토지거래규제와 등기 -토지거래 간접규제로서의 인감증명제도 개편논의-

박광동 한국토지법학회 2011 土地法學 Vol.27 No.1

인감증명제도는 1914년 인감증명규칙을 통해 시행된 이래 약 100년 동안 토지거래간접규제로서의 역할 뿐만 아니라, 국가가 사인에 대하여 후견적 지위에서 인감 자체의 동일성 증명 및 거래당사자의 주체의 진정성 확보와 거래의사의 확인을 위한 자료로서 중요한 역할을 수행하여 왔다. 현재까지 사적거래계에 대한 과도한 행정규제라는 문제뿐만 아니라 국민들의 재산상 피해발생의 원인 제공 등에 의한 이유로 지속적으로 인감증명제도에 대한 제도개선이 이루어졌다. 그러나 제도의 개선만으로는 한계에 이르게 되어 국민들도 인감증명제도 대체안의 필요성을 점차 인식하게 되었다. 이에 정부에서는 인감증명제도를 대체할 제도로서 본인서명사실확인 등에 관한 제도를 구상하게 되었고, 이에 대한 법률적인 기반을 조성하기 위해 본인서명사실확인 등에 관한 법률(안)을 입법예고하였다. 본인서명사실확인제도는 공증 등 사적거래의 신뢰성 확보방안이 정착되기 전까지 운영되는 한시적 제도로서, ①민원인이 확인청 방문 → ②신분확인 후 전자패드에 서명 → ③본인서명사실확인서 발급(확인청) → ④인감증명서 대신 활용의 절차로 진행된다. 동 제도는 대리인에 의한 신청·발급이 금지되고 본인이 직접 확인청에 가야 하므로 대리인에 의한 인감증명서 발급이 가능한 인감증명제도에 비해 국민적 불편이 발생할 수 있다. 이러한 문제에 대처하기 위해, ①재외국민, 국내거소신고자(재외국민, 외국국적동포), 외국인 등, ②수감자, ③군복무자, ④거동불능자 등에 대해서는 어느 정도의 대책이 수립되었으나, 일반인이 직접 확인청 방문이 어려운 경우에 대한 문제는 여전히 남게 되어, 정부에서는 전자정부정책의 정책적 결정 및 국민편의 증진의 목적으로 전자본인서명확인제도를 도입하게 되었다. 전자본인서명확인제도는 ①사용자의 사전이용 신청(최초 1회, 확인청 방문) → ② 민원인이 정부사이트(민원24) 접속 → ③공인인증서로 본인 확인 → ④확인서 작성 → ⑤전자서명 → ⑥수요기관이 온라인상으로 확인 후 민원 처리라는 절차로 진행된다. 그러나 문제는 사용자의 사전이용 신청을 확인청에서 하도록 되어 있어 또 다른 행정규제로 볼 수 있고, 특히 등기신청 중에 전자등기소를 이용하는 경우에는 동일한 절차를 전자등기소에서 다시 해야한다는 측면에서 절차의 중복성 문제를 제기할 수 있다. 다만, 현재 동 제도를 시행하게 된다면 잠정적으로는 이용자 사전 등록절차를 운영할 필요가 있으나, 일정한 여건을 갖춘 후에는 이용자 사전등록절차를 폐지하는 방안이 필요하다. 그리고 양자의 공통적인 문제로는 부동산관련 사용용도란의 구성문제로서, 가능하다면 단순하게 부동산 매도와 기타로 구분하는 방안이 합리적이라고 생각하며, 등기와의 관계에 있어서도 현행 인감증명제도가 사용되는 부분에 본인서명사실확인 등에 관한 제도가 사용될 것이지만, 특히 전자본인서명확인서는 민원24포털에서 수요청이 직접 확인하도록 되어 있기 때문에 부동산디지털등기신청의 경우에는 전자본인서명확인서를 전자등기소상에서 정보공유를 통한 자동첨부가 가능하도록 하는 방안도 고려할 필요가 있다. Since the seal certification system was enforced in 1914 through the seal impression certificate Rule, it has played an important role during 100 years thereafter as data for certifying the identity of a certificate itself in a nation's tutelary position on a private seal and securing the authenticity of a transaction party as a main body and confirming any transaction decision as well as a role of an indirect regulation on any land transaction. Until now, the seal impression certificate system has been continuously improved because of some problems due to the provision of causes to generate damage to the people's property as well as the severe administrative regulation on private transaction system. However, since only its improvement reaches a limit, the people has been gradually aware of any necessity for the replacement of such seal impression certificate system. Thus, Korean government has considered introducing a signature verification system, etc. as a plan to replace the seal impression certificate system and put the legislative notice of the Act on the Signature Verification System, Etc. in order to prepare the legal basis about such replacement. The signature verification system is a temporary system which will be operated until any plan to secure the reliability of private transaction such as a notarial act, etc. gets firmly fixed. Since any application?issuance by proxy shall be prohibited and the person himself goes to a competent authority under the system, some public inconvenience may be happened rather than a seal impression certificate system in which a seal impression certificate by proxy can be issued. In order to deal with such problems, some measures for ① overseas Korean, domestic residence reporter (overseas Korean, foreign country citizenship Korean), foreigner. etc, ② prisoners, ③ military person, ④ non-behavior, etc. are established. However, since there remains continuously a problem in which it is difficult for a common people to visit directly any competent authority, Korean government comes to introduce a signature verification system for the purpose of making the policy decision of an electronic government plan and increasing public conveniences. However, since it has a problem in which a user's application for prior use shall be made in a competent authority, it may be deemed as another administrative regulation. Specially, in case of using an electronic registry during a registration application, the same procedure shall be again performed in the electronic registry. Thus, any procedural redundancy problem can be raised. In case of enforcing currently such system, it is necessary to operate tentatively a user prior registration procedure. However, in the event that some conditions are met, it is required to cancel the user prior registration procedure. Additionally, the common problem of both systems is the organizational problem of a part for an intended use relating to a real property. It is thought to be reasonable to divide simply real property sale and other parts as much as possible. Regarding the relation with the registration, the signature verification system, etc. can be used in a part in which current seal impression certificate system is used. Specially, since the electronic seal impression certificate shall be directly checked by a competent authority in a civil appeal 24 portal, it is necessary to consider a plan to attach automatically an electronic seal impression certificate through information sharing in an electronic registry in case of a real property digital registration application.

일본의 등기원인증명정보에 대한 현황과 그 고찰

박광동 한국민사법학회 2007 民事法學 Vol.37 No.-

부동산등기법의 개정방향에 관한 연구 -디지털(Digital)등기신청을 중심으로

박광동 한국법제연구원 2006 법제연구 Vol.- No.30

일본의 디지털(Digital)동산양도등기제도에 관한 고찰

박광동 한국법제연구원 2008 법제연구 Vol.- No.34

To activate fund-raising through movable property, Korea and Japan needed to establish a system for registration of movable property transfer. For the purpose, Japan has already established a special law for transfer of movable property and discussion about the establishment of such a law is currently underway in Korea. In the event that registration of movable property transfer comes into effect in Korea, digital registration of movable property transfer would take effect just as in Japan. As stated above, discussion about solutions of problems concerned with enforcement of digital registration of movable property transfer is currently underway in Japan. This suggests that Korea should also examine legal and legislative problems before introduction of digital registration of movable property transfer. In connection with it, some legal systems should be prepared. To be specific, a user of registration system should be introduced to secure the authenticity of the registering subject in the use of digital registration of movable property transfer, first of all. In the second place, the principle of application by the party concerned based on the principle of joint application details should be introduced to secure the authenticity of registration as well as digital seal and digital certification required for security of authenticity of documents in the use of digital documents to be followed as an inevitable consequence of the introduction of digital registration of movable property transfer. In the third place, in a way to protect registration information, details of registration should be classified. In the fourth place, the register should be compiled on the basis of transferer for precise public notice of the right, and fast and easy retrieval. Lastly, with reference to the change of a real right, unlike the existing system that the real right is changed with the declaration of intention and transfer of a real right, the real right for digital registration of movable property should be regarded as being changed only when the declaration of intention of a real right is matched with the application for registration. In the legislative aspect, the movable property transfer registration bill should have a provision of legal ground for digital registration of movable property, and enforcement rules should have detail provisions about it. To be specific, such rules should have provisions about keeping period of records, particulars to specify movable property, delivery method of application magnetic disc, items to be written on the application magnetic disc and application method for registration by electronic information processing system. To activate fund-raising through movable property, Korea and Japan needed to establish a system for registration of movable property transfer. For the purpose, Japan has already established a special law for transfer of movable property and discussion about the establishment of such a law is currently underway in Korea. In the event that registration of movable property transfer comes into effect in Korea, digital registration of movable property transfer would take effect just as in Japan. As stated above, discussion about solutions of problems concerned with enforcement of digital registration of movable property transfer is currently underway in Japan. This suggests that Korea should also examine legal and legislative problems before introduction of digital registration of movable property transfer. In connection with it, some legal systems should be prepared. To be specific, a user of registration system should be introduced to secure the authenticity of the registering subject in the use of digital registration of movable property transfer, first of all. In the second place, the principle of application by the party concerned based on the principle of joint application details should be introduced to secure the authenticity of registration as well as digital seal and digital certification required for security of authenticity of documents in the use of digital documents to be followed as an inevitable consequence of the introduction of digital registration of movable property transfer. In the third place, in a way to protect registration information, details of registration should be classified. In the fourth place, the register should be compiled on the basis of transferer for precise public notice of the right, and fast and easy retrieval. Lastly, with reference to the change of a real right, unlike the existing system that the real right is changed with the declaration of intention and transfer of a real right, the real right for digital registration of movable property should be regarded as being changed only when the declaration of intention of a real right is matched with the application for registration. In the legislative aspect, the movable property transfer registration bill should have a provision of legal ground for digital registration of movable property, and enforcement rules should have detail provisions about it. To be specific, such rules should have provisions about keeping period of records, particulars to specify movable property, delivery method of application magnetic disc, items to be written on the application magnetic disc and application method for registration by electronic information processing system.

법학전문대학원에서의 임상법학교육방법론

박광동 원광대학교 법학연구소 2008 圓光法學 Vol.24 No.1

The Clinical Education of Law will be introduced to harmonize the theory of the law with the practical business of the law in the law school from January 1. 2009. It is a hot issue which of the two is more emphasized. If they must be differentiated in the course of law-school, the theory of the law should be emphasized. It is only the issue how the relation of the two should be thaught with a new angle on the problem. It is necessary to study the depth and range of the two subject matters through the methodology on the Education of the law. At the same time it is promoted, the whole process of lawsuits needs to be divided to the course before the suit, under the suit and after the suit. In the case the course should be divided to the case in which it is needed to progress the suits with the high level of the knowledge and performance about the suits and the case in which it is possible to assist. It is made it possible for the students of the law school to take part in the progress of the suits eagerly when the suit is not launched yet and the suit is under the progress. In other cases, it is reasonable that the students of the law school should be guided to assist in the most course of suits. There is another problem how it is possible to connect the clinical ecucation fo the law with the practical business and to teach them actively. The clinical education of the law is important for the harmonization of the two subject matters. But it needs to make full use of the local characteristics of the area where the law school is addressed and to prepare the program for the clinical education of the law to use the specific characters of a course of study effectively in the University which runs the law school. In that case, however, Universities should not run not only run the one professional clinical education program of the law but also many ones. that is, the students has to be able to study the professional clinical education program of law and get the support to cultivate the capability as a professional lawyer.

지역균형발전을 위한 주택공급 법제 개선방안: 숙의공론화 제도를 중심으로

박광동 한국부동산법학회 2022 不動産法學 Vol.26 No.3

The issue of regional balance and housing supply in the current Government is a very important issue. Currently, the government is announcing and implementing various policies on balanced regional development and expansion of housing supply. In this situation, it is necessary to discuss the legislation of the “Place of Public Deliberation” as a way to improve the housing supply law that can achieve balanced regional development. In order to achieve its purpose through Public Deliberation, principles of Participation, Responsibility, Ethic, Sincerity, Independence, Deliberation, Non- Linearity, and Transparency must be implemented. As for what kind of legal system to establish in relation to the legislation of the Public Deliberation system for housing supply, it can be envisioned to enact individual laws and to revise some of the current laws. However, when considering this legislative system, in introducing a Public Deliberation legal system for housing supply, it should first be decided by considering which is advantageous in realizing legislative purposes, which is suitable for maintaining the consistency of the legal system, and which helps the people understand the law. From this point of view, it is reasonable in terms of legislative policy to establish a regulation for Public Deliberation in the Housing Act. When introducing a Public Deliberation system related to the housing supply legislation for balanced regional development, it is necessary to review how to regulate the law. About two legislative measures can be proposed for this. First of all, there is a plan to present only the legal basis related to the Public Deliberation in the law, and to place detailed matters in sub-laws. In addition, it is possible to devise a plan to specify detailed matters related to the Public Deliberation by dividing the chapters into individual laws. However, the former is valid in the standard of legislative enactment or amendment. 현 정부에서 지역균형과 주택공급의 문제는 매우 중요한 사항이다. 현 정부에서는 지역균형발전과 주택공급확대에 대한 다양한 정책을 발표 및 시행하고 있다. 이러한 상황에서 지역균형발전이 이루어질 수있는 주택공급 법제 개선방안으로서의 “숙의공론화의 장” 에 대한 입법화에 대한 논의가 필요하다. 숙의공론화를 통해 그 목적을 달성하기 위해서는 민주성, 책임성, 도덕성, 진정성, 독립성, 숙의성, 회귀성, 투명성 등의 원칙이 시행되어야 한다. 지역균형발전을 주택공급을 위한 숙의공론화 제도의 법제화와 관련하여 어떠한 법제도를 구축할 것인가에 대해서는 이를 개별 법률을 제정해서 하는 방안과 현행 법률 중 일부개정을 통해서 하는 방안을 구상할 수 있다. 다만, 이러한 입법체계를 고려하는 경우에는 지역균형발전을 주택공급을 위한 숙의공론화의법제도 도입에 있어서 우선 입법 정책적으로 입법 목적을 실현하는 데 어느 쪽이 유리한지, 어느 쪽이 입법 경제적인지, 어느 쪽이 법체계의 정합성 유지에 적합한지, 어느 쪽이 국민이 법을 이해하는 데 도움이되는지 등을 고려해서 결정해야 한다. 이러한 관점에서 보았을 때 「주택법」에 숙의공론화 규정을 두는 방안이 입법 정책적으로 타당하다. 지역균형 발전을 위한 주택공급 법제 관련 숙의공론화 제도 도입시에 법규정을 어떻게 할 것인가에 대한 검토가 필요하다. 이에 대해서는 2가지 정도의 입법 방안의 제시가 가능하다. 우선, 숙의공론화와 관련한 법적 근거만을 법률에 제시하고, 세부적인 사항은 하위법령에 두는 방안이 있다. 그리고 숙의공론화와 관련한 세부적인 사항을 개별 법률에 장을 구분하여 적시하는 방안의 구상도 가능하다. 다만, 입법 제정 또는 개정의 기준에서는 전자가 타당하다.

[기획특집] 캐나다 퀘벡주의 사회적경제법과 협동조합법의 법체계와 시사점

박광동 모심과살림연구소 2020 모심과 살림 Vol.- No.15

부동산등기 디지털화의 동향과 법제화 방안

박광동 한국집합건물법학회 2015 집합건물법학 Vol.15 No.-

In relation to the directional nature of a future real estate registration system, it is necessary to review both the introduction of new system relating to a declaration for the real estate digital registration and the connection of relevant administrative information system in the closer legal viewpoint. The basis for this review shall be focused on the protection of the people's property rights. It is necessary to grant the compulsoriness to the exchange of computerized information & data between organizations in relevant laws. Furthermore, with regard to the improvement plan of current legal system about the real estate digital registration system, ① the effectiveness time of a registration can be accessible in a digitalized register type, and ② it is necessary to make a plan in which the confirmation procedure of parties to a sale is implemented by a professional agent even in the declaration of transactional amount in relation to a real estate transaction declaration system. ③ With regard to the introduction of a comprehensive public booking system of a real estate, it is reasonable to implement a legal system by the enactment of a new law. 향후 부동산등기제도의 방향성과 관련하여서는 부동산디지털등기신청 등과 관련한 새로운 제도의 도입과 관련 행정정보시스템과의 연계에 있어서 좀 더 면밀한 법적 관점에서의 검토가 필요하다. 이러한 검토에 있어서 그 기준이 되는 것은 국민의 재산권 보호에 중심을 두어야 할 것이다. 이를 위해서 관련 법률 등에서 기관 간에 전산정보자료의 교환 등에 대한 강행성을 부여할 필요가 있을 것이다. 그리고 부동산디지털등기제도에 대한 현행 법제에 대한 개선방안과 관련하여서는 ①등기의 효력발생시기를 디지털화된 등기부방식에서의 접근하고, ②부동산거래신고제도와 관련하여서는 전문자격자 대리인에 의한 거래금액신고시에도 매매당사자의 확인 절차 등을 두는 방안이 필요하다. ③부동산종합공부제도의 도입과 관련하여서는 새로운 법률의 제정의 의한 입법화가 타당하다.

장사법상 묘지시설의 설치 제한에 관한 법제 개선방안

박광동 한국토지법학회 2012 土地法學 Vol.28 No.2

A funeral system which has close connection with social values and social environments receives recently lots of changes. However, in spite of these changes, with regard to the cemetery system under the Act on Funeral Services, very strict regulations are applied to the realm to regulate matters on the cemetery installation. One of the very strictly applied regulations among them is a provision on the cemetery installation restriction region relating to Article 17 of the Act on Funeral Services. This installation restriction of the cemetery, etc. was first introduced as Article 15 under the title of the Act on Funeral Services on January 12, 2000 and has carried over until now. Provided that, its detailed contents have been amended several times but changed into the more strict phases rather than the mitigated aspects in the relationship with other laws. Then, the relationship of the present Act on Funeral Services with lots of laws & regulations on the cemetery installation restriction region is put more strict limitation by the Act on Funeral Services itself rather than the compulsion by the applicable laws & regulations. However, it is necessary to reconsider the strictness of the cemetery installation restriction among the present funeral service systems in step with the change of social environments on the funeral culture. In the view of legal system, two mitigation plans may be considered as follows: one plan to mitigate the individual legal provisions of Article 17 of the Act on Funeral Services and the other plan to amend some provisions relating to other laws among the general rules of the Act on Funeral Services. With regard to the plan to regulate the relationship with other laws & regulations, there are several plans depending on how to set up the relationship with other laws & regulations. In the event that it is required to make the Act on Funeral Services completely amended to form a new type of funeral system, it is effective to achieve the purpose of the legislation for the mitigation of the cemetery installation restriction according to the relationship of the Act on Funeral Services with other laws through a plan to prescribe in the general rules the type in which some matters in the relationship with other laws are preferentially applied by the Act on Funeral Services and other matters shall be preferentially applied by other laws & regulations. 사회적 가치관 및 사화환경과 밀접한 연관성을 가지고 있는 장사제도는 최근에 많은 변화를 맞이하고 있다. 그러나 이러한 변화에도 불구하고 장사법상의 묘지제도와 관련하여서는 묘지설치에 관한 사항을 규정하는 영역에 매우 엄격한 규제가 적용되고 있다. 이 중 가장 엄격하게 적용되는 것 중의 하나가 장사법 제17조와 관련한 묘지설치제한지역에 대한 규정이다. 이러한 묘지 등의 설치제한은 장사법의 제명하에서는 2000. 1. 12. 법률 제6158호 장사법 제15조로 처음으로 도입되어 현재까지 이어지고 있다. 다만 세부적인 내용에 있어서는 몇 번의 개정이 있었으나, 타 법률과의 관계에서 완화되는 측면보다는 좀 더 엄격화되는 측면으로 변화되어 갔다. 그런데 현행 장사법에서의 묘지설치제한지역에 대한 많은 관련 법령과의 관계는 해당 관련 법령에 의한 강제되기 보다는 장사법 자체에서 더욱 엄격한 제한을 가하고 있다. 그러나 현재 장사제도 중 묘지설치제한의 엄격화는 장사문화에 대한 사회적 현황 변화에 발맞추어 재검토할 필요가 있다. 법제적인 관점에서 이를 완화하는 방안으로는 장사법 제17조상의 개별적인 법률사항에 대한 완화 방안과 장사법 총칙상의 다른 법률과의 관계 부분의 개정을 통한 방안을 구상할 수 있을 것이다. 이 중 다른 법령과의 관계를 규정하는 방식은 그 법령과 다른 법령과의 관계를 어떻게 설정하는가에 따라 여러 가지 방식이 있다. 이 중 장사법의 전면개정이 이루어져 새로운 형태의 장사제도가 이루어져야 한다면 다른 법률과의 관계에 대해 일정사항에 대하여는 장사법을 우선 적용하고, 다른 사항에 대하여는 다른 법령을 우선 적용하도록 하는 방식의 형태로 총칙장에서 규정하는 방안이 장사법에서의 타른 법률관계에 따른 묘지설치제한의 완화를 위한 입법화의 목적 달성에 효율적일 것이다.

제4차 산업혁명 관련 법제교류형 ODA방식에 관한 소고

박광동 한국입법정책학회 2020 입법정책 Vol.14 No.2

제4차 산업혁명과 관련하여 해외 교류 형태로 국제협력과 ODA가 있다. 제 4차 산업혁명과 관련한 법제교류형 ODA는 개발도상국 또는 체제전환국에 대한 융합 지능정보기술에 의한 산업의 대변혁이 발생하는 법제협력 및 법제 지원 방식이다. 제4차 산업혁명 관련 법제교류형 ODA 지표 설정을 위해서는 UN의 법치 주의 지표(Rule of Law Indicator)와 OECD DAC의 5대 평가기준을 검토하 여야 한다. OECD DAC의 5대 평가기준으로는 적절성(Relevance), 효율성 (Efficiency), 효과성(Effectiveness), 영향력(Impact), 지속가능성 (Sustainability)이 있다. 그리고 제4차 산업혁명과 관련한 법제교류형 ODA의 수행을 위해서는 협 력대상국에 대한 현황 및 협력, 지원 방식을 정하기 위한 두 단계의 검증이 필요하다. 첫 번째 단계로 협력대상국에 대한 정확한 법치주의 현황분석과 수요발굴을 위한 지표 설정이고, 두 번째 단계는 개별 법제행정 역량강화사 업을 위한 지표에 적용하는 것이다. 결국, 제4차 산업혁명 관련 법제교류형 ODA에서는 협력대상국의 수요 요 청에 대한 패키지형 협력 및 지원 체계를 구축하여 수행하여야 한다 There are international cooperation and ODA as international exchanges in relation to the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The legal exchange type ODA related to the 4th Industrial Revolution is a legal cooperation and legal support method that generates the revolution of the industry by convergence intelligence information technology. In order to establish the legal exchange ODA index related to the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the Rule of Law Indicator of the United Nations and the five evaluation criteria of the OECD DAC should be reviewed. The five criteria for evaluation of OECD DAC include Relevance, Efficiency, Effectiveness, Impact, and Sustainability. order to carry out the legal exchange type ODA related to the Fourth Industrial Revolution, two steps of verification are needed to determine the current status, cooperation and support method for the partner countries. e first step is to analyze the current state of the rule of law and to set up an indicator for finding demand for the countries to be cooperated, and the second step is to apply it to the index for the individual legislative administrative capacity building project. nally, the 4th Industrial Revolution-related Legislative Exchange ODA should establish and implement a package-type cooperation and support system for demand requests from partner countries