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先進諸國의「G.S.P」制度動向分析과 輪出마아케팅 戰略에 관한 硏究
朴炳鉉 群山大學校 1984 論文集 Vol.7 No.-
After the 1972 session of UNCTAD, the scheme of the G.S.P. has come to stay. By the efforts of UNCTAD, the developed and developing countries agreed, in 1970, on "the establishment of Generalized, Non-discriminatory, Non-reciprocal preferential treatment to exports of developing countries in the markets of developed countries." At first, the System was implemented by the European Community(E.C) in July 1971, Japan in August 1971, Nordic countries in January 1972, Canada in July 1974, U.S. in January 1976 and a number of Socialist Countries in 1972. But the Generalized System of Preferences (G.S.P.) which had been perceived as a new direction to the equitable sharing in international trade has not operated as desired by all the developing countries. Of course, from the initiating stage of the G.S.P., the scheme was never thought to be a panacea for solving all the complex problems of economic development. Nevertheless, the developed countries considered it an important new step toward helping the developing countries help themselves. The main function of preferences should be to provide an open framework for developing countries' participation in world trade of manufactures on an indefinite basis. Such an open framework is necessary for long-term movement of resources; the developing countries are commonly saddled with trade barriers in industrial countries as soon as they begin to develop competitive exports. Thus current debate on the role of manufacturing sectors in New International Economic Order is already tending towards polarization. The basic question to be discussed in this paper is whether the preferential treatment schemes, as presently envisioned, are capable of successfully achieving the goal of a more just and equitable distribution of the world's resources and the benefits of industrial development. As already noted, the primary objective of the G.S.P. is to expand exports of the developing countries by offering them preferential tariffs. Hence the G.S.P. will only assist in exporting goods subject to duty. Goods already admitted duty free by the developed countries, especially agricultural commodities and industrial raw materials by definition fall outside the scope of the G.S.P. or any preferential tariff program. Added with this, the term "manufactured and semi-manufactured products" (to which the G.S.P. applies) has been interpreted by the developed countries to mean manufactured industrial products. Thus, processed agricultural and fishery products have been excluded from the G.S.P. generally; such products account for 14 percent of beneficiary trade with the developed countries. After excluding duty free and agricultural goods, we find that the developing countries' export of manufactured goods potentially eligible for G.S.P. tariff treatment account for only one-fourth of their trade with the developed countries. Moreover, a real G.S.P. has not come into effect because the developed countries have been unable to agree on one uniform preferential scheme. Instead, each donor country (or trade bloc) has implemented its own scheme so that at the present time eleven different schemes are in operation which differ in terms of beneficiary developing countries, product coverage, the depth of the tariff cuts, safeguards, and rules of origin. At the same time, while the application of protectionist measures in the United States is circumscribed by legislation, in Western Europe as well as in Japan, protectionism often takes the form of discretionary measures by national governments. Viewed with this circumstance mentioned above, it goes without saying that even America which has been playing a important role for the free-trade fortress since President, Roosevelt in 1930s has transformed her past attitude into the disguise and come not only to build her Import Barrier more highly but also to do a cut-policy without scruple for her G.S.P. against L.D.Cs including Korea. Furthermore, we are, resulted from those environment, afraid whether these international trade condition would be a interest in the Beneficiary Developing Countries headed by our country in the passive aspect or turn us (or L.D.Cs) into a struggle for the Export Markets with Japan & E.C. in order to give impetus to their curtailment-drive against G.S.P. in the positive aspect. Judging such a thing from the foregoing view-point, I will name, in this preface, the complemental main-factors to meet with those situation as a counter-measurement one by one as follows. 1) Enhancing positively the Civil & Government negotiation with donor countries concern for utilizing G.S.P. 2) Stepping up the practical useful rate for the G.S.P. items more than other L.D.Cs. 3) Studying thoroughly on the country-rules of origin.
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박병현,박승희,서정환,고명환,정경호 대한재활의학회 2015 Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine Vol.39 No.4
Objective To investigate neuroradiological and neurophysiological characteristics of patients with dyskinetic cerebral palsy (CP), by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), voxel-based morphometry (VBM), diffusion tensor tractography (DTT), and motor evoked potential (MEP). Methods Twenty-three patients with dyskinetic CP (13 males, 10 females; mean age 34 years, range 16-50 years) were participated in this study. Functional evaluation was assessed by the Gross Motor Functional Classification System (GMFCS) and Barry-Albright Dystonia Scale (BADS). Brain imaging was performed on 3.0 Tesla MRI, and volume change of the grey matter was assessed using VBM. The corticospinal tract (CST) and superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) were analyzed by DTT. MEPs were recorded in the first dorsal interossei, the biceps brachii and the deltoid muscles. Results Mean BADS was 16.4±5.0 in ambulatory group (GMFCS levels I, II, and III; n=11) and 21.3±3.9 in non-ambulatory group (GMFCS levels IV and V; n=12). Twelve patients showed normal MRI findings, and eleven patients showed abnormal MRI findings (grade I, n=5; grade II, n=2; grade III, n=4). About half of patients with dyskinetic CP showed putamen and thalamus lesions on MRI. Mean BADS was 20.3±5.7 in normal MRI group and 17.5±4.0 in abnormal MRI group. VBM showed reduced volume of the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus. In DTT, no abnormality was observed in CST, but not in SLF. In MEPs, most patients showed normal central motor conduction time. Conclusion These results support that extrapyramidal tract, related with basal ganglia circuitry, may be responsible for the pathophysiology of dyskinetic CP rather than CST abnormality.
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중재적 심장 시술후 발생한 대퇴동맥 가성동맥류의 색체 도플러 초음파 유도 직접압박법을 이용한 치험 1예
박병현,최창수,장근영,유남진,오석규,정진원,박양규,박옥규 한국심초음파학회 2000 Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging (J Cardiovasc Im Vol.8 No.1
Vascular complications such as hematoma, pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula that occur after intracoronary or intracardiac procedures are responsible for considerable morbidity and some mortality. Iatrogenic aneurysms are usually postcatheterization pseudoaneurysms of the femoral artery. Nowadays, it is not uncommon as a consequence of more complex interventional procedures, larger catheters and prolonged anticoagulation treatment. Surgical repair has been mainstay of treatment for pseudoaneurysm. However, recently has it been shown that color Doppler ultrasound-guided direct, noninvasive compression of the pseudoaneurysm stops the blood flow in the communication and lead to pseudoaneurysm clotting and obliteration. We report a case of pseudoaneurysm in femoral artery, which was developed at the right inguinal puncture site in 74 year old male patient with myocardial infarction who had received continuous intravenous infusion of heparin and had undergone primary percutaneous coronary angioplasty and temporary pacemaker insertion treated successfully with color Doppler ultrasound guided direct compression. 저자들은 심근경색증이 있어 heparin을 정맥투여하고 경피적 관동맥성형술 및 stent 삽입, 일시적 심박동 조율기를 삽입한 74세 남자환자에서 발생한 대퇴동맥 가성동맥류를 색체 도플러 초음파 유도하 직접 압박법으로 성공적으로 치료하였기에 보고하는 바이다.
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