무당거미(Nephila clavata L.KOCH)관장선에 관한 미세구조적 연구

문명진,김우갑 한국거미연구소 1989 한국거미 Vol.5 No.1

Fine structural analysis of the fibrillar adhesion apparatus in ladybird beetle

문명진,박종구,최원재 한국곤충학회 2012 Entomological Research Vol.42 No.4

The attachment system on the ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis is composed of a pair of pretarsal claws and adhesive pads at the tarsal segments. The claws, which are connected to the pretarsal segment, are mainly used to hold the rough substrates by their apical diverged hooks. In contrast, the adhesive pads have an adhesive function when landing on smooth surfaces. They are interspersed at the ventral adhesive pad of each tarsomere, and are composed of two kinds of hairy setae. The discoid tip seta (DtS) is located at the central region of each adhesive pad. The DtS has a spoon‐shaped endplate with a long and narrow shaft. In contrast, the pointed tip seta (PtS) is interspersed along the marginal regions of each adhesive pad, and has a hook‐shaped spine near the tip. In the present study, we found numerous fine cuticular pores beneath the setae, which seem to be related to the secretion of some adhesive fluids. It may be deduced that ladybird beetles can attach to smooth surfaces more effectively by employing adhesive fluids filling in surface crevices to overcome problems cause by their larger size endplates.

Microstructure of the biological attachment devices in the ladybug Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

문명진,김효정,김훈,박종구 한국통합생물학회 2012 Animal cells and systems Vol.16 No.6

Biological attachment device is optimized in insect legs for attachment onto the variety of natural substrate. We have studied the microstructural characteristics of the tarsal appendages in the ladybug Harmonia axyridis using scanning electron microscopy to reveal the attachment system of their legs. The attachment devices are composed of claws and adhesive pads. The claws are connected with pretarsal segment, and their apical diverged hooks are developed to hold rough substrates. In contrast, the adhesive pads have an adhesive function onto smooth surface. The pads are interspersed at the ventral part of each tarsomere, and are composed of two kinds of hairy setae. The discoid tip seta (DtS) has a spoon-shaped endplate usually with a rounded concave structure, whereas the pointed tip seta (PtS) has a pointed tip, usually with a hooked endplate. While the PtS is broadly localized concentrically on the marginal area of both the proximal and distal pads, the DtS can be seen at the central areas of each adhesive pad except for the hind legs. Our findings demonstrate the presence of the direction-dependence pattern of the fibrillar system as well as a functional modification of the tenent setae to achieve proper contact with almost any kind of substrates.

Fine Structural Analysis on the Dry Adhesion System of the Jumping Spider Plexippus setipes (Araneae: Salticidae)

문명진,박종구 한국통합생물학회 2009 Animal cells and systems Vol.13 No.2

The cuticle of spider’s exoskeleton is a hydrophobic and non-adhesive material, but the jumping spiders have the distinctive attachment apparatus for adhesion on smooth dry surface without sticky fluids. We have examined the whole tarsal appendages of the jumping spider, Plexippus setipes with using scanning electron microscope to reveal the fine structural characteristics of the dry adhesion system. All eight legs have the scopulae with a pair of claws on the tip of feet. Each scopula is composed of two groups of setae that are capable of dry adhesion on smooth surface, and the hook structure of the claw is advanced to move on the rough surface. The setae toward the bottom of the tarsal segment are densely covered by numerous setules on the underside which broadened from middle to distal portion. It has been revealed by this research that the contact area of the setule is always a triangular shape, and these cuticular surfaces are connected by the elongated stalks from the underlying setae. It is likely that the nano-scale structures including a triangular depression and a longitudinal groove on each setule could functionate when the spider detach its feet from the substrate. The cuticle of spider’s exoskeleton is a hydrophobic and non-adhesive material, but the jumping spiders have the distinctive attachment apparatus for adhesion on smooth dry surface without sticky fluids. We have examined the whole tarsal appendages of the jumping spider, Plexippus setipes with using scanning electron microscope to reveal the fine structural characteristics of the dry adhesion system. All eight legs have the scopulae with a pair of claws on the tip of feet. Each scopula is composed of two groups of setae that are capable of dry adhesion on smooth surface, and the hook structure of the claw is advanced to move on the rough surface. The setae toward the bottom of the tarsal segment are densely covered by numerous setules on the underside which broadened from middle to distal portion. It has been revealed by this research that the contact area of the setule is always a triangular shape, and these cuticular surfaces are connected by the elongated stalks from the underlying setae. It is likely that the nano-scale structures including a triangular depression and a longitudinal groove on each setule could functionate when the spider detach its feet from the substrate.

Microstructure of the tarsal attachment devices in the earwig Timomenus komarovi

문명진,박용기,양성찬,유민희 한국곤충학회 2012 Entomological Research Vol.42 No.5

The biological attachment device on the tarsal appendage of the earwig, Timomenus komarovi (Insecta: Dermaptera: Forficulidae) was investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy to reveal the fine structural characteristics of its biological attachment devices to move on smooth and rough surfaces. They attach to rough substrates using their pretarsal claws; however, attachment to smooth surfaces is achieved by means of two groups of hairy tarsal pads. This biological attachment device consists of fine hairy setae with various contact sizes. Three different groups of tenent setae were distinguished depending on the cuticular substructure of the endplates. Two groups of setae commonly had flattened surfaces, and they were covered with either spoon‐shaped or spatula‐shaped endplates, respectively. While the flattened tip setae were distributed at the central region, the pointed tip setae were characteristically found along the marginal region. There were no obvious gender‐specific differences between fibrillar adhesive pads in this insect mainly because the forceps‐like pincers are used during copulation to grasp the partner.

Fine Structure of the Mouthparts in the Ambrosia Beetle Platypus koryoensis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae)

문명진,박종구,김경희 한국통합생물학회 2008 Animal cells and systems Vol.12 No.2

Recently, Platypus koryoensis has been reportedas a major pest of oak trees in Korea which can introducethe pathogenic fungus (Raffaeleainto the heartwood of the tree. As the beetle has developedits effective drilling mouthpart enough to make tunnels, wehave analyzed the fine structural aspects of the mouthpartusing the field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM) to reveal its mechano-dynamic characteristics.The mouthparts of this ambrosia beetle which consist of alabrum, a pair of mandibles, a pair of maxillae and the labiumexhibit typical morphology of mycophagous coleopteranbetles and have those characteristics of chewing mouthpartsthat can excavate galleries in the hardwood. Both ofmaxilary and labial palpi have the functions of direct thefood to the mouth and hold it while the mandibles chew thefood. The distal ends of these palpi are flattened and haveshovel-like setae. Females have larger maxilary palpi and alarger gular region than males in general.

Microstructure of the silk apparatus of the comb-footed spider, Achaearanea tepidariorum (Araneae: Theridiidae)

문명진,안정수 한국곤충학회 2006 Entomological Research Vol.36 No.1

The microstructural organization of the silk-spinning apparatus of the comb-footed spider, Achaearanea tepidariorum , was observed by using a field emission scanning electron microscope. The silk glands of the spider were classified into six groups: ampullate, tubuliform, flagelliform, aggregate, aciniform and pyriform glands. Among these, three types of silk glands, the ampullate, pyriform and aciniform glands, occur only in female spiders. One (adult) or two (subadult) pairs of major ampullate glands send secretory ductules to the anterior spinnerets, and another pair of minor ampullate glands supply the median spinnerets. Three pairs of tubuliform glands in female spiders send secretory ductules to the median (one pair) and posterior (two pairs) spinnerets. Furthermore, one pair of flagelliform glands and two pairs of aggregate glands together supply the posterior spinnerets, and form a characteristic spinning structure known as a "triad" spigot. In male spiders, this combined apparatus of the flagelliform and the aggregate spigots for capture thread production is not apparent, instead only a non-functional remnant of this triad spigot is present. In addition, the aciniform glands send ductules to the median (two pairs) and the posterior spinnerets (12-16 pairs), and the pyriform glands feed silk into the anterior spinnerets (90-100 pairs in females and 45-50 pairs in males).

Fine structure of the chelicera in the spider Nephila clavata

문명진,유민희 한국곤충학회 2007 Entomological Research Vol.37 No.3

The fine structural characteristics of the biting apparatus in the orb-web spider Nephila clavata were studied using scanning electron microscopy. The main biting apparatuses of spiders are the chelicerae and cheliceral fangs in the cephalothorax. The chelicera of N. clavata is that of the jack-knife (folding knife) type, which is composed of two segments, and has a labidognathous form that moves at right angles to the body axis. Each chelicera bears a hinged fang that folds into a cheliceral groove. The tips of the fangs are quite sharp, and the spider’'s body is well adapted to driving the fangs into prey. Just below the fang, each side of the cheliceral groove is covered with a total of seven cuticular teeth (four promarginal teeth and three retromarginal teeth) in two rows. The cheliceral fang has a single aperture atthe tip of the posterior surface, and the lower margin of the fang which meets the promarginal teeth is a saw-like groove. Fine structural observation reveals that each fang has a single venom pore, and each cuticular depressive area on the cheliceral groove has two different types of surface pit. Approximately 40 to 50 spiky protrusions were counted at the cheliceral groove, to hold prey tightly.

Microstructure of the silk apparatus in the coelotine spider Paracoelotes spinivulva (Araneae: Amaurobiidae)

문명진 한국곤충학회 2008 Entomological Research Vol.38 No.2

The microstructural characteristics of the silk-spinning apparatus and its ecological significance in the coelotine spider Paracoelotes spinivulva were examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy, with the goal of understanding the properties and the evolutionary origins of these silk constructs. The silk apparatuses of this spider were composed of four basic types of silk-spinning spigot (ampullate, pyriform, aciniform and tubuliform), which connected with typical silk glands in the abdominal cavity. Of the three pairs of spinnerets, the posterior pairs were highly elongated along the body axis. Anterior spinnerets comprised two pairs of ampullate glands and approximately 70-80 pairs of pyriform glands in both sexes. Middle spinnerets had one to two pairs of ampullate spigots, three pairs of tubuliform spigots in females, and 50-60 (female) or 80-90 (male) pairs of aciniform spigots. An additional two pairs of tubuliform spigots in females and 70-80 (female) or 100-120 (male) pairs of aciniform spigots were counted on the spinning surfaces of the posterior spinnerets in both sexes. Although the coelotine spiders use theirsilk to catch prey, P. spinivulva characteristically do not have a typical “"triad”" spigot, including a flagelliform and two aggregate spigots, for capture thread production.

Microstructure of the Silk Spinning Nozzles in the Lynx Spider, Oxyopes licenti (Araneae: Oxyopidae)

문명진 한국통합생물학회 2006 Animal cells and systems Vol.10 No.2

The lynx spiders are free wandering spiders withlong spines on their legs. They do not build web, but huntsmall insects on plants. In spite of the facts that thewandering spiders do not produce webs for prey-catching,they also have silk apparatuses even though the functionsare not fully defined. This paper describes the microstructuralorganization of the silk-spinning nozzles and its silk glandsof the lynx spider, Oxyopes licenti, revealed by the fieldemission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The silk-spinning nozzles of this spider were identified as threegroups: ampullate, pyriform and aciniform glands. Eachgroup of silk gland feed silk into one of the three pairs ofspinnerets. Two pairs of major ampullate glands sendsecretory ductules to the anterior spinnerets, and anothertwo pair of minor ampullate glands supply the middlespinnerets. In addition, the pyriform glands feed silk into theanterior spinnerets (25-30 pairs in females and 24-40 pairsin males), and the aciniform glands send ductules to themiddle (9-12 pairs in females and 7-1 pairs in males) andthe posterior spinnerets (16-20 pairs in females and 16-17pairs in males). Among these, the ampullate one is the mostpredominate gland in both sexes. However the flagelliformand the aggregate glands which had the functions of cocoonproduction or adhesive thread production in other web-building spiders were not observed at both sexes of thisspider.