Chul-Han Bae),박경훈(Kyung-Hun Park),이제봉(Jea-Bong Lee),홍순성(Soon-Sung Hong),조경원(Kyung-Won Cho),이규승(Kyu-Seung Lee) 한국농약과학회 2007 농약과학회지 Vol.11 No.4
In order to evaluate the toxic effects of butachlor, a herbicide widely used for control of weeds in paddy field, on medaka (Oryzias latipes), acute toxicity tests for five developmental stages and early life stage toxicity test of were conducted. As the results of acute toxicity test, 96h-LC<SUB>50</SUB>s for 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, 2 months and 5 months after hatching of O. latipes were 0.68, 0.52, 0.38, 1.09 and 0.45 mg L?¹, respectively. This indicated that the most sensitive stage was 2 weeks after hatching. The early life stage toxicity test showed that no statistically significant hatching period and hatching success of embryo was observed at all concentrations of butaclor. However, 0.05 and 0.1 mg L?¹ of butachlor showed statistically significant post hatching survival with p<0.1. Abnormalities of larva were 2.1, 2.3 and 10% at 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 mg L?¹ of concentration, respectively. They showed abnormal vertebral axis, craniofacial alteration and retarded yolk-sac resorption. The total length and weight were decreased depending on butachlor concentration the end of test. Weight of larva was showed more sensitive toxic indicator than total length. The toxicological responses of O. latipes to butachlor expressed as LOEC(lowest observed effect concentration), NOEC(no observed effect concentration) and MATC(maximum acceptable toxicant concentration) values were 0.025, 0.013 and 0.018 mg L?¹, respectively.
비닐하우스 농작업자에 대한 acetamiprid 노출 및 위해성평가
박연기(Yeon-Ki Park),오진아(Jin-A Oh),신지영(Ji-Young Shin),이슬(Seul Lee),이명지(Myung-Ji Lee),함성남(Sung-Nam Ham) 한국농약과학회 2020 농약과학회지 Vol.24 No.3
The pesticide exposure level to agricultural workers, doing work in the pesticide applied area, varies depending on the pesticide application methods and personal protective equipments (work clothes, gloves etc.). In this study, the exposure level of acetamiprid for the agricultural workers in greenhouse was calculated by the OpEx model, and the risk to workers was assessed. Depending on the application method, the exposure level was calculated in the order of spray < mist < fog. The level of exposure between products was in the order of 4% WG = 8% SC < 2.5% WP = 5% WP < 6% WG < 4% WP = 8% WP = 8% SG = 8% WG = 8% DC = 8% SL < 5% SL, and there was no difference by formulation type. Compared to nonwearing, the exposure level of acetamiprid was reduced by 48% while workers put on the work clothes. Furthermore, the exposure level was reduced by 87% when they wear the work clothes and gloves compared to non-wearing. As a results of the risk assessment for workers, regardless of the application method and formulation type, the exposure level was about 4 times higher than the AOEL, when no protective equipment was worn, and all of 12 pesticides have unacceptable risk to agricultural workers. On the other hand, in case of wearing work clothes with gloves, the exposure level was lower than the AOEL, and all 12 pesticides showed acceptable risk to workers. Therefore, it is recommended that farmers who work in the greenhouse applied acetamiprid, must wear the work clothes and gloves.
박연기(Yeon-Ki Park),오진아(Jin-A Oh),유아선(Are-Sun You),박수진(Soo-Jin Park),조유미(You-Mi Jo),이제봉(Je-Bong Lee),김찬섭(Chan-Sup Kim) 한국농약과학회 2017 농약과학회지 Vol.21 No.4
The 48 hr-LC<SUB>50</SUB> and 96 hr-LC50 of 1,483 pesticides to carp (Cyprinus carpio) were classified into three grades and compared. And the values of 48 hr-LC<SUB>50</SUB> divided by 96 hr-LC<SUB>50</SUB> were calculated to detect changes in toxicity due to differences in exposure time. Based on Korea’s criterion, the acute toxicity for fish were classified using 48hr-LC50. As a result, 237 pesticides were grade I (LC<SUB>50</SUB> < 0.5 mg/l), 203 pesticides were grade II (0.5 ≤ LC<SUB>50</SUB> < 2 mg/l§) and 1,043 pesticides were grade III (LC<SUB>50</SUB> ≥ 2 mg/l) among the 1,483 pesticides. As toxicity classification by crop type, 83 (12.9%) pesticides were grade II and 560 (87.1%)pesticides were grade III among 643 paddy field pesticides, and for 840 gardening pesticides, 237 (28.2%), 116 (13.8%) and 487 (58.0%) pesticides were classified as grade I, II and III. By dividing 48 hr-LC50 into 96 hr-LC<SUB>50</SUB> to detect changes in toxicity due to differences in exposure time, in case of 831 pesticides (56%), there were no toxic variation over time since toxic expressions were completed within 48 hours. However the ratio of LC<SUB>50</SUB> values of 48 h and 96 h for 612 pesticides (41.3%) were 1.01~1.99 times and 40 pesticides (2.7%) were more than 2 times due to the continued toxic expressions as the exposure time increases.
박연기(Yeon-Ki Park),박경훈(Kyeong-Hoon Park),주진복(Jin-Bok Joo),경기성(Kee-Sung Kyung),김병석(Byung-Seok Kim),신진섭(Jin-Sup Shin),류갑희(Gap-Hee Ryu),배철한(Chul-han Bae),이규승(Kyu-Seung Lee) 한국농약과학회 2003 농약과학회지 Vol.7 No.2
A toxicological study of the pesticides for rice paddy to loach was conducted with iprobenfos 17% GR, diazinon 3% GR, and butachlor 5% GR to establish the field test method and their toxicological effects on loach under the actual field conditions. The type C of cage was more effective in the sense of a little stress from the cage. The nets for shading and for preventing the birds were necessary to maintain the water temperature and to prevent the predators. The cumulative mortality of loach exposed to iprobenfos 17% GR, diazinon 3% GR and butachlor 5% GR were 10, 55 and 22%, respectively, during 7 days of exposure. The averaged concentration of the pesticides in paddy water 2 days after application were 1.67, 0.22 and 0.26 ㎎/ℓ, and mortalities were 7, 50 and 17%, respectively, representing the similar results with acute toxicity (48h-LC??).
5종 농약에 대한 4종 담수조류(freshwater algae)의 감수성 비교
박연기(Yeon-Ki Park),김병석(Byung-Seok Kim),배칠한(Chul-Han Bae),김연식(Yeon-Sik Kim),박경훈(Kyung-Hoon Park),이제봉(Jea-Bong Lee),신진섭(Soon-Sung Hong),홍순성(Jin-Sup Shin),이규승(Kyu-Seung Lee),이정준(Jung-Joon Lee) 한국농약과학회 2008 농약과학회지 Vol.12 No.1
The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of isoprothiolane, diazinon, butachlor, dimethametryn and molinate in Selenastrum capriconutum, Scenedesmus subspicatus, Chlorella vulgaris and Nitzschia palea during an exposure period or 72 hours. The study was carried out in according with the GECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals No 201 Alga, Growth Inhibition Test. The toxicological responses of isoprothiolane to S. capriconutum, S. subspicatus, C. vulgaris and N. palea expressed as in individual ErC?? (Median Effective Concentration by growth rate) value, were 5.87, 9.91, 18.55 and 38.79 ㎎ L?¹, respectively. Diazinone to S. capriconutum, S. subspicatus, C. vulgaris and N. palea expressed as in individual ErC?? value, were 10.31, 11.44, >32 and 14.32 ㎎ L?¹, respectively. Butachlor to S. capriconutum, S. subspicatus, C. vulgaris and N. palea expressed as in individual ErC?? value, were 0.002, 0.019, 8.67 and 4.94 ㎎ L?¹, respectively. Dimethametryn to S. capriconutum, S. subspicatus, C. vulgaris and N. palea expressed as in individual EC?? value, were 0.0071, 0.011, 0.0065 and 0.009 ㎎ L?¹, respectively. Molinate to S. capriconutum, S. subspicatus, C. vulgaris and N. palea expressed as in individual ErC?? value, were 0.44, 1.26, 48.84 and 28.52 ㎎ L?¹, respectively. The sensitivities of five pesticides were different depending on freshwater alga in the order of S. capriconutum > S. subspicatus > C. vulgaris, N. palea. Highly significant correlation (r=0.9677) based on ErC??s were found between S. capriconutum and S. subspicatus.
붉은지렁이(Lumbricus rubellus)를 이용한 농약의 급성독성 시험법 개발
박연기(Yeon-Ki Park),박경훈(Kyeong-Hoon Park),김병석(Byung-Seok Kim),경기성(Kee-Sung Kyung),신진섭(Jin-sup Shin),오병렬(Byung-Youl Oh) 한국농약과학회 2000 농약과학회지 Vol.4 No.4
A study was performed to determine the maintenance conditions of the earthworm, Lumbricus rubellus, for the acute toxicity test. To fine out climatic and soil conditions, the earthworms were maintained in artificial soil consisting of sand, clay miental and peat at different levels of conditions for 14 days. Lumbricus rubellus led to an increase of biomass at temperature 22 ± 2℃, soil pH 7.0 ± 1 and moisture 40%. And four fungicides were tested for acute toxicities to Lumbricus rubellus, according to the optimum condition. The test earthworms were exposed to each pesticide with various concentration gradients. After 14 days, the number of surviving earthworms and their weight alteration during the test period was determined. The 14-day LC?? values for the Lumbricus rubellus, of carbendazim, benomyl, thiophanate-methyl and thiabendazole were determined to be 59, 53, 64 and 36 ㎎/㎏ soil dry weight, respectively.
박연기(Yeon-Ki Park),배철한(Chul-Han Bae),김병석(Byung-Seok Kim),이제봉(Jea-Bong Lee),유아선(Are-Sun You),홍순성(Soon-Sung Hong),박경훈(Kyung-Hoon Park),신진섭(Jin-Sup Shin),홍무기(Moo-Ki Hong),이규승(Kyu-Seung Lee),이정호(Jung-Ho Le 한국농약과학회 2009 농약과학회지 Vol.13 No.1
To assess the effect of butachlor on freshwater aquatic organisms, acute toxicity studies for algae, invertebrate and fishes were conducted. The algae grow inhibition studies were carried out to determine the growth inhibition effects of butachlor (Tech. 93.4%) in Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (formerly knows as Selenastrum capriconutum), Desmodesmus subspicatus (formerly known as Scendusmus subspicatus), and Chlorella vulgaris during the exposure period of 72 hours. The toxicological responses of P. subcapitata, D. subspicatus, and C. vulgaris to butachlor, expressed in individual ErC?? values were 0.002, 0.019, and 10.49 ㎎ ℓ?¹, respectively and NOEC values were 0.0008, 0.0016, and 5.34 ㎎ ℓ?¹, respectively. P. subcapitata was more sensitive than any other algae species. Butachlor has very high toxicity to the algae, such as P. subcapitata and D. subspicatu. In the acute immobilisation test for Daphnia magna, the 24 and 48h-EC?? values were 2.55 and 1.50 ㎎ ℓ?¹, respectively. As the results of the acute toxicity test on Cyprinus carpio, Oryzias latipes and Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, the 96h-LC??s were 0.62, 0.41 and 0.24 ㎎ ℓ?¹, respectively. The following ecological risk assessment of butachlor was performed on the basis of the toxicological data of algae, invertebrate and fish and exposure concentrations in rice paddy, drain and river. When a butachlor formulation is applied in rice paddy field according to label recommendation, the measured concentration of butachlor in paddy water was 0.41 ㎎ ℓ?¹ and the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of butachlor in drain water was 0.03 ㎎ ℓ?¹. Residues of butachlor detected in major rivers between 1997 and 1998 were ranged from 0.0004 ㎎ ℓ?¹ to 0.0029 ㎎ ℓ?¹. Toxicity exposure ratios (TERs) of algae in rice paddy, drain and river were 0.004, 0.05 and 0.36, respectively and indicated that butachlor has a risk to algae in rice paddy, drain and river. On the other hand, TERs of invertebrate in rice paddy, drain and river were 3.6, 50 and 357, respectively, well above 2, indicating no risk to invertebrate. TERs of fish in rice paddy, drain and river were 0.58, 8 and 57, respectively. The TERs for fish indicated that butachlor poses a risk to fish in rice paddy but has no risk to fish in agricultural drain and river. In conclusion, butachlor has a minimal risk to algae in agricultural drain and river exposed from rice drainage but has no risk to invertebrate and fish.
농약 4종의 비닐하우스 딸기 농작업자 노출량 및 재출입기간 설정
박연기(Yeon-Ki Park),오진아(Jin-A Oh),박수진(Soo-Jin Park),신지영(Ji-Young Shin),임정현(Jeung-Hyeon Lim),박혜진(Hye-Jin Park),이슬(Seul Lee),이명지(Myung-Ji Lee) 한국농약과학회 2021 농약과학회지 Vol.25 No.2
The dislodgeable foliar residue(DFR) and dermal exposure for agricultural worker of four pesticides were obtained by using the occupational pesticide re-entry exposure calculator(OPREC) model during harvesting, transplanting, and weeding in strawberry greenhouse. The calculated DFR of strawberry leaves were 0.02580~0.00109 μg/cm² for abamectin 1.714% SC, 0.15005~0.00636 μg/cm² for cyantraniliprole 5% DC, 0.10518~0.00446 μg/cm² for indoxacarb 7% WG, and 0.30039~0.01273 μg/cm² for pyridaben 10% EW in the greenhouse. Agricultural worker’s dermal exposure were 0.37845~0.01604, 0.07913~0.00335, and 0.02408~0.00102 mg/kg/day for abamectin 1.714% SC during harvesting, transplanting, and weeding, respectively. In the same order, 2.20078~0.09329, 0.46016~0.01951, and 0.14005~0.00594 mg/kg/day for cyantraniliprole 5% DC, 1.54261~0.06539, 0.32254~0.01267, and 0.09817~0.00416 mg/kg/day for indoxacarb 7% WG, and 4.40568~0.18676, 0.92119~0.03905, and 0.28036~0.01188 mg/kg/day for pyridaben 10% EW. The re-entry interval was set by comparing the no observed adverse effect level(NOAEL) and the dermal exposure of agricultural worker. The re-entry interval for harvesting were 4 days for abametin 1.714% SC, 8 days for cyantraniliprole 5% DC, 11 days for indoxacarb 7% WG, and 15 days for pyridaben 10% EW.
Butachlor의 4종 담수조류(freshwater algae)에 대한 생장영향
박연기(Yeon-Ki Park),배철한(Chul-Han Bae),김병석(Byung-Seok Kim),박경훈(Kyung-Hoon Park),이제봉(Jea-Bong Lee),신진섭(Jin-Sup Shin),홍순성(Soon-Sung Hong),조경원(Kyung-Won Cho),이규승(Kyu-Seung Lee),이정호(Jung-Ho Lee) 한국농약과학회 2008 농약과학회지 Vol.12 No.1
Algae are vital in the primary production of the aquatic ecosystem, having been considered as good indicators of the bioactivity of pesticides. Algae have short life cycle, respond quickly to environmental change and their diversity and density can indicate the quality of their habitat. The purpose of the study was to determine the growth inhibition effects of butachlor (Tech. 93.4%) and K₂Cr₂O? (Tech. 99.5%) in Selenastrum capriconutum, Scenedesmus subspicatus, Chlorella vulgaris and Nitzschia palea during and exposure period of 72 hours. The toxicological responses of S. capriconutum, S. subspicatus, C. vulgaris and N. palea to butachlor, expressed in individual ErC?? values were 0.0022, 0.019, 8.67 and 4.94 ㎎ L?¹, respectively. NOEC values were 0.0008, 0.0016, 5.34 and 2.92 ㎎ L?¹, respectively. S. capriconutum was more sensitive than the other algae species. The toxicological responses of S. capriconutum, S. subspicatus, C. vulgaris and N. palea to K₂Cr₂O? expressed as ErC?? values were 0.91, 0.78, 0.85 and 0.57 ㎎ L?¹, respectively. NOEC values were 0.2, 0.2, 0.2 and 0.18 ㎎ L?¹, respectively. Growth inhibition of S. capriconutum, S. subspicatus, C. vulgaris and N. palea from PEC of butachlor were 100, 75, 0 and 0%, respectively.