영어의 소유격 연구

류영두 상명대학교 어문학연구소 2003 語文學硏究 Vol.13 No.-

"노인과 바다"에 나타난 상징들

柳永斗 상명대학교 논문집 1987 상명대학교논문집 Vol.19 No.-

Ernest Hemingway, the Nobel Prize winner in 1954, is generally thought to be a writer whose themes are courage, honesty and violent death. His undefeated heroes are facing death bravely and honestly. Hemingway, the representative writer of lost generation, once supported left-wing Popular Front in Spanish civil war. He also praised the Castro revolution in Cuba where he lived for 20 years. Castro, Cuban communist dictator, also greatly loved him. In view of his supporting activities in Spain and Cuba, the writer of this paper is discussing that he may have been a communist writer. His works, The Fifth Column, To Have and Have Not and For Whom the Bell Tolls, suggest that his political intention was Marxist communism. The Old Man and The Sea, his most successful story, is largely discussed in the paper. The background of the story is Cuba. The old man is a poor Cuban fisherman. In the story we can find that Cuban government can supply no food, no clothes and no house, not to mention medicine and education. Furthermore, all Cuban fishermen are exposed to the same poverty. They have no shoes. They are complete have-nots. We come to the conclusion that Hemingway was drawing a very poor fisherman in Cuba and emphasizing that a communist revolution was necessary there. The old man symbolizes a laborer, the marlin, his profit, and the sharks, capitalists.

기능어 연구

류영두 상명대학교 어문학연구소 2002 語文學硏究 Vol.12 No.-

1. The Origin of Function-Words: Conjunctions The Origin of function-words is conjunctions. There are four generations of conjunctions. 1) zero-article 2) with or where- 3) so se as 4) and or that From these conjunctions came following function-words. 2. Family Tree of Function-words in Korean and English 사이음 준동사 굴절어미 굴절어두 관사 조동사 전치사 등위접 종속접 수 1) with (with) (where-) 2) 공s 공s 공s 공is 공as 공so 공as 3) s,ㅅ -s -s이 is as so as three세 4) r, ㄹ -er -el을 are of,for or whether four네 5) n,ㄴ -ing -en an은 on,in and one한 en- 6) d,ㄷ to- -ed the도 do to,at that two두 With this family tree we can solve many problems in English grammar. Furthermore we can find that Korean and English are of the same origin. They have the same function words. 3. Two Great Shifts 1) Great Case Shift English cases has been shifted. And we can find the fossils in personal pronouns. 2) Great Verb Shift Subjnctive verbs came into Indicative verbs. For example 'are' and 'were' were subjunctive verbs, but now they are indicative verbs.

국어와 영어의 기능동사 연구

류영두 상명대학교 어문학연구소 2004 語文學硏究 Vol.15 No.-

국어와 영어는 동족 : the Same Origin

柳永斗 한국영어교육연구학회 2002 영어교육연구 Vol.- No.24

Korean and English are of the same origin. Function-words are the same and the numbers, one(한) two(두) three(세), are the same. It is natural that function-words must he located behind the meaning-words. But some of the English function-words transmigrated to the front of the meaning words. For example "He is childlike--->He is like (a) child" Korean function-word are always behind the meaning-word and not independent. But those of English are in front of them and independent. English articles, 'an' and 'the', are function-words. The signs of singular 'an' and plural '-s' are the same function-words in Korean, '은' and '이' or '시' which are behind the meaning-words. The positions of English function-words are irregular: back or front of the meaning words. Those of Korean are regular, and they are always behind the meaning words. For example: The love loves a lovely love lovelily. 사랑도 사랑스런 사랑을 사랑스럽게 사랑한다. So English function-words are out of order, but those of Korean are in order. Korean is a better language than English.

영어의 접속사 연구

류영두 상명대학교 어문학연구소 1998 語文學硏究 Vol.7 No.-

A Study on English Conjunctions In modern English we have a lot of conjunctions. In this paper, we discuss which is the oldest conjunction in English. We can find that 'and' is the one. It is the most widely used coordinating conjunction. It must have been used as the meanings of 'for', 'or', and 'but' in the primitive English. After 'and' was created, 'for', 'or' and 'but' were born. Furthermore the four coordinating conjunctions must have been used as subordinating conjunctions when there was no subordinating conjunction in English. Which is the oldest subordinating conjunction? Of course 'that' is the one. It is the most widely used subordinating conjunction. As a result, if there is no conjunction between clause and clause in an English sentence, we can always put 'that' in the place of the omitted conjunction. So we can say that 'and' is Adam, 'that' is Eve in English conjunctions.

영어의 준동사(Verbals)연구

류영두 상명대학교 어문학연구소 1998 語文學硏究 Vol.8 No.-

English has five verbals: gerund, present participle, past participle, to-infinitive, and bare infinitive. The endings of five English verbals came from 'and' before 'and' was created as a conjuction. So we can presume their history from their endings. Gerund was created first because '-ung' is quite different from 'and'. And present participle was created latest because its ending is '-and': gerund(-ung)--->to-infinitive(-enne, -anne)--->past participle(-en)--->bare infinitive(-an)--->present participle(-ende, -ande, -and) English has only two moods: thought-mood and fact-mood. Gerund, present participle and past participle belong to fact-mood, but to-infinitive and bare infinitive belong to thought-mood. As a result we can find the difference of the follwing sentences. To see is to believe. (thought-mood) Seeing is believing. (fact-mood) *To see is believing. *Seeing is to believe.

윤회 문법

류영두 상명대학교 어문학연구소 2001 語文學硏究 Vol.11 No.-

The key points of this paper are followings. 1. The Buddhist theory of transmigration and the Chinese theory of Yin-Yang school are applied to linguistics. Language transmigates like man. It has five cases: Subjective, Verb, Adverb, Adjective and Objective cases. Five cases are making sentences. As a result, we have three kinds of sentences. Subjective + Verb Subjective + Verb + Adjective Subjective + Verb + Objective Each case has two case-marks: Yin (-) and Yang(+) 2. English and Korean are of the same origin. English 'Number' is a wrong rule of grammar. 'An' is Yang and 'the' is Yin. Zero-article is Yang and '-s' is Yin. 3. Possessive case is the sentence of the primitive time. 4. Function-words are articles, prepositions, copula verbs, auxiliaries, subordinate conjuctions, suffix and prefix. 5. These function-words are originated from coordinate conjunctions: so, and 6. We have two generations of conjuctions. First generation: so se as Second generation: and or that 'se' is now extinct. Followings are originated from these conjuctions. 1) so se as--->is, -s, as 2) or--->are, -ere 3) and--->an, am, on in, -en, en- 4) that--->the, do, to at, -ed, de-

영어의 준동사 연구

류영두 상명대학교 어문학연구소 2000 語文學硏究 Vol.9 No.-

English verbals were verbs in the primitive English. Participial construction contructions include adjective phrase, too. English has two aspects: thought-aspect and fact-aspect. Auxiliaries are not helping-verbs but main-verbs in sentences of thought-aspect. The words, what we call verbs, belong to fact-aspect. The function of the English thought-aspect is to represent something, not as an actual reality, but only as a desire, plan, demand, requirement, eventuality, conception, thought; Sometimes with more or less hope of realization, or, in the case of a statement, with more or less belief; sometimes with little or no hope or faith. The thought-aspect is also often used of actual facts, but it represents them as conceptions of the mind, general principles rather than as facts

영어의 격(case) 연구

류영두 상명대학교 어문학연구소 2000 語文學硏究 Vol.10 No.-

There is an old Chinese cosmogony, which is composed of cosmic dual forces and five elements. The cosmic dual forces are the positive(+) and negative(-). Five elements are tree, fire, earth, metal, and water. The cosmogony can be applied to language. Not only English but also all the other languages have five cases: Subject case, Verb case, Adverb case, Adjective case and Object case. And each case has two moods: Reason and Emotion. The following will show you a brief contents of this paper. Case Emotion(-) Reason(+) Subject and Object: definite article indefinite article Verb: auxiliaries common verbs Adverb and Adjective: prepositions inflectional endings Language has only two parts of speech, called meaning words and funtion words. The meaning words use the above function words to be a case and make a sentence. For example, meaning words do not make a sentence. They make a sentence with the help of function words. boy go Seoul.--->A boy will go to Seoul. man father child.--->The man fathered children.