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Sleight of Mind: Choice Blindness at a Simple Feature Level
나종인,김민식 한국인지및생물심리학회 2020 한국심리학회지 인지 및 생물 Vol.32 No.3
Choice blindness, the failure to notice mismatches between an intended choice and presented outcome, has mostly been documented in decision-making tasks focusing on preferences, opinions, and facial recognition. To expand upon the existing choice blindness literature, we investigated whether the effect occurs in a non-ambiguous decision-making situation. To test this, we examined if conspicuous mismatches were detected when a simple single feature was manipulated using unidimensional stimuli. In Experiment 1, participants were presented with two bars of differing length and were told to choose the longer bar. Afterwards, their selection was presented on screen and participants had to enter how much longer their selection was than the other. In a few trials, however, the relationship between choice and outcome was manipulated and participants received the bar they did not choose. Consistent with previous experiments, only 20% of the manipulations were detected. To make sure participants actually interacted with the stimuli, in Experiment 2, participants had to adjust the length of the chosen bar themselves. While detection rates rose, choice blindness was still existent. Experiment 3 investigated the effect of task-relevancy on choice blindness. Participants were more susceptible to choice blindness when a task-irrelevant feature was swapped rather than a task-relevant feature. The principal finding was that, though all accurately remembered the difference, most were unaware of the mismatch even when the sole feature was manipulated. Also, both task-relevancy and stimulus similarity moderated the effect, hinting that both top-down and bottom-up attention plays a role.
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시체검안서 또는 사망진단서와 부검 후 사인의 불일치에 대한 연구 (Ⅱ)
나종인,민병우,이영직,김형석,김혜정,정승현,나주영,박종태 대한법의학회 2012 대한법의학회지 Vol.36 No.1
The postmortem examination certificate and death certificate provide proof of death and supply important data used to establish health statistics. However, the format of the form and the accuracy of postmortem examination and death certificates yield errors that must be corrected by comparison with postmortem studies. We reviewed 401 autopsies performed in the Department of Forensic Medicine of Chonnam National University Medical School from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2011 and compared the reports with their postmortem examination certificates and death certificates. Of the 252 cases submitted with death certifications, 60 cases were concordant with the cause of death on the autopsy report. Eighty-nine cases had clear descriptions of the cause of death. Of these cases, 47 were from postmortem examination,42 were from death certificates; 17 were natural deaths, 72 were unnatural. Concordance in each group was 59.6% (28/47 cases), 76.2% (32/42 cases), 41.2%(7/17 cases), and 73.6% (53/72 cases). We thus identified various types of errors in postmortem examination and death certificates. This study reveals a high rate of discrepancy between causes of death reported on death certificates and postmortem examination certificates. There are a few useful death certificate and postmortem examination certificates that can be used as a model, based on which we propose several remedies to increase the accuracy of death and postmortem examination certificates. The postmortem examination certificate and death certificate provide proof of death and supply important data used to establish health statistics. However, the format of the form and the accuracy of postmortem examination and death certificates yield errors that must be corrected by comparison with postmortem studies. We reviewed 401 autopsies performed in the Department of Forensic Medicine of Chonnam National University Medical School from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2011 and compared the reports with their postmortem examination certificates and death certificates. Of the 252 cases submitted with death certifications, 60 cases were concordant with the cause of death on the autopsy report. Eighty-nine cases had clear descriptions of the cause of death. Of these cases, 47 were from postmortem examination,42 were from death certificates; 17 were natural deaths, 72 were unnatural. Concordance in each group was 59.6% (28/47 cases), 76.2% (32/42 cases), 41.2%(7/17 cases), and 73.6% (53/72 cases). We thus identified various types of errors in postmortem examination and death certificates. This study reveals a high rate of discrepancy between causes of death reported on death certificates and postmortem examination certificates. There are a few useful death certificate and postmortem examination certificates that can be used as a model, based on which we propose several remedies to increase the accuracy of death and postmortem examination certificates.
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15세 이하의 어린이에서 중합효소 연쇄반응으로 검출된 Epstein-Barr 바이러스 감염의 임상적 특성
나종인,김옥란,성도경,유승택,이창우,최두영,오연균,조지현,김종덕 대한소아청소년과학회 2008 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.51 No.11
Purpose:Previously, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection was diagnosed by serological examination; currently, many EBV antigen detection methods have been developed and applied clinically for diagnosing EBV infection. To delineate the clinical characteristics of EBV infection, clinical and laboratory findings were evaluated for patients who tested positive in EBV polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methods:EBV PCR was conducted in 352 patients admitted to the pediatric ward from January 2004 to December 2006, with more than 2 clinical signs such as fever (≥37.5℃), exudative throat infection, lymphadenopathy, hepatitis of unknown etiology, and splenomegaly. The EBV viral gene was detected by PCR in 115 patients (32%), and the clinical characteristics of these patients were evaluated. Laboratory findings such as leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, atypical lymphocyte, and alteration in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in peripheral blood were examined. The EBV-specific immunoglobulin M antibody (EBV-IgM Ab) was also tested. Results:Most of the children were younger than 8 years (89%), and the male to female ratio was 1.3:1. Exudative throat infection and fever (≥37.5℃) were observed in all patients. Cervical lymph node enlargement was seen in 36 patients (31 %); leukocytosis (WBC≥10,000/mm3), in 54 patients (47%); and atypical lymphocyte (≥20%), in 28 patients (24%). EBV-IgM Ab was positive in 33 patients (29%). The younger patients had higher ALT levels and higher incidence of positive EBV-IgM Ab than the older patients. Conclusion:The cumulative number of patients diagnosed to have EBV infection by PCR increased markedly for those under 8 years. ALT was higher and EBV-IgM Ab was detected more in younger patients with EBV infection. (Korean J Pediatr 2008;51:1191-1197) Purpose:Previously, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection was diagnosed by serological examination; currently, many EBV antigen detection methods have been developed and applied clinically for diagnosing EBV infection. To delineate the clinical characteristics of EBV infection, clinical and laboratory findings were evaluated for patients who tested positive in EBV polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methods:EBV PCR was conducted in 352 patients admitted to the pediatric ward from January 2004 to December 2006, with more than 2 clinical signs such as fever (≥37.5℃), exudative throat infection, lymphadenopathy, hepatitis of unknown etiology, and splenomegaly. The EBV viral gene was detected by PCR in 115 patients (32%), and the clinical characteristics of these patients were evaluated. Laboratory findings such as leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, atypical lymphocyte, and alteration in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in peripheral blood were examined. The EBV-specific immunoglobulin M antibody (EBV-IgM Ab) was also tested. Results:Most of the children were younger than 8 years (89%), and the male to female ratio was 1.3:1. Exudative throat infection and fever (≥37.5℃) were observed in all patients. Cervical lymph node enlargement was seen in 36 patients (31 %); leukocytosis (WBC≥10,000/mm3), in 54 patients (47%); and atypical lymphocyte (≥20%), in 28 patients (24%). EBV-IgM Ab was positive in 33 patients (29%). The younger patients had higher ALT levels and higher incidence of positive EBV-IgM Ab than the older patients. Conclusion:The cumulative number of patients diagnosed to have EBV infection by PCR increased markedly for those under 8 years. ALT was higher and EBV-IgM Ab was detected more in younger patients with EBV infection. (Korean J Pediatr 2008;51:1191-1197)
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나종만(Na, Jong-Man) 부산대학교 한국민족문화연구소 2020 한국민족문화 Vol.77 No.-
이 연구의 목적은 한국 민주주의의 현실을 분석해 그 과제들을 살펴보고, 문제 해결의 방향을 정당정치의 활성화에서 찾아보고자 하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 현대 민주주의의 일반적 형태인 대의제 자유민주주의의 위기를 자유주의와 민주주의 그리고 직접민주주의와 대의민주주의의 관계라는 관점에서 검토했다. 또 이와 연관해 한국 민주주의의 현 상황과 과제들을 살펴보았다. 검토 결과에 의하면 한국 민주주의의 진전을 위한 과제로서, 한국사회의 균열과 갈등구조와의 괴리, 그리고 운동정치에 의한 민주화, 수입된 한국 민주주의 제도의 문제가 제시되었다. 이 과제 해결 방향의 중심에 정당이 존재하기 때문에 한국 민주주의의 현 상황을 타개하기 위한 방안으로서 정당정치의 대표성 강화 및 비례대표비율 확대를 위한 선거제도개혁 그리고 대의민주주의의 포용성 확대, 그리고 한국 민주주의의 현장인 지역의 정당정치 활성화를 제시하였다. This research is designed to analyze the reality of Korean democracy, to identify the problems and to find the way of solution by the vitalization of party politics. For this study, this research consider the crisis of representative liberal democracy as the general form of modern democracy in terms of the relations of liberalism and democracy, and representative democracy and direct democracy. Also in relation to this work, examine the present situation and the tasks of korean democracy. As a result of analysis, for the real progress of korean democracy, the gab between the crack and the conflict structure of korean society, the democratization by political movement and the problem of institute of imported korean democracy, are suggested. Because there is political party at the center of direction of solution, this research suggest the consolidation of representativeness of political party and the reform of election institution for expansion of ratio of proportional representation, the expansion of acceptability of representative democracy, and the vitalization of regional party politics as field of korean democracy.
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