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부당지급청구 사례로 본 청구보증 사용의 필요성에 관한 연구
김필준(Kim, Pil Joon) 한국무역상무학회 2013 貿易商務硏究 Vol.58 No.-
It is quite true that the more Korean contractors receive overseas contracts, the more they need guarantees. The top market for them is the Middle East countries, consisting of more than the half of the total amount awarded last year and the trend is increasing as well. The problem, however, is that employers in these countries are reluctant to use international rules for guarantee such as URDG or ISP98 and easily make unfair callings. However, Korean contractors(applicants), especially small and medium sized enterprises(SMEs) tend to hurriedly enter a contract without looking into its contents as well as guarantees. They do not realize the importance of the guarantees until they receive callings from the employers (beneficiaries). Being independent from the underlying contracts, guarantee is the equivalent to cash in that it usually does not require any proof of demand when calling and the guarantor should make a payment within usually 5 business days after the request. It is often observed these days that several Korean SMEs go bankrupt due to liquidity risks after receiving unfair callings from employers in the Middle East countries. In retrospect, some cases could be obviated if contractors were a little more careful in checking the contents of a guarantee at the time of concluding a contract. For example, there is one case where the underlying contract includes a reduction clause in the Advance Payment bond and the guarantee does not have that clause. In the end, the Korean contractor had to take the whole burden of the bond amount though it had finished 81% of the project. Nobody could argue that contractors should take a full responsibility if they fail in their obligations. However, the employer's wrongful callings need to be prevented in the first place, if possible. As there shouldn't be a case where one party is at a disadvantage against the other like the case mentioned above, useful insight is being sought to minimize unfair calling risks for the benefit of the applicant. First, the applicant should carefully look into every detail of the potential guarantee before signing a contract, heeding especially that there is a reduction clause in the AP bond. Second, the governing principles for guarantee should be the ones that are internally used such as URDG758 that is objective in terms of callings given that, for example, it specifies that the requirement for a supporting statement when making a demand is a default rule. It is also recommended that the form of guarantees be the standard demand guarantee. Third, parties involved in issuing guarantees are advised to understand international rules for guarantee like URDG758 and ISP98 and to play a key role in guiding SME contractors in Korea so that they can protect themselves from possible wrongful callings, particularly from employers in the Middle East countries. I hope this study would give a wake-up call for Korean SMEs wishing to do business in the Middle East countries and remind them of the importance of guarantee itself and its governing principles.
비측정용 카메라와 지상LiDAR를 이용한 문화재의 3차원 형상 해석
김필준(Kim Pil Jun),최승필(Choi Seung Pil),김욱남(Kim Uk Nam) 한국지적학회 2016 한국지적학회지 Vol.32 No.1
비측정용 카메라로 현장 정밀실측이 어려운 문화재의 세밀한 부분과 전체적인 3차원 형상 및 좌표정보를 얻어내어 훼손, 멸실 부위를 복원할 수 있다. 따라서, 향후 문화재 관리의 지원체계에 저가의 금액으로 원하는 정보와 데이터를 취득하는 것을 목적으로 저가의 비측정용 카메라와 지상LiDAR로 문화재를 관측하여 얻어진 자료를 비교, 분석하였다. 그 결과, 비측정용 카메라에서 얻어진 도면을 지상LiDAR의 도면과 비교했을 때 RMSE가 ±8.4㎜로 나타나므로 문화재 훼손 시 원형 복원의 기초자료를 다방면으로 제작하는데 있어서 충분히 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. By using a non-metric camera, the detailed parts of cultural assets that are difficult to observe precisely on-site, overall three-dimensional shape, and the coordinate information can be obtained to restore the damaged or destroyed parts in the future. Therefore, this research compared and analyzed the data obtained by observing cultural assets with a cheap non-metric camera and Terrestrial LiDAR, in order to acquire the desired information and data at low cost for the purpose of cultural asset management. As a result, when compared the resulting drawings from non-metric camera with the drawing from the Terrestrial LiDAR, an RMSE showed ±8.4mm, which indicates that the camera can be used fully to produce the basic materials of restoring the original shape of damaged cultural assets in many different ways.
Framed -Quadtree 파면전파 기법과 항법함수 기법을 이용한 항공기 위협회피 궤적 설계
김필준(Piljun Kim),최종욱(Jonguk Choi),김유단(Youdan Kim) 한국항공우주학회 2007 韓國航空宇宙學會誌 Vol.35 No.10
군용 항공기는 임무수행 지역의 방어 시스템을 효과적으로 우회하여 비행해야 성공적으로 임무를 수행할 수 있다. 이를 위해 항공기가 위협을 회피하며 비행하는 경로를 생성하는 알고리듬이 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 포텐셜 기법을 이용하여 다수의 위협과 예상하지 못한 위협을 고려하여 비행경로를 생성하는 경로생성 기법을 제안하였다. 파면전파 기법과 항법함수를 함께 사용하여 포텐셜 기법에서 발생하는 국부최적해 문제를 해결하였다. 비행거리가 제한된 무인항공기에 적용이 가능한 비행경로를 생성하기 위해 최대이동거리를 고려한 경로생성 기법과 예상하지 못한 위협이 발생한 상황에 부드러운 경로를 생성하는 효율적인 경로전환 기법을 제안하였다. 제안한 기법의 성능을 검증하기 위해 중첩된 위협이 존재하는 상황에 대해 수치 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. Military aircrafts usually operate at the area with lots of threats such as radars and surface-to-air missiles. Aircraft also faces with the unexpected or pop-up threats. Under this environment, a safe flight path should be generated to lead a mission successful. In this paper, a new path planning algorithm is proposed to provide less dangerous flight path efficiently. Of many path planning algorithms, a potential method is considered, because it has advantages of computation efficiency and smooth path generation. Trajectory generation under the condition of maximum range is studied so that the aircraft may reach the target area without refueling. The algorithm to cope with an unexpected situation is also proposed by adopting the concept of initial direction vector, additional force, and a new mapping function. The performance of the proposed algorithms is demonstrated for SEAD (Suppression of Enemy Air Defences) mission by numerical simulation.
Domestic and foreign disinfection industry trends in response to COVID-19
Jisoo kim(김지수),Jungsook Choi(최정숙),Jihoon Seo(서지훈),Inwoo Choi(최인우),Philjoon Kim(김필준),Jongryul Sohn(손종렬) 환경독성보건학회 2021 한국독성학회 심포지움 및 학술발표회 Vol.2021 No.5
Since the COVID-19, there has been a growing interest in disinfection in the space where many people stay for a long time, with the spread of new infections caused by Cluster Infection in multi-use facilities in Korea soaring. Since COVID-19, natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation alone have difficulty in controlling bio-aerosols in multi-use facilities, and considering water-borne infections as an infection path of COVID-19, a diverse disinfection process is required. Since the declaration of COVID-19 pandemic, attempts to replace human resources with robots or drones have been increasing due to the spread of non-face-to-face culture that minimizes interpersonal contact. Domestic disinfection is carried out through disinfectants approved by the Ministry of Environment for coronavirus, such as cleaning, spraying disinfection through dispensing drugs, and direct disinfection. Disinfecting spray is also avoided by the Central Disaster and Safety Countermeasures Headquarters in Korea and the WHO. This is because the effect of disinfection is low except in the space where the disinfectant is directly contacted, and the disinfectant stimulates the skin, eyes, and respiratory system, which is not recommended due to the high risk of exposure to the human body. Although most of the domestic and international development and commercialized disinfection technologies have UV lamp and spray disinfection methods, they have clear limitations such as weak spray disinfection effects or ozone from ultraviolet lamps. the disinfection technology needs to be considered for the harmful effects of human exposure of chemicals in disinfectants that are made for the purpose of removing microorganisms, so continuous interest and verification of the technology is needed.