다운증후군 아동청소년의 이중초점안경 교정효과

류동규,전인철,마기중 대한시과학회 2014 대한시과학회지 Vol.16 No.4

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the effect that can be gained by prescribing bifocal glasses to childhood and adolescent with Down syndrome having under-accommodation. Methods: This study, targeting 23 childhood and adolescent (11 males, 12 females), aged between 7 and 18, with Down syndrome having under-accommodation, before and after wearing bifocal glasses, and 11 (5 males, 6 females), after six months and one year, tested distance visual acuity and near visual acuity (LogMAR), performed objective refraction by using Mohindra retinoscopy, and conducted accommodative response test by using dynamic retinoscopy in the condition of 4D, 6D, and 10D accommodative stimuli, and evaluated the developmental status of their visual perception by using Korean Developmental Test of Visual Perception (K-DTVP-2). Result: For subjects with Down syndrome (n=23), near visual acuity, accommodative response measured in the condition of 4D, 6D, 10D, and two out of three scales of Korean Developmental Test of Visual Perception significantly increased (p<0.05) after wearing bifocal glasses, and for those wearing bifocal glasses for one year (n=11), 11 of them (100%) showed increased accommodative response and 6 of them (55%) showed normally developed accommodative response, which indicates that their near vision could be improved without near vision correction. Conclusion: Prescribing bifocal glasses to childhood and adolescent with Down syndrome having under-accommodation can be considered to be an efficient method in that it could temporarily improve near visual acuity, accommodative response, and some part of visual perception development, and in the long term, it could enable near visual acuity development by treating accommodative response. 목 적: 조절력이 저하된 다운증후군 아동청소년에게 이중초점안경의 처방효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법: 7~18세 사이의 조절력이 저하된 다운증후군 아동청소년 23명(남자 11명, 여자 12명)을 대상으로 이중초점렌즈 착용 전과 후 그리고 11명(남자 5명, 여자 6명)을 대상으로 6개월 및 1년 후 원거리시력과 근거리시력(LogMAR), Mohindra 검영법을 이용한 타각식굴절검사, 4D와 6D 및 10D 조절자극 상태에서 동적검영법을 이용한 조절반응검사를 실시하였고, 한국판 시지각발달검사(K-DTVP-2: Korean developmental test of visual Perception)를 이용하여 시지각 발달상태를 평가하였다. 결 과: 이중초점안경을 착용한 23명의 근거리 시력, 조절반응(조절자극 4D, 6D 및 10D) 및 시지각발달검사의 종합척도 3가지 중 2가지가 유의하게 높아졌으며(p<0.05), 1년 동안 장기적으로 이중초점안경을 착용한 대상자 11명 모두 조절반응이 증가되었고, 6명(55%)은 조절반응이 정상수준으로 발달하여 미교정 근거리 시력이 향상되었다. 결 론: 조절력이 저하된 다운증후군 아동청소년에게 이중초점안경을 처방하면 일시적으로 근거리 시력과 조절반응 및 일부 시지각능력이 향상되고 장기적으로 조절반응이 개선되어, 근거리시력을 발달시킬 수 있는 효과적인 교정방법이라고 생각한다.

강신재 소설에 나타난 전후 여성의 자아정체성 - '임진강의 민들레'(1962), '파도'(1963)를 중심으로 -

류동규 국어교육학회(since1969) 2007 국어교육연구 Vol.0 No.41

This study is to examine closely the postwar women's self-identity formative method on Mr. Kang Sin-jae's novel <Dandelion of the Imjin River> and <Waves>. With collapse of the traditional order from the Korean war, women had to constitute new self-identity. Mr. Kang Sin-jae's novel performed this work with two different methods. <Dandelion of the Imjin River> compose the humanity with uniting the romantic love and ideology. <Dandelion of the Imjin River>'s heroine E-wha is negative to the traditional family system, but doesn't doubt at all to the romantic love and anti-communism ideology. In conclusion, women's self-identity adheres to patriarchal order named national society.<Waves> seeks femininity throughout the situation and self interpenetration. <Waves>'s heroine Yung-sil perceives her position from the situation or pushing her into the other's situation. Such formative method of a self-identity, is a different method compared to the modern subject which constitutes a self-identical self through a strict isolation for the subject and object, and this becomes one characteristic of the formative method in the postwar femininity.

전후 월남작가의 자아정체성 기원

류동규 한국비평문학회 2006 批評文學 Vol.- No.24

The Origin of Self-identity in Writers coming South over the Border in the Post-war Period A war leaves different experiences and memories to a person as he went through. A Korean War is something to be continued with the 1940's experience to writers coming south over the border in the post-war period. It was not only a crisis of self-identity but a chance to new generation. Sun Woo Hui's novel <Flame> and <Flag bearer without flag> show post-war period writer's experience dynamically who is coming south over the border by contemplative loner's adventure narrative form. The contemplative loner denies system around him, and discords with the outside world. But, at the same time, he doesn't know the real trouble because he denies the outer world and wants to be a ruler in his absolute space. The contemplative loner's adventure is developed with family romance such like independence from father and new generation's struggle for power and love. This kind of narrative's development is showing the post-war writer coming south over the border, Sun Woo Hui's self-identity crisis and his overcoming process. The contemplative loner get rid out of enemy and is to be a ruler in the narcissistic space in the final, and the venture comes to an end.

이인직 은세계 에 나타난 근대의 양상

류동규 금오공과대학교 선주문화연구소 2007 선주논총 Vol.16 No.-

‘탈민족’의 관점에서 본 낙서족

류동규 한국어문학회 2007 語文學 Vol.0 No.96

]Son Chang-seob's novel describes self-overcoming the crisis and making process of the self identity. Especially, 『Naksojok』 is based on the writer's experience in colonial residence and this makes nationality the primary factor of self identity in this novel.In 『Naksojok』, it is expressed as an accidental thing that a person accept his nationality. In this point, 『Naksojok』 is "post-nationalism". Do-hyun is son of an independence fighter. Because of this, Do-hyun is under observation of Japanese police but he never reaches to the position of symbolic father. On the other hand, Do-hyun wants to be comforted from Sang-hui. Do-hyun regards Sang-hui as a noble character, namely a mothernal person. Do-hyun desires Sang-hui but this desire is expressed reversed.In Slavoj Zizek's discourse, Do-hyun's self-identity forming process like this is explained to interaction between symbolic identification and imaginary identification. And this process always leaves the remains. This is shown clearly through the particular narrator in Son Chang-seop novels only. 'Scrawling' shows this kind of remains plainly. 'Scrawling' shows the fact that the symbolic commission of "independence fighter's son" is accidental ultimately and so the subject is not able to accomplish this symbolic commission perfectly. This is a result of the Other's interpellation which is failed, and shows split in national discourse.

<특집: 기후위기와 인권>에 부쳐

류동규 서울대학교 공익인권법센터 2022 공익과 인권 Vol.22 No.-

겸영법 훈련용 schematic eye의 calibration 평가

류동규,마기중,이혜정 대한시과학회 2007 대한시과학회지 Vol.9 No.4

This study was performed to evaluate the calibration state of schematic eye and the accuracy of calibration according to the technical levels of the examiner. Seven schematic training eyes with same model were set the zero mark on the graduated scale‘ and then + 2.00 diopter trial lens was added to the schematic training eye. Neutralizing distance was measured at 180 degree meridian by one proficient retinoscopist and students of optometry who are not highly skilled yet. Differences in refraction with automated refractor and refraction with retinoscope by retinoscopist and students at zero mark revealed significant differences in 3 of 7 schematic eyes(P < 0.05). The differences in refraction with automated refractor at zero mark were -0.41:t0.07 D, -0.28:t0.08 D, and -0.45:t0.07 D, the differences in refraction with retinoscope by retinoscopist at zero mark were -0.49:t0.10 D, -0.41:t0.06 D, and -0.49:t0.13 D, and the differences in refraction with retinoscope by students at zero mark were -0.17:t0.14D, -0.15 土0.06 D. -0.22:t0.27 D(P < 0.05). In some schematic eyes, neutralizing point was not correct. Correct and excise calibration before training of refraction by schematic eye is important. lt might be helpful training calibration of schematic eye for the students. 검영법 훈련용 모형안(schematic eye) 의 calibration 상태를 평가하고 검샤에 따른 정확 도를 비교 분석하여 검영법 교육에 활용할 수 있는 자료를 얻고자 하였다. 검영법 훈련용 모형안(HEINE BETA 200 Para Stop US PAT. 5859 687) 7 개를 선정하여 눈금을 영점에 맞추고 자동굴절검사기로 영점의 굴절상태를 측정하고, 검사거리 (50 cm) 보정 용 +2,00 D 시험렌즈를 모형안에 가입시킨 상태에서 전문 retinoscopist와 검영법을 처음 배 우는 안경광학과 2학년 재학생들이 각각 중화거리를 측정한 후 눈금설정 상태를 평가하였다. 자동굴절검사기로 측정한 굴절력과 검영법을 이용하여 전문 retinoscopist와 학생틀이 측 정한 굴절력은 7 개의 모형안 중 3 개(모형안 3 번, 4 번 및 5 번)에서 모두 차이가 았었다(P < 0,05) : 자동굴절검사기 측정값은 각각 -0,4l:t 0.07 D, -0.28 :t 0.08 D, -0.45 :t 0.07 D, 전 문 retinoscopist 가 측정한 굴절력은 각각 0 , 49 土0.10 D, -0. 4l:t 0. 06 D, -0.49 :t 0‘ 13 D, 그리고 학생들이 측정한 굴절력은 각각 0.17 :t 0,14D, -0, 15 :t 0,06D, -0.22 :t 0,27D(P < o 05) 측정 결과‘ 모형안의 일부에서 영점 눈금이 정확하지 않았고, 자동굴절검사가와 전문 retinoscopist 의 측정값은 유용한 정보로 사용할 수 있을 것으로 기대되며, 점영법을 처음 배우는 학생들에게 calibration 과정을 훈련시키는 것이 실습효과를 향상시키는데 효과적일 것으로 생각된다.

다운증후군 아동 청소년의 굴절상태, 조절반응 및 시지각발달 상태의 분석

류동규,전인철,마기중 대한시과학회 2014 대한시과학회지 Vol.16 No.1

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the vision, refractive status, accommodative response and visual perception development of childhood and adolescent with Down syndrome group. Methods: Total 70 subjects at the age of 7 to 19 years were recruited in this study(normal group: 35 subjects, Down syndrome group: 35 subjects, respectively). We measured the distance and near visual acuity with LogMAR version, objective refraction by using an auto-refractor and Mohindra retinoscopy, the accommodative response at 4D, 6D and 10D accommodative stimuli by dynamic retinoscopy, and evaluated the visual perception development with K-DTVP-2(Korean Developmental Test of Visual Perception). Results: Compared to normal group, the childhood and adolescent with Down syndrome showed significant decreases in the distance and near visual acuity(p<0.05), but mean refractive errors measured by the auto-refractor and the Mohindra retinoscopy were not showed significant difference. The astigmatic error and corneal power were significantly higher than normal group(p<0.05), and all accommodative responses at 4D, 6D and 10D accommodative stimuli were significantly lower than normal group(p<0.05). The results of the Korean Development Test of Visual Perception were showed significant difference(p<0.05). In the Down Syndrome group, the accommodative response showed high correlation with 7 out of the 8 sub-tests of K-DTVP-2 and 3 items of the integrated scale test as well(p<0.05). Conclusions: Compared to the normal group at the same ages, the childhood and adolescent with Down syndrome showed lower distance and near visual acuity, and since the deterioration of accommodative response for near objects may have effect on the development of visual perception. There is considered that the measurement of accommodative response is necessary to added at assessment of visual acuity of childhood and adolescent with Down syndrome. 목 적: 다운증후군을 가진 아동 청소년의 시력, 굴절상태, 조절반응 및 시지각발달 상태를 분석하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 7~19세 사이의 70명(다운증후군과 정상인 아동 청소년 각각 35명씩)을 대상으로, 원거리시력과 근거리시력(LogMAR), 자동굴절검사기와 Mohindra 검영법을 이용한 타각식굴절검사, 4D, 6D 및 10D 조절자극 상태에서 동적검영법을 이용한 조절반응검사를 실시하였고, 한국판 시지각발달검사(K-DTVP-2: Korean Developmental Test of Visual Perception)를 이용하여 시지각 발달상태를 평가하였다. 결 과: 정상 아동 청소년과 비교하여 다운증후군 대상자는 원거리시력과 근거리시력이 유의하게 낮았고(p<0.05), 자동굴절검사기와 Mohindra 검영법에 의한 굴절상태는 차이가 없었으며, 난시굴절력과 각막곡률이 유의하게 높았고(p<0.05), 조절자극 4D, 6D 및 10D에서 모두 조절반응이 유의하게 적었다(p<0.05). 시지각발달검사의 하위검사 8가지 항목과 종합척도 3가지 항목이 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 다운증후군에서 조절반응과 한국판 시지각발달검사의 관계는 하위검사 8가지 항목 가운데 7개의 항목이 높은 상관성을 보였고, 종합척도검사 3개의 항목 모두 높은 상관성을 보였다(p<0.05). 결 론: 다운증후군을 가진 아동 청소년은 동일연령의 정상인과 비교하여 시력이 낮고 근거리 물체에 대한 조절반응의 저하로 인해 시지각발달이 저하될 수 있으므로, 다운증후군을 가진 아동 청소년의 시력검사에서 조절반응검사가 포함되어야 한다고 사료된다.

[특별기고] 분단체제의 기원과 기독교 - 황석영의 『손님』 읽기

류동규 대한기독교서회 2015 基督敎 思想 Vol.678 No.-

김승옥 소설에 나타난 유년기 경험과 감정의 윤리학 -「생명연습」(1962)와 「건」(1962)을 중심으로-

류동규 한국어문학회 2019 語文學 Vol.0 No.145

The characters that appear in the novels of Kim Seung-ok without exception fail to build relationships with others. This failure to establish relationships has to do with their emotional life. They do not honestly expose their emotions in their relationships with others. They try to hide their feelings in a wicked way. And often, revealing emotions is regarded as ‘corruption’. Those who are forced to hide their emotions are likely to fall into trouble in ethical life. They are not compassionate about the suffering of others and do not even mourn the death of others. The difficulties in the emotional and ethical life experienced by the characters appearing in the novels of Kim Seung-ok originate from the ‘object loss’ experienced in childhood. The childhood stories of Saengmyung Yeonseup(생명연습) and Geun (건) can be interpreted as allegories that reveal ambivalence resulting from the object loss during the childhood period. The confrontational set-up between the brother and the sister over the mother’s relationship with man in the childhood story of Saengmyung Yeonseup(생명연습) is none other than the expression of the ambivalence of the mother. The complex feelings felt by the narrator in childhood over the bodies of the North Korean partisans in Geun(건) are also the expression of ambivalence, here resulting from the loss of his own father. The allegory of ambivalence demonstrates that the characters in the novels of Kim Seung-ok have not resolved the crisis of childhood ambivalence. If a child fails to get over the crisis of ambivalence, the pathological shame forms in a child’s consciousness. There is a pathological shame behind the ethical crisis shown in the novels of Kim Seung-ok. The characters appearing in these novels of Kim Seung-ok deny love in a wicked way, which is the result of pathological shame. The novels of Kim Seung-ok carry implications as a response to the crisis of ethics in the 1960s. 김승옥의 소설의 등장인물들은 예외없이 타인과의 관계 맺기에 실패한다. 이러한 관계 맺기의 실패는 등장인물들의 감정적 삶과 관련되어 있다. 이들은 타인과의 관계에서 감정을 솔직하게 드러내지 못한다. 이들은 위악적으로 자신의 감정을 감추려고 하며, 감정을 드러내는 것은 종종 타락으로 간주된다. 이처럼 감정을 감추어야 하는 자아는 윤리적 삶에서도 곤경에 처하게 된다. 이들은 타인의 고통을 연민하지 못하며, 심지어 타인의 죽음을 애도하지도 못한다. 김승옥 소설의 등장인물들이 겪은 감정 및 윤리적 삶의 어려움은 유년기의 대상 상실의 경험에서 비롯된다. 「생명연습」과 「건」의 유년기 이야기는 유년기의 대상 상실에서 비롯된 애증병존성을 드러내는 우화로 해석할 수 있다. 「생명연습」의 유년기 이야기에서 어머니의 남자관계를 두고 형과 누나가 대립하도록 설정한 것은 어머니에 대한 애증병존성의 표현이다. 또 「건」에서 유년 화자가 빨치산의 시체에게서 느끼는 복잡한 감정 역시 아버지 상실에서 비롯된 애증병존성의 표현이다. 유년기 애증병존성의 우화는 김승옥 소설의 인물들이 애증병존성의 위기를 해소하지 못했음을 보여준다. 아이가 애증병존성의 위기를 벗어나지 못하게 되면 병리적 수치심이 자리 잡게 되는데, 김승옥 소설이 제기하는 윤리의 위기의 이면에 병리적 수치심이 놓여 있다. 김승옥의 소설에서 등장인물들은 사랑을 위악적으로 거부하는데 이는 병리적 수치심의 결과라 할 수 있다. 이후 김승옥의 소설은 1960년대 윤리의 위기에 대한 대응으로서의 의미를 지닌다.