러시아 주류정책의 변화, 1914-1932: 금주령에서 보드카 독점으로

박상철 ( Sang Chul Park ) 대구사학회 2011 대구사학 Vol.103 No.-

The Change of Russian Alcohol Policy, 1914-1932 Park, Sang-chul [Abstract] The Russian government, at beginning of the First World War, issued prohibition law to avoid anarchy and disorganization of military mobilization and responding to the public opinions of educated society that had criticized excessive financial dependance of vodka monopoly. And the Bolsheviks, after the seize of power in October, 1917, continued anti-alcohol policies. The Soviet communists, regarding popular drinking practices as ``vestiges of capitalism`` or ``social diseases,`` tried to correct it with various legal and administrative measures, cultural and propaganda activities. But this meant a direct attack on popular way of life and cultural values contained in it. Therefore, people`s major response to it was the production and consumption of moonshine. In 1920s, in context of fierce power struggle, Stalin and others asserted to resume and expand the production of the state vodka in order to suppress growing moonshine industry and to accumulate capital for speedy industrialization. When it became clear that anti-alcohol movements could threaten the consumption of state vodka as a source of state liquor revenues, he incapacitated anti-alcohol movement and at the same time declared that alcohol problems in Soviet Union had been resolved. This early experience in Soviet Union showed that drinking practices is rather determined and changed under the influence of many factors, such as power struggles, cultural conflicts between social elements and so on. It also showed how the utopian enthusiasm of Russian communists changed in harsh reality, and why many peoples began to develop conformist way of behaviour.

용접부 피로강도를 고려한 굴삭기 붐 구조물 설계(II)

박상철,Park, Sang-Chul 대한용접접합학회 2011 대한용접·접합학회지 Vol.29 No.4

The purpose of this study is to develop improved boom structures with reliable fatigue strength of weldment and lower production cost. For that purpose, multi-body dynamic analysis was performed to evaluate forces acting on arm & boom cylinders and joints of boom structure during operation of an excavator for three working postures, then stress analysis was made to investigate stress distribution around diaphragms at the bottom plate of boom structures which was known to be susceptible to fatigue failures of welded joints, and finally boom structures with optimum arrangement of diaphragms was proposed. This work mainly consists of the following two parts: part 1 focuses on multi-body dynamic analysis of excavators during operation and part 2 includes evaluations of fatigue strength of welded joints for modified boom structures.

용접부 피로강도를 고려한 굴삭기 붐 구조물 설계(I)

박상철,Park, Sang-Chul 대한용접접합학회 2010 대한용접·접합학회지 Vol.28 No.5

The purpose of this study is to develop improved boom structures with reliable fatigue strength of weldment and lower production cost. For that purpose, multibody dynamic analysis was performed to evaluate forces acting on arm & boom cylinders and joints of boom structure during operation of an excavator for three working postures, then stress analysis was made to investigate stress distribution around diaphragms at the bottom plate of boom structures which was known to be susceptible to fatigue failures of welded joints, and finally boom structure with optimum arrangement of diaphragms was proposed. This work basically consists of the following two parts: part 1 focuses on multibody dynamic analysis of excavators during operation and part 2 includes evaluations of fatigue strength of welded joints for modified boom structures.

Guinea pig에서 alcohol과 paraquat에 의한 간독성에 미치는 selenium의 방어 효과

박상철,강형섭,이호일,김진상,Park, Sang-chul,Kang, Hyung-sub,Lee, Ho-il,Kim, Jin-sang 대한수의학회 1996 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.36 No.2

Experiments were undertaken to examine the ability of selenium to protect against alcohol and/or paraquat-induced hepatotoxicity and to examine the additive effect between alcohol and paraquat. Protective effect against hepatotoxic functions was measured in serum from alcohol(15% v/v), paraquat(200ppm), alcohol and paraquat, and combination of sodium selenite(4ppm) in drinking water-fed guinea pigs ad libitum for 4 weeks. A total of 68 healthy 7-weeks-old male animals were assigned at random to 8 treatment groups(9~13 animals/group). Body and liver weight losses, and high serum concentrations in aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT, in only paraquat group), $\gamma$-glutamyltranspeptidase($\gamma$-GTP), cholesterol(Cho), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen(BUN), total bilirubin(TB), direct bilirubin(DB), total protein(TP), albumin and globulin as well as low values in alkaline phosphatase(ALP) and glucose were produced in a groups of alcohol or paraquat-fed. These values were not potentiated in a group given the combination of alcohol plus paraquat. Morphological changes in the liver were also observed in the alcohol or paraquat-fed group. Lipid droplet and cell swelling in the hepatocytes were observed in alcohol-fed guinea pig, especially Mallory's hyaline arounded hepatic vein. In the paraquat-fed guinea pig, lipid droplet, pyknosis and karyolysis were observed. When alcohol or paraquat was combined with selenium-fed, hyperplasia of Kupffer cell in liver were observed. However, the mean ALT, $\gamma$-GTP, Cho, BUN, TB, TP, albumin and globulin values were lower in groups given the combination of alcohol and/or paraquat plus selenium, compared with groups given alcohol and/or paraquat. Also, the ratio of liver weight to body weight and ALP values(exception of paraquat plus selenium group) were increased by selenium. These results suggest that an adequate selenium confers marked protection against alcohol and paraquat-induced hepatotoxicity.

수종 함정의 저수탱크 및 식수의 오염실태에 관한 조사

박상철 ( Sang Chul Park ) 국군의무사령부 1979 대한군진의학학술지 Vol.10 No.1

1917년 러시아 혁명과 마르토프

박상철 ( Sang Chul Park ) 호남사학회 2007 역사학연구 Vol.31 No.-

제1차 세계대전 시기 러시아 농촌과 ‘금주법’

박상철 ( Sang Chul Park ) 한국서양사연구회(구 서울대학교 서양사연구회) 2019 서양사연구 Vol.0 No.61

When World War I broke out, the Russian government banned liquor sales for efficient military mobilization. On August 22, 1914, Emperor Nicolas II extended the ban on vodka until the end of the war. Under the October 13 law, whether to prohibit the sale of other liquor was subject to the local self-government's decision. This system of abstinence, especially the ban on vodka, was based on the belief that the Tsar should protect peasants from intoxication and the resulting economic bankruptcy. Most Russian peasants adapted relatively easily, accepting a ban on vodka sale in the patriotic atmosphere of Russian society. In early period of the war, Russian peasants used their money saved to buy goods to improve their lives and agriculture. In addition, they not only faithfully paid their various taxes and public payments, but they also paid off their debts and saved a lot of money in banks. The fact that Russian peasants bought a number of “goods” suggests that these goods could fill some voids of state vodka in urban-rural trade. Peasants also continued to sell certain grains to the market for various taxes, public payments, debt repayments and savings. Thus, linking the ban on vodka directly to the food crisis and the resulting mass revolution in the major cities is an over-the-top logical leap. At the same time, Russian peasants were affected by changes in the overall social atmosphere. As a result, the early patriotic atmosphere gradually subsided, the government’s and even the emperor's authority was tarnished, and the moral guilt of the peasants for violating the dry law must have been reduced. In fact, it was virtually impossible to force Russian peasants to abstain from drinking for a long time. In rural areas, however, there were fewer violations of dry law than in cities, and Russian peasants drank different kinds of alcoholic beverages. They preferred moonshine, which spread rapidly in Siberia, Belorussia, and Ural areas from the late 1915. In some areas moonshine industry developed beyond the control of the police by the February Revolution. On the other hand, the production of moonshine was less developed in central and northern European Russia. With this regional difference, the production of moonshine had continued to spread in rural Russia since 1915, which led to a rapid increase in the number of cases caught by authorities. It means that the local authorities had been fighting hard to curb the spread of moonshine. Therefore, as the activities of authorities diminished after the February revolution, the violations of the dry law became more serious and frequent.

권력구조의 개헌쟁점과 민주주의 논쟁

박상철(Park Sang Chul) 한국정치정보학회 2008 정치정보연구 Vol.11 No.1

헌법상 권력구조 제ㆍ개정 문제는 국가의 통치원리에 대한 민주주의의 이념적 성찰을 필요로 한다. 제헌헌법부터 전혀 다른 민주주의 이념에 바탕을 둔 내각제와 대통령제를 동시에 규정하면서 한국헌법은 처음부터 권력구조와 정부형태의 이데올로기적 가치를 무시하는 헌정사적 전통을 갖게 되었다. 한국헌법사는 권력구조부문의 헌법개정시 헌법적 근거에 대한 인식, 즉 헌법제정권력에 의해 창조된 헌법이 모든 국가권력의 원천이라는 기본적 관념이 뿌리내리지 못한 역사였다. 한국헌법의 권력구조와 정부형태가 민주주의 원리에 대한 논쟁과 국민적 토론과정에서 재정립되는 계기가 이제라도 마련되어야 한다. 그것이 바로 헌법개정과 민주주의에 대한 논쟁이다. 정치적 민주주의에 있어서 정부형태로서의 대통령제와 내각제 논쟁은 다수제민주주의와 협의제민주주의의 논쟁과 직결된다. 현행헌법에는 제헌헌법부터 야기되어온 개헌시 국가통치원리의 왜곡, 반입헌주의적 흔적이 상당부문 축적되어 있다. 헌법의 규범력과 생명력을 유지하려면 헌법개정은 불가피하다. 한국헌법에서 민주주의의 미발달문제는 헌법상 권력구조 즉 정부형태에 대한 확신과 전통의 결여에서 비롯되어지는 측면이 강하기 때문에 권력구조의 정상화에 대한 정치적ㆍ사회적ㆍ국민적 합의가 절실하다. 요컨대 4년중임 대통령령제로의 헌법개정은 한국정치에서 권력구조의 이데올로기 및 헌정사적 문제점과 현행헌법의 5년짜리 권력을 둘러싼 정치적 악순환의 고리를 동시에 끊는 것으로서, 정치권력이 한국사회의 변화와 발전의 원동력이 되는 신기원을 가져올 수도 있다. In the establishment of the Constitution, a draft constitution had been deteriorated in the political leadership struggle. The parliamentary cabinet system had turned into a presidential government on the insistence of Seung-Man, Rhee, the first President of the republic of Korea. It can't say too much that the history of the constitution of th republic of Korea had been changed by the political power coalesced without policy agreement. Hereafter, the hot debating between the majoritarian democracy and the consensual democracy is all efforts to have democracy take deep roosts in the constitutional principles. The existing constitution has been amended by nation's right of resistance and the mutual agreement of the Government - the Opposition party. But the five year single presidential term caused us realizing the limitations of the constitutional democracy. The amendment for the four year reelected presidential term means to the normalization of the constitution. Now the constitutional amendment could not fulfill by the politician, but a scholar of constitutions and a expert in public affairs for ending a the history of political power coalesced without agreement.

서유럽 및 구소련 간 천연가스 무역 및 계약에 관한 연구

박상철 ( Sang Chul Park ) 한독경상학회 2016 經商論叢 Vol.34 No.2

냉전체제하 서유럽과 구소련은 상이한 정치 및 경제체제를 유지하면서 상호 경쟁과 대립을 반복하여왔다. 동시에 양 진영 사이에 체제 간 갈등이 존재함에도 불구하고 상호협력관계를 구축하기 위한 노력도 병행하였다. 대표적인 것이 구소련의 천연가스가 동유럽을 경유하여 서유럽국가로 1970년대 이후 수출되기 시작하였다. 이처럼 양 진영이 상이한 체제 간 차이점을 극복하고 전 산업의 기초자원인 에너지자원을 교역할 수 있었던 이유는 정치 및 경제적 필요성이 절실하였고 이를 통하여 상호 윈-윈 할 수 있었기 때문이다. 특히 상호 상이한 체제, 장거리수송, 기술적 장벽, 대규모 자본투자 등을 극복하기 위해서는 양 진영의 적합한 계약관계 설정이 매우 중요하였다. 본 논문은 1970년 서유럽의 지속적인 경제성장을 위해서 필수적인 안정적인 에너지공급을 위하여 정치 및 경제적 체제를 극복하고 구소련의 천연가스를 대규모로 수입할 수 있었던 양 진영의 근본적인 정책적 전환, 전략, 이유와 원인 등을 심층적으로 분석한 것이다. 또한 현재 진행 중인 동북아시아에서 러시아와 에너지협력이 가능한지에 대한 시사점도 조사 및 분석하였다. Under the Cold War, Western Europe and the Soviet Union maintaining their own political and economic systems had exercised mutual competition and confrontation continuously. At the same time, two parties tried to build a platform for cooperative relations mutually despite the fact of existing conflicts between the two blocs. As a represent example, the natural gas from the Soviet Union started to be exported to Western Europe in the early 1970s. The reason why the basic energy resource could be traded between the two blocs having different political economic systems was that they needed each other in terms of politics and economies and could gain profits in both sides through the energy trade. It was so called a win-win deal for both parties. Particularly, it was extremely important for both parties to set up a proper contact in order to overcome all hurdles such as different political and economic systems, long distance transport, technological barriers, vast capital investment etc. This paper analyzes in-dept what are reasons, strategies, policy transformations in the both party for trading natural gas in a large scale by overcoming differences of political and economic systems that was absolutely essential for the further economic growth in the 1970s in Western Europe. Additionally, it surveys and analyzes possibilities and implications for energy cooperation between East Asian countries and Russia that are in discussion at present.

Interconvertible Nucleotidylylation Bicyclic Cascade 를 통한 Glutamine Synthetase 의 생합성 및 효소활성의 병행적 조절

박상철 ( Sang Chul Park ) 한국생화학분자생물학회 (구 한국생화학회) 1986 생화학총설집 Vol.1 No.-