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박근환 ( Park¸ Geunhwan ) 서울대학교 국사학과 2023 한국사론 Vol.69 No.-
This study tries to analyze the principle of fiscal system during the fifteenth-century Chosŏn dynasty. Via such analysis, my intention was on proving that the Choyongjo(租庸調) system, which consisted of the land tax(田稅), corvée(徭役) and the tax in kind(貢物), has not yet been established when Chosŏn dynasty was founded in 1392. Rather, Choyongjo system was a result of the subdivision of the tax system which was done in the mid-15th century. In fifteenth-century Chosŏn dynasty, fallow farming was still dominant in the central and northern region of the Korean Peninsula. As it was difficult to maintain the fiscal system solely with grain, tax in kind had to be collected in the form of head tax. To collect the tax in kind, the government organized an adequate number of people into the household(戶). Around year 1432, the government organized approximately 200,000 households and 1,600,000 kyŏl(結) of land, setting the average scale of land per one household to precisely 8 kyŏl. 0.6 million out of 1.6 million kyŏl of land, was registered as ‘non-arable land(荒遠田)’ for basis of levying the tax in kind. The rest of land, about 1 million kyŏl, was registered as ‘arable land(起耕田)’. Until the early 15th century, the grain and the tax in kind were not mutually exclusive type of taxes, for they both belonged to the land tax. When Kongppŏp(貢法) was implemented in the mid-fifteenth century, the grain tax was separated from the tax in kind and was established as the land tax. Also, after the household system reform during the reign of Sejo, the government made a rule that each 8 kyŏl of land assign a representative who is responsible for paying the tax in kind. Through Kongppŏp and the household system reform, Choyongjo system was established, in which the grain was imposed on land and the tax in kind was imposed on households. Subdividing the tax into several items enabled the stable management of fiscal system in Chosŏn dynasty.
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청년층의 비정규직 취업결정요인 : 도구변수를 활용한 네트워크 효과 분석
홍지훈 ( Gihoon Hong ),박근환 ( Geunhwan Park ) 한국경제통상학회 2018 경제연구 Vol.36 No.3
This paper examines the effect of networks as a determinant of temporary employment status in the labor market. We use Korean data from Youth Panel 2007 in order to focus on the network effects on young workers who are newly employed between 2008 and 2016. After addressing the endogeneity issue associated with the decision to participate in networks through the instrumental variables method, we find that the use of social networks in the job search process decreases (increases) the probability of obtaining regular (temporary) employment by 12% points. The adverse effect of networks on the labor market outcomes could be a result of congestion effect that may arise as the size of network gets larger. The result offers some useful policy implications as it suggests the labor market tightness as defined by the ratio of vacancy creation and unemployment rates is quite loose for young workers in Korea, possibly due to the prolonged youth unemployment in the nation.
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김소영 ( Soyoung Kim ),박근환 ( Geunhwan Park ),심승규 ( Seung-gyu Sim ),홍지훈 ( Gihoon Hong ) 한국여성경제학회 2018 여성경제연구 Vol.15 No.3
본 연구는 성별 교육 기회의 불평등의 원인을 탐구하고 지속가능한 경제성장의 관점에서 성별 교육불평등이 갖는 기회비용을 실증적으로 추정하고자 한다. 먼저 Barro and Lee Educational Attainment Data를 근거로 성별 교육격차는 초등학교 수준에서 가장 크게 나타나지만 점차 감소하여 대학교 수준에서 사라지는 경향이 존재함을 확인하였으며 이를 근거로 교육 투자와 관련한 가구 내 주인-대리인 문제를 성별 교육불균형의 원인으로 식별하였다. 성별 교육수준의 불평등이 야기하는 기회비용을 추정하기 위하여 2010년 기준 144개 국가를 대상으로 실증분석을 시행한 결과, 성별 교육불평등이 전통적 개념의 경제성장지표에는 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 반면 경제발전과 관련된 대안적 지표라 할 수 있는 영아사망률, 기대수명, 인간개발지수 및 환경성과지수에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 여성의 교육 투자가 인적자본 및 임금의 증가로 나타나는 사적 혜택을 넘어 지속가능한 성장과 삶의 질에 긍정적인 영향을 주는 외부경제를 유발하고 있음을 함축하고 있다는 점에서 중요한 정책적 시사점을 제공한다. In this study, we explore the causes of the educational gender gap that is prevalent in developing countries and estimate the economic costs of the gender inequality in educational attainment on economic development. Based on a descriptive analysis on the Barro and Lee Educational Attainment Data, we first identify the intra-household principal-agent problem as the main driving force of the gender gap in educational investment. In order to estimate the opportunity costs associated with the gender inequality in educational attainment, we construct cross sectional data on various measures of economic development for 144 countries in 2010. The results from regression analysis suggest that the gender inequality has no discernable effect on the traditional measure of economic growth. In contrast, we find that a rise in gender inequality in educational investment has statistically significant detrimental impacts on various alternative measures of economic growth such as infant mortality, life expectancy, Human Development Index and Environment Performance Index. The result offers important policy insights in that investment in women’s education is associated with substantial external benefits in terms of achieving sustainable growth and improving the standard of life.
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