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Customs Classification Disputes over IT Products and Implications for Global Trade
김재식,김소연 한국상품학회 2015 商品學硏究 Vol.33 No.2
Disputes frequently arise between importers and customs authorities particularly when a new product is, prima facie, classifiable under two or more HS codes. By examining the dispute case of Multi-Chip Packages (MCPs) involving technological progress, this article identifies the problems of new product classification and provides implications for global companies and customs authorities. In examining the Multi-Chip Packages classification case, this research follows an interpretive approach. The case study on the MCPS dispute is conducted based on information collected by searching through related documents and interviewing appropriate individuals concerning MCPS classification. The court's decision on MCPs supported the business community’s argument, focusing on product characteristics. In addition, some indirect forces influenced the court’s classification decision. In particular, the mood in both the home country and abroad might have affected the court's decision to classify MCPs as HS 8542. The court's decision exhibits logical inconsistency and there is confusion in the courts regarding how to apply related laws and regulations to this case. Importers should use the Advance Ruling for Tariff Classification and should provide the latest information on their products to customs authorities. It is also essential for customs authorities to communicate through diversified information channels. The WCO and the WTO should take proper measures to ensure that IT products such as MCPs are classified in the ITA concession nomenclature. The ITA participants have failed to narrow the differences of their positions and as a result, ITA expansion negotiations are now on hold. To reach an agreement, a thorough study should be conducted on IT product classification disputes.
급성요폐를 보인 전이 전립선암에서경요도전립선 보존 절제술의 효과
김재식,박영요,심봉석 대한배뇨장애요실금학회 2006 International Neurourology Journal Vol.10 No.2
Purpose: Obstructive voiding difficulties were frequent in the patients with metastatic prostatic cancer, and sometimes acute urinary retention may be developed even though medical treatments. We performed channel transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) as palliative treatment for those patients and reported the results. Materials and Methods: Fifteen patients with metastatic prostatic cancer were taken TURP aiming for relief of infravesical obstruction. All patients were under the anti-androgen hormonal therapy and had sudden onset of acute urinary retention. TURP was done under general or epidural anesthesia. After TURP, 30∼50 cc ballooning urethral Foley catheter was placed for 4 days. We analyzed voiding parameters comparatively before and 3 months after TURP. Results: The mean age of patients was 75.6±5.7 years old. Mean prostatic volume was 47.8±1.4 cc. Mean resected prostatic tissue was 6.4±2.1 cc. All patients had stage D prostatic cancer. Mean serum PSA was 75.2± 73.8 ng/ml and mean gleason score was 7.8±0.9. After TURP, mean international prostatic symptom score (IPSS) was improved from 25.5±2.0 to 13.8±2.0, mean quality of life score (QOL) was improved from 4.4±0.5 to 2.0±0.5, and mean maximum uroflow rate was increased from 5.0±1.1 ml/sec to 6.0±1.6 ml/sec. All patients did not have any complications according to TURP. Conclusion: In patients with metastatic prostatic cancer, channel TURP could be considered as a treatment option to relieve severe obstructive voiding difficulty. (J. Korean Continence Society 2006;10:116-120)