巴金의 항전삼부작《불》연구

朴蘭英 中國語文硏究會 1993 中國語文論叢 Vol.6 No.-

巴金의 《추운 밤》의 현실주의 연구

朴蘭英 中國語文硏究會 1992 中國語文論叢 Vol.5 No.-

巴金無政府主義再探

朴蘭英 中國語文硏究會 1998 中國語文論叢 Vol.15 No.-

《婦女雜誌》를 통해 본 20세기 초 중국여성

朴蘭英 한국중국소설학회 2014 中國小說論叢 Vol.43 No.-

This paper attempts to analyze articles featured in 《Women’s Magazine》 through private and public perspectives. Studying writings of feminists emphasizing the role of women in private spheres represented by the ideology of ‘good wife and wise mother’ and others, who stress upon their role in public spheres, can be effective for understanding the main issues for women at the time. Although politics is within the realms of public sphere, this paper will focus on the discussion of women’s occupation which becomes the fundamental basis for independence of women. During the period when the ‘good wife and wise mother’ ideology was mainstream, many papers introduced the physiological difference between men and women. Although Zhang Xichen, an editor during the times of feminism, did not want to comply with the notion of dividing men and women by psychological and physiological difference, he argued that the dark side of feminist movements can be represented by women of third sex, who celebrate single life, abandon motherhood and live only for pleasure and happiness when they can finally become independent. In this perspective, he criticizes women movements that discard women’s natural sexual duty, motherhood, and the sacred act of reproduction to become like men. Articles that underlined physiological features of women, such as those of Zhang Xichen, came to advocate motherhood and, ultimately, the ‘good wife and wise mother’ ideology. The argument that women needs to find jobs that are suitable for women comes from the theory rooted in the old saying, “men take cares of outdoor work while women take cares of the inside work”, which meant women are fit for household work and should not step outside the door because of the duties of childbearing and nursing. This naturally led to the theory that women are fit for household labor. However, when women are seen as a confident human instead of as an image of ‘good wife and wise mother’, the role of woman can expand. What are needed these days are not women depending on their father and husband but independent women of will. The first reason for economic independence is, of course, the need for food as a human being. However, as cultural activity is also expected as humans, psychological or physiological work depending on one’s capability can satisfy one’s cultural needs. Not only is work needed for living, it is also a way of finding meaning in life. Therefore, work is human’s right and duty. If work were to be restricted depending on gender, it would be out of anachronism.

중일전쟁 시기 巴金의 전쟁관

박난영 수원대학교 국어국문학회 2005 畿甸語文學 Vol.17 No.-

바진(巴金) 단편소설에 나타난 사회적 약자에 대한 연민과 희생정신

박난영 水原大學校 2016 論文集 Vol.30 No.-

As the writer who calls himself the child of May 4th, Ba Jin is considered to be an author who has been influenced deeply by Western literature. His short stories, which amount to about a hundred, indicate this tendency, resonating the thoughts of Maupassant, Pushkin, Chekhov, Gorky, Sand, and more. He contrasts those who are oppressed and others who rule. Instead of evoking anger against the privileged, Ba Jin asks the reader to explore humanity's inclination to sympathize, so that the reader can love his or her fellow countryman. Sometimes, he criticizes the privileged who practice evil, but only when it is necessary. Since the privileged are also human, they are viewed as ones also deserving sympathy. Thus, this paper delves into the main themes of Ba Jin’s short stories written before the New China establishment. First, summaries of his short stories are outlined in the order they were written. Then, this paper presents how the overarching theme of Ba Jin’s works, the sacrificial spirit and sympathy for minority groups, is embodied in the selected short stories.

巴金의 항전삼부작 《불》과 한국인

박난영 중국어문학회 2003 中國語文學誌 Vol.14 No.-

本文對巴金作品中具體描寫?了韓國人?政府主導者活?的《火》中登場的朝鮮人竝行考査, 通速調査巴金對朝鮮人敍述和朝鮮人對巴金的敍述, 考査作家的超越國界, 全人類一家的理想在其生活和作品中是如何反映的. 巴金??, 在初期作品中登場的革命家社大心, 敏等利用恐怖主導的革命方式, 從理念上而言, 恐怖主導不是?政府主導革命的有效方式, 但對他們的犧牲情神結予了高度評价. 對于在《火》第1部中登場的朝鮮人革命家, 對他們的行動的正當性却似乎抱有更加?堅定的信念. ?然恐怖活動有其局限, 但在巴金的作品中, 《火》可以說是作家的?政府主導理想여社會現實之間差距最小的作品. 1930年代初, 在??其?政府主導理念集大成的《?資本主導安那其主導》中, 巴金曾主張通?工會??工追求社會革命的工團主導, 但在1920年代以后, 中國勞動界主??已經被工商主導者所掌握, 因此, 喪失了在現實中實踐自己理念的場所, 被理想여現實的差距所困?. 但是, 在中日戰爭時期的抗?中, ?種參여實現了對壓迫的反抗?種?政府主導者基本信念여當時社會情況結合, 所以作品也帶上了?現的情緖. 他在 《?亡》描寫了杜大心的死使戒?司令?得了巨額金錢, 但在《火》第1部中, 在他們的暗示活動之后, 日本牢失去了得力走狗, 知道了上海人的心是?法征服的, 以此点綴結尾. 這也可以?系當時韓國所?的時代情形병行解釋. 由于日本帝國主導的强制合幷, 失去了國家的韓國民族??, 在地理上?近, 文化上具有同質性, 政治上有相似之外的中國?展抗日斗爭??有利. 其中, 對日本帝國主導結予直接打?的恐怖活動也是重要的斗爭手段之一. ?政府主導者的恐怖活動可以??政府主導理念中獲得其正當性, 特別是1930年組建幷在?內병行斗爭的南?韓人靑年聯盟的活動, 在韓國獨立活動史上具有重要地位. 原來的?政府主導是追求世界主導的社會主導思潮中的一種. 因此, 超越民族和國界的國際性聯合是?政府主導運動的主要特色. 但是, 20-40年代在?韓人?政府主導者的斗爭把民族解放的課題置于?級斗爭之上. 這是緣于"亡國"這一?境, 巴禁通촌?여他們的交流, 理解他們的?境, 通?小說和散文??支持抗日聯合, 祝愿他們??回失去的自由. 這?一來, 立場?然相互不同, 但超越國界, 實踐世界全人類都示兄弟的理念而形成?竝?政府主導者聯合的過程, 對他們而言, 不能不說是自然的生活面貌.

바진의 《수상록(隨想錄)》과 일본영화 《망향(望鄕)》

박난영 한국중국소설학회 2019 中國小說論叢 Vol.58 No.-

The second book of Ba Jin’s Essays, the compilation of 5 books, is titled “Investigation.” Here, investigation can be categorized into two: investigation of the author’s self and the investigation of an intellectual about social problems. The self-investigation starts from the question, “who am I?” Ba Jin’s answer to this question is that he is an author, one who writes. He did not become a writer to start a literary career, but he writes to investigate, to save humanity and the world, and also to find a path to save himself. Ba Jin had been asking himself, “How can I live a better life? How can I become a better person? How can I contribute to the nation, society, and the people?” In 1978, Nostalgia, a Japanese movie was released. Inspired by the commotion caused by the movie in the Chinese society, he wrote the first essay of the “Essays.” Nostalgia portrays the perverse way of how Japanese government accumulated capital, by selling women from the end of the 19th century to the early 20th century, through the devastating story of Ozaki, who was sold to Southeast Asia as a prostitute because of her destitute condition. The movie also shows through the life of Karayuki Sang that the low class of Japanese laborers also endured the same destiny, similar to the Southeast Asian people who suffered under the Japanese colonial powers. The life of Ozaki is not only a life of an individual but also a prototype of the Japanese society during those times. After watching the movie that reported the most shameful fragment of the modern Japanese history, Ba Jin also repents how he lied to save his life during the Cultural Revolution and criticizes the totalitarianism in the Chinese society. The significance of the Investigation lies in the start of the independent and critical view of the past by a Chinese intellectual, when so many had closed their mouths due to political pressures that amounted after the New China arrived. Inspired by the Nostalgia, Ba Jin continued to explore the overall theme of his works, the empathy for the weak and the criticism against the social structure that fails to account for them, in the Investigation as well. 다섯 권으로 이루어진 바진의 《수상록》의 첫 번째 제목은 《탐색집》이다. 여기서 탐색이란 작가 자신에 대한 탐색과 사회문제에 관한 지식인의 탐색으로 나눌 수 있다. 자신에 대한 탐색은 “나는 누구인가”라는 질문에서 출발한다. 이 질문에 대해 바진이 《탐색집》에서 내놓은 답은 작가, 글쓰는 사람이다. 그는 작가가 되고 싶어서 등단한 것이 아니라, 그저 탐색하기 위해, 인간과 세상을 구원하고 자신도 구원할 길을 찾기 위해서 글을 쓴다. “어떻게 해야 더 나은 삶을 살 수 있을까, 어떻게 해야 더 나은 사람이 될 것인가, 어떻게 해야 나라, 사회, 인민에게 공헌할 수 있을 것인가?”를 고민해온 바진은 1978년 일본영화 《망향》이 상영되면서 당시 중국 사회에서 벌어진 《망향》에 대한 논란을 보고 《수상록》의 첫 번째 글을 쓰기 시작하게 된다. 《망향》은 19세기 말 20세기 초기에 가난 때문에 동남아로 팔려가 창기가 된 오자끼(ozaki)의 비참한 삶을 통해 당시 일본정부가 여성을 판매하는 수단으로 자본을 축적하는 죄악을 고발하고 있다. 영화는 가라유끼상(karayuki sang)의 삶을 통해 당시 동남아 각국 인민이 일본군국주의의 침입을 받는 동시에 일본 하층 노동자들 역시 똑같은 운명을 겪고 있음을 보여준다. 오자끼의 일생은 한 사람의 일생일 뿐 아니라 당시 일본 사회의 축소판이기도 하다. 일본 근대사의 가장 수치스런 부분을 고발한 이 영화를 보고 바진은 문화대혁명 시기 자신의 생명을 보전하기 위해 거짓을 말한 자신에 대한 참회로부터 중국 사회의 전제주의를 비판하고 있다. 《수상록》의 의의는 신중국 성립 후 수십년간 이어진 정치운동 가운데 말을 잃어버린 중국의 지식인이 독립적 사고를 회복하고 역사의 진상을 말하기 시작했다는 데 있다. 《망향》으로부터 촉발되어 씌어진 《수상록》은 바진의 모든 작품에 깔려있는 주제, 즉 약자에 대한 연민과 그 약자가 살아가는 사회제도의 구조에 대한 비판을 통합적으로 드러낸 것이다.

신채호와 巴金의 아나키즘과 반전사상

박난영 한국중국현대문학학회 2006 中國現代文學 Vol.0 No.38

Shin Chae ho and Ba Jin’s Anarchism and an anti-war ideology

巴金, 开启朝向世界的窗口

박난영 한국중국언어문화연구회 2012 한중언어문화연구 Vol.- No.30

After Ba Jin publicly announced that he became an anarchist at age 15, he bonded with numerous anarchists all over the world through exchanging letters, directly interacting with them in France, and translating and publishing anarchism books. At the time, Ba Jin was largely influenced by revolutionists such as Herzen, Kropotkin, Bakunin and Vanzetti rather than authors.He did not translate their publications for only literary purposes but saw the process as a valuable resource for developing his character. Hence, he may have dreamed of borderless interaction among humanity because he was open to the whole world. Having mastered English, French, German, Russian, Spanish, Japanese, and Esperanto, Ba Jin translated various pieces of work which covered vast spheres including literature, philosophy and social science. His work had a consistent theme of sympathizing with the hardships of people and supported their struggle. Anarchism, narodnism of Russia, and French Revolution are the main factors that impacted the formation of Ba Jin’s ideology. This paper will discuss the correlation between Russian and French theorists who largely influenced Ba Jin, while also examining his relation with fellow northeast Asians, Korean and Japanese intellectuals, whom he frequently interacted with. Anarchism is a ideological movement developed by philosophers around the world, which makes it difficult to differentiate national characteristics. Ba Jin’s political development is an evidential case of the internationality of anarchism. Because the ultimate ideal of this ideology is for all mankind to enjoy free and equal life, anarchists aim to practice global solidarity in their daily lives. Ba Jin’s life and literature are appropriate illustrations of this belief.