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김효율 동국대학교 WISE(와이즈)캠퍼스 신라문화연구소 2011 新羅文化 Vol.38 No.-
The Eight Direction Diamond Thrones together with the lower base consist of the ground plan of "Seokgatap", the three story pagoda of the Bulguksa temple built in the 8th century. This study tried to find golden ratios in the Thrones and the way to apply the ratios. The study has been done by two steps; firstly the structure of the Thrones and secondly the design on its surface. The structure of the Thrones is a kind of geometrical diagram consisted of squares and circles. The study tried to reconstruct the diagram with the average figures of the surveyed value by the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage. And it arrived at the following results by comparing the related parts; 1) the width of the square formed by the inter-center segments bewteen the Thrones equals that of the lower base square multiplied by φ(≒1.618). 2) the diameter of a Throne multiplied by φ equals the space between the two squares. 3) the width of a belt stone between near Thrones equals the radius of a Throne divided by φ. As these three values of the results are all that needed to draw the diagram, we can safely conclude that the Thrones are designed under the principle of golden ratio. The subject of the surface design on a Throne is an eight-petal lotus which has five concentric circles of inner ovary, outer ovary, inner petal, outer petal and outskirts. The study traced the spaces between near concentric circles by checking various golden ratios found on the elevation of the Seokgatap. And concluded that the eight Thrones have a same pattern of the concentric circles and every two near segments of the radius produced by the circles revealed one of the golden ratios. A Throne may have a single or double petal design on the surface. And there may be many alternatives to setup them on the eight Thrones. The study tried to understand the existing setup and argued that it means the golden section expressed by natural numbers. That is the same meaning as the Fibonacci number 8 equals 2+1+2+3. One may safely conclude from the above findings that the ground plan of the Seokgatap, just like the elevation, is designed under the principle of golden ratios.
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김효율 동국대학교 WISE(와이즈)캠퍼스 신라문화연구소 2010 新羅文化 Vol.36 No.-
The Sakyamuni Pagoda(or "Seokgatap" in Korean) is a three story stone pagoda of the Bulguksa temple built in the 8th century. This study tried to find golden ratios in the original part of the pagoda by checking an eastern side drawing with the photoshop 7.0. At first, the pagoda was found to be divided in six vertical parts, of which their upper and lower parts are cut in golden ratio. One of them is cut in 1:φ and others are in φ:1. Secondly, the lower parts of the six were found to be rectangles in the ratio of φ2:1 which we may get along with φ:1 rectangles by golden cut of squares. The front of the upper basement is a φ2:1 rectangle divided into four of φ-3:1 and three of φ-1:1 rectangles. Thirdly, there are three kinds of diagonals on a roof of each story. And their slopes were found to be the same as the diagonals of φ:1 and φ2:1 rectangles or their reciprocals. As the above three kinds of golden ratios(golden sections, golden rectangles and golden diagonals) are found in every part of the drawing and their errors are very small, we can safely conclude that the pagoda was designed and constructed on the principle of golden ratio. The golden ratios of the pagoda originated from squares. The basic outlines of the six vertical parts are squares and they are golden cut in φ:1 and φ2:1 rectangles. And the upper parts have been transshaped mainly with the diagonals which came from the two rectangles while the lower parts remained in the φ2:1 rectangles. Golden ratio is a term for quantitative comparison. However, 'yin and yang' is a term of the East Asian philosophy for non-quantitative comparison. If we take the φ:1 rectangles as yang(+) and the φ2:1 rectangles as yin(-), the golden cuts of the six divisions match the yin and yang principle from the view points of "top and bottom", "prominence and depression", “change and constancy" and "light and darkness". Consequently the pagoda might be noted as a case for "golden ratios of the yin and yang".
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化粧品廣告에 表現된 헤드라인에 관한 연구 : 잡지광고를 중심으로 Focused on the magazine advertisement
金孝律 진주여자전문대학 1993 論文集 Vol.16 No.-
The expressions of advertisement are dependent upon times, cultures, economics, social situation, and so on. For an advertisement to be successful, it is important to draw a consumer's attention to them with original messages which are unique and different from those by other rival companies. Only in this way is it possible to achieve the manu-factruer's desired objective : to sell the advertiesd roducts. Of the important elements involved in an advertisement, it is the headline which appeals to customer's attention the most. It should not be a mere message, but significent and every-day words with a hidden meaning. In current advertisements of cosmetics, however, headline mostly consists of such abstract and vague words as "dignity, tone, and fashionible wares." They were popular in the 1980s ; some examples are, "It draws in skin smoothly, " and "Feel unique and fashion colors on the skin". Since these were used in the 1980s, they have lost their attraction alrealy. In this study the followings are investigated and discussed. Fist, there is a motive of appeal in the current cosmetic advertisements that are out of dat and vague. Second, typical headlines are of identifacation pattern and curiosity pattern focusing on labels, which may neither communicate the merits of a product nor reflect the desires of consumers. Third, the constitutive elements of headline are mostly concerned with curiosity, which alone cannot make any advertisement successful. And some improvements are summerized as follows. First, there should be a significant change in the way the advertisers look at consumers. The consumer has a desire to the advertised products and the products have merits. There fore, the advertisers need to find a drama between the customer's desire and the merits of goods, there by give their advertisement a motive of appeal. Second, regardless of types of headline used in the avertisement, they must be in every-day language which may satisfy the benefit and desire of customers. Only in this way, advertisements can move the customer's minds. Good headline must be in every-day language which can move the customer's minds. Recently good examples, in this regard, are provided by Evas Cosmetics Company : "Women, open your eyes to colors," "Women, let's be a sleepyhead."
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김효율 동국대학교 WISE(와이즈)캠퍼스 신라문화연구소 2015 新羅文化 Vol.46 No.-
The Sakyamuni Pagoda(or "Seokgatap" in Korean) of the Bulguksa temple is a geometrical art piece. Three kinds of golden ratios(golden sections, golden rectangles and golden diagonals) were also found there before. Minimum bounding rectangles(after, "MBR") might be needed in some pre-fixed ratios to make a drawing for the building. This study is to contribute for finding the macro structure of the pagoda from the view point of golden ratios of MBRs. The application of golden ratios in MBRs could be tested by some characters found at the pagoda before. They are the height-width ratios in “φn” as basic form, and two derived forms aφn and (√5)n. The study found that the pagoda is consisted of the three kinds of MBRs in the ratios, namely, the Body-wheel MBR(φ2), the Upper-cover MBR((√5)-4) and the Base MBR(φ0/2) by testing their characters. It also found that the height of the Body-wheel MBR and the Base MBR are golden sectioned by testing their characters. A set of golden diagonals which make a ratio structure for the three MBRs are found. And now we can use two kinds of ratio models for the height and width of the pagoda. The first is the “Three Kinds Golden Ratio MBRs Model” which has three height variables and two width variables. The second is the “Three Kinds Golden Ratio MBRs_Extended Model” which has nine height variables and two width variables. The two models were tested with the real values measured on the eastern side 3D drawing of the pagoda by Photoshop cs2. As only some limited errors were found there, and we can safely conclude that the pagoda was designed and constructed on the principle of golden ratio, not only from the view point of micro structure, but also from the view point of macro structure.
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김효율(Hyo-Yul Kim) 한국무역학회 2008 무역학자 전국대회 발표논문집 Vol.2008 No.8
The author argues that there is a structural difference between CPI and PPI: CPI^-PPI^>0, and the difference has a functional relation with the real growth rate: CPI^-PPI^=f(y^). The reasoning came from the different ratio of commodity and service between the two indexes, and the hypothesis of "commodity biased growth" in a Ricardian trade model. Korean data(l977-2006) of the International Financial Statistics(IMF) was employed for the empirical test. The annual increasing rates of the indexes confirmed CPI^-PPI^>0 at 80% level in frequency. Their annual average increasing rates were 6.68%(CPI) and 5.04%(PPI), and the difference was 1.65%. The indexes at the end of the period(based by 1976) were 697(CPI) and 437(PPI), making the trend of CPI-PPI difference series stable(R2=0.961). The corelation between the two data series, CPI-PPI and the personal real GDP growth rate, was also tested and revealed high(R2=0.9886), confirming the functional relationship between them. The study may contribute peoples to understand the price situation and the mark-up approach to the CPI and PPI relation. It confirmed "commodity biased growth" of Korea. However, we are on a transitional stage to a service economy. And we may face a situation of "service biased growth" and a reversal between the two price indexes in the future or in other countries.
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