집단살해죄(Genocide), 인도에 반한 죄 등에 관한 국제형사법적 고찰

박선기(PARK, SEON KI) 한국법학원 2015 저스티스 Vol.- No.146_2

이 논문의 목적은 집단살해죄, 인도에 반한 죄에 대한 국제법적 규범을 검토해 보고, 구유고 국제형사재판소, 르완다 국제형사재판소, 로마규정에 기한 국제형사재판소 등에서 실제 이와 관련된 사건을 처리하면서 발전시킨 법리들을 살펴보고 소개함으로써, 북한과 관련하여 벌어지고 있는 반인권적 사건들에 대해 향후 제기될 수 있는 각종 국제법적 문제들을 미리 대비하고, 더 나아가 보다 심도있는 논의의 바탕을 제공하는 데 있다. 특히 르완다 국제형사재판소에서 실재 재판관으로 활동하면서 접하였던 집단살해죄, 인도에 반한 죄에 대한 다양한 사례와 법리들을 제시함으로써 우리나라에서도 이 분야에 대한 보다 깊이있는 논의가 이루어질 수 있도록 하고자 한다. 집단살해죄(Genocide)란 국제형사판소 관할 범죄의 처벌 등에 관한 법률에 따르면 국민적·인종적·민족적 또는 종교적 집단 자체를 전부 또는 일부 파괴할 목적으로 그 집단의 구성원을 살해하는 행위라고 할 수 있는바, 이는 국제형사재판소 규정을 비롯한 다양한 국제 규범에 나타나 있는 개념으로서 그 가벌성은 국제적으로 확립되어 있다고 볼 수 있겠다. 특히 집단살해를 선동하는 행위도 처벌대상이 되며, 르완다에서 벌어진 종족간의 집단살해 사건에서도 선동행위인 증오연설 등이 문제가 되었고, 실제 르완다 국제형사재판소에서 이 문제가 다루어진바 있다. 인도에 반한 죄(Crimes against humanity)에 대하여도 마찬가지로 국제규범 및 국내이행입법이 그 개념과 유형을 규정하고 있다. The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the international criminal law standards regarding genocides and other crimes against humanity, to proactively prepare for international criminal law complications that may stem from the current inhumane acts in North Korea by considering legislation advanced by the International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) in prosecuting actual cases of genocides and crimes against humanity, as well as the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, and to lay the groundwork for deeper discussions on the topic. In particular, by providing actual genocide and crimes against humanity cases and the various legal responses effected while presiding as judge in the ICTR, the ultimate aim is to create a forum for more profound discussion on this critical topic in South Korea. A genocide is, according to the relevant legislation from, and prosecution of such criminal cases by, the International Criminal Court (ICC), the deliberate killing to annihilate a part or all of an ethnic, racial, religious group in a country; the prevalence of legal responses from the ICC and other international criminal tribunals to such acts is a testament to the deep history of genocides. In particular, acts instigating genocides are also subject to prosecution: hate speeches and other similar acts incited tribal genocides in Rwanda, and were prosecuted in the ICTR accordingly. Crimes against humanity have also been addressed by the International Criminal Tribunals and the implementing law, attesting to the deep roots of these criminal acts.

기상 및 기후의 수치예측에 대한 슈퍼컴퓨터의 역할

박선기(Seon Ki Park) 한국기상학회 2004 대기 Vol.14 No.4

Progresses in numerical prediction of weather and climate have been in parallel with those of computing resources, especially the development of supercomputers. Advanced techniques in numerical modeling, computational schemes, and data assimilation cloud not have been practically achieved without the aid of supercomputers. With such techniques and computing powers, the accuracy of numerical forecasts has been tremendously improved. Supercomputers are also indispensible in constructing and executing the synthetic Earth system models. In this study, a brief overview on numerical weather / climate prediction, Earth system modeling, and the values of supercomputing is provided.

합성토지피복자료와 고해상도 중규모 모형을 이용한 시화호 지역의 토지이용 변화에 따른 주변 기상장 변화 연구

박선기(Seon Ki Park),김지희(Jee-Hee Kim) 한국기상학회 2011 대기 Vol.21 No.4

In this study, the influence of a change in land use on the local weather fields is investigated around the Lake Shihwa area using synthetic land cover data and a high-resolution mesoscale model - the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF). The default land cover data generally used in the WRF is based on the land use category of the United States Geological Survey (USGS), which erroneously presents most land areas of the Korean Peninsula as savannas. To revise such a fault, a multi-temporal land cover data, provided by the Ministry of Environment of Korea, was employed to generate a land cover map of 2005 subject to the land use in Korea at that time. A new land cover map of 1989, before the construction of the Lake Shihwa, was made based on the 2005 map and the Landsat 4-5 TM satellite images of two years. Over the areas where the land use had been changed (e.g., from sea to wetlands, towns, etc.) due to the Lake Shihwa development project, the skin temperature decreased by up to 8℃ in the winter case while increased by as much as 14℃ in the summer case. Changes in the water vapor mixing ratio were mostly affected by advection and topography in both seasons, with considerable increase in the summer case due to continuous sea breeze. Local decrease in water vapor occurred over high land use change areas and/or over downstream of such areas where alteration in wind fields were induced by changes in skin temperature and surface roughness at the areas of land use changes. The albedo increased by about 0.1% in the regions where sea was converted into wetland. In the regions where urban areas were developed, such as Songdo New Town and Incheon International Airport, the albedo increased by up to 0.16%.

아시아 동안에서 북동진하며 발달하는 온대저기압의 종관적 특성

박선기(Seon-Ki Park),이동규(Dong-Kyou Lee) 한국기상학회 1987 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol.23 No.1

집중관측사업의 현황과 발전 방향

김현희(Hyun Hee Kim),박선기(Seon Ki Park) 한국기상학회 2008 대기 Vol.18 No.2

Domestic IOP (intensive observing period) has mostly been represented by the KEOP (Korea Enhanced Observing Period), which started the 5-yr second phase in 2006 after the first phase (2001-2005). During the first phase, the KEOP had focused on special observations (e.g., frontal systems, typhoons, etc.) around the Haenam supersite, while extended observations have been attempted from the second phase, e.g., mountain and downstream meteorology in 2006 and heavy rainfall in the mid-central region and marine meteorology in 2007. So far the KEOP has collected some useful data for severe weather systems in Korea, which are very important in understanding the development mechanisms of disastrous weather systems moving into or developing in Korea. In the future, intensive observations should be made for all characteristic weather systems in Korea including the easterly in the central-eastern coastal areas, the orographically-developed systems around mountains, the heavy snowfall in the western coastal areas, the upstream/downstream effect around major mountain ranges, and the heavy rainfall in the mid-central region. Enhancing observations over the seas around the Korean Peninsula is utmost important to improve forecast accuracy on the weather systems moving into Korea through the seas. Observations of sand dust storm in the domestic and the source regions are also essential. Such various IOPs should serve as important components of international field campaign such as THORPEX (THe Observing system Research and Predictability EXperiment) through active international collaborations.

수생태 건강성 평가결과와 극단적 기상현상 특성에 기초한 하천 수생태계 관리 정책 및 전략

이상우 ( Lee Sang-woo ),박배경 ( Park Bae-kyung ),박선기 ( Park Seon-ki ) 한국물환경학회 2022 한국물환경학회·대한상하수도학회 공동 춘계학술발표회 Vol.2022 No.-

Haines Index를 이용한 동아시아 지역 산불 확산 위험도 변화와 지표-대기 상호관계와의 연관성 연구

이미나(Seungbum Hong),홍승범(Seungbum Hong),박선기(Seon Ki Park) 한국기상학회 2013 대기 Vol.23 No.2

Many studies have related the recent variations of wildfire regime such as the increasing number of occurrances, their patterns and timing changes, and the severity of their extreme cases with global warming. However, there are only a few numbers of wildfire studies to assess how the future wildfire regime will change in the interactions between land and atmosphere with climate change especially over East Asia. This study was performed to estimate the future changing aspect of wildfire danger with global warming, using Haines Index (HI). Calculated from atmospheric instability and dryness, HI is the potential of an existing fire to become a dangerous wildfire. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, two separated 5-year simulations of current (1995~1999) and far future (2095~2099) were performed and analyzed. Community Climate System Model 3 (CCSM3) model outputs were utilized for the model inputs for the past and future over East Asia; future prediction was driven under the IPCC A1B scenario. The results indicate changes of the wildfire danger regime, showing overall decreasing the wildfire danger in the future but intensified regional deviations between north and south. The overall changes of the wildfire regime seems to stem from atmospheric dryness which is sensitive to soil moisture variation. In some locations, the future wildfire danger overall decreases in summer but increases in winter or fall when the actual fire occurrence are generally peaked especially in South China.

한국기상학회지의 국제화에 대한 방안

권혁조(H. Joe Kwon),이동규(Dong-Kyou Lee),박선기(Seon Ki Park),안명환(Myung-Hwan Ahn) 한국기상학회 2006 대기 Vol.16 No.2

Journal of the Korean Meteorological Society (JKMS) is confronted by a huge challenge. Following the long-term plan of the Korean Meteorological Society (KMS), the JKMS has entered a new era in 2006 in the sense that the all papers are published in English. Tremendous efforts are needed to accomplish the original goal of JKMS becoming an internationally recognized journal. A forum was held in this connection with the subject of the vitalization of the JKMS at the Spring Meeting of the Korean Meteorological Society held at Gwangju, 2006. A number of special topics were presented at the forum and active and vigorous discussions followed. Professor Dong-Kyou Lee presented strategies to increase the number of submission to the JKMS. Professor Seon Ki Park gave a presentation on how JKMS can grow into the SCI journal. The Editor-in-Chief of JKMS, professor H. Joe Kwon introduced the on-line review system of JKMS which had launched in 2006. This manuscript is presented on the basis of the presentations and the discussions at the forum for the purpose of finding the way in aiming the direction of the long-term goal of the KMS.

모수화된 해면 냉각을 활용한 태풍 모의 실험

이두호(Duho Lee),권혁조(H. Joe Kwon),원성희(Seong-Hee Won),박선기(Seon Ki Park) 한국기상학회 2006 대기 Vol.16 No.2

This study investigates the response of a typhoon model to the change of the sea surface temperature (SST) throughout the model integration. The SST change is parameterized as a formulae of which the magnitude is given as a function of not only the intensity and the size but the moving speed of tropical cyclone. The formulae is constructed by referring to many previous observational and numerical studies on the SST cooling with the passage of tropical cyclones. Since the parameterized cooling formulae is based on the mathematical expression, the resemblance between the prescribed SST cooling and the observed one during the period of the numerical experiment is not complete nor satisfactory. The agreements between the prescribed and the observed SST even over the swath of the typhoon passage differ from case to case. Numerical experiments are undertaken with and without prescribing the SST cooling. The results with the SST cooling do not show clear evidence in improving the track prediction compared to those of the without-experiments. SST cooling in the model shows its swath along the incomplete simulated track so that the magnitude and the distribution of the sea surface cooling does not resemble completely with the observed one. However, we have observed a little improvement in the intensity prediction in terms of the central pressure of the tropical cyclone in some cases. In case where the model without the SST treatment is not able to yield a correct prediction of the filling of the tropical cyclone especially in the decaying stage, the pulling effect given by the SST cooling alleviates the over-deepening of the model so that the central pressure approaches toward the observed value. However, the opposite case when the SST treatment makes the prediction worse may also be possible. In general when the sea surface temperature is reduced, the amount of the sensible and the latent heat from the ocean surface become also reduced, which results in the weakening of the storms comparing to the constant SST case. It turns out to be the case also in our experiments. The weakening is realized in the central pressure, maximum wind, horizontal temperature gradient, etc.

전구강수관측 (GPM) 활용을 위한 제언

손병주(Byung-Ju Sohn),남재철(Jae-Cheol Nam),박선기(Seon-Ki Park),안명환(Myung-Hwan Ahn),유정문(Jung-Moon Yoo),이희상(Hee-Sang Lee),장동언(Dong-Eon Chang),허창회(Chang-Hoi Ho),배덕효(Deg-Hyo Bae),김성준(Seong-Jun Kim),오현종(Hyun-Jong 한국기상학회 2005 대기 Vol.15 No.1

Extending the success of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), the spaceborne measurement of precipitation by Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) is initiated. The GPM consists of a core satellite which will have a dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) and a constellation of small satellites equipped with microwave radiometers. The GPM is inherently a global program. Responding to the GPM plan, many other nations are much interested in participating in the GPM team or simply utilizing GPM products aiming at the development of meteorological technology. Korea can fully function its role if Korea is selected as a CAL/VAL site for the GPM because Korea maintains a well-established dense rain gauge network (AWS), precipitation radars, and the Haenam super site for surface observation. In this feasibility study, the necessities of the GPM project in the context of academical and social backgrounds and associated international and domestic activities are investigated. And GPM-related core technologies and application areas are defined. As a result, it is found that GPM will represent a great opportunity for us because of its ability to provide not only much enhanced three-hourly global rain products but also very useful tools for the enhancement of weather forecasting capabilities, management of water resources, development and implementation of monitoring techniques for severe weather phenomena, agricultural managements and climate application. Furthermore, rain retrieval and CAL/VAL technologies obtained during the involvement in the international GPM project will serve as basic knowledges to run our own geostationary satellite program.