「両利き経営」と 「オープンイノベーション」: トヨタ自動車におけるBEV専用PF開発戦略

김양태(Yang-Tae Kim) 한일경상학회 2024 한일경상논집 Vol.105 No.-

Purpose: This study focuses on Toyota’s BEV strategy before and after the appointment of Koji Sato, particularly examining and analyzing the efforts related to the development of BEV dedicated PF. Research design, data, and methodology: This study analyzes the development process of BEV-exclusive platforms at Toyota using the management theories of “ambidextrous management” and “open innovation.” Specifically, based on the theory of ambidextrous management, the study examines a strategy that simultaneously advances “exploitation” and “exploration” in order to maintain short-term competitiveness while aiming for long-term growth. Furthermore, in exploration activities, the importance of “open innovation” - the utilization of external technologies and knowledge - is emphasized, and the promotion of technological innovation through collaboration with other companies is considered. Additionally, the study highlights that the success of both “ambidextrous management” and “open innovation” requires strategic leadership from top management. Results: Under the leadership of President Koji Sato, Toyota is actively transforming into a mobility company, practicing a dual innovation strategy. In the aspect of “exploitation,” Toyota has built a flexible approach to electrification by leveraging its traditional “multi-pathway strategy,” offering various electric technologies to meet regional characteristics and customer needs. However, reflecting on the delay in the BEV shift caused by this strategy, Toyota has shifted focus to BEV development, emphasizing profitability. Drawing inspiration from the business models of Tesla and BYD, Toyota aims to strengthen competitiveness and establish market leadership by focusing on the development of more profitable BEVs. In the “exploration” aspect, Toyota is undergoing a fundamental reform of its BEV production system and business model. By referencing Tesla’s high-profit model, Toyota is adopting strategies such as “narrowing vehicle types,” “reducing component count,” and “efficient development and production processes” to create a more efficient production system. Toyota is introducing next-generation BEV-exclusive platforms and restructuring vehicle architecture into three modules: “front,” “center,” and “rear” to enhance production flexibility and efficiency. Furthermore, Toyota is integrating advanced technologies such as “gigacasting,” “self-driving assembly lines,” and “vehicle transport robots” to streamline production processes. Additionally, through strategic partnerships with BYD, Toyota is jointly developing core technologies for next-generation BEVs, which plays a crucial role in establishing competitive advantages. Toyota is leveraging dual innovation to balance profitability and innovation, aiming for sustainable growth. Implications: This study has two main limitations. First, it lacks a detailed analysis of the specifications and performance of next-generation BEVs, which is crucial for understanding Toyota’s BEV strategy. Further research is needed on how the technical features of next-generation BEVs affect the company’s competitive advantage and profitability. Second, the application of the theoretical frameworks, “ambidextrous management” and “open innovation,” is limited. Future studies should explore how these frameworks can be applied to BEV strategies of other automakers and companies in different industries to gain broader insights.

일본 전기·전자산업 ‘잃어버린 20년’의 재검토

김양태 ( Kim Yang-tae ),한성수 ( Han Sung-soo ) 한국일본근대학회 2019 일본근대학연구 Vol.0 No.63

일반적으로 일본 제조업의 경쟁력을 분석하는 방법론으로 제품 아키텍처(architecture) 관점에서의 접근 방법이 있다. 제품 아키텍처는 제품 특성을 통합·상호조정(integral )형과 조합(modular)으로 구분해 분석하는 방법이다. 통합·상호조정(integral)은 일본어로 ‘스리아와세(擦り合せ)’로 표현되는데 모듈(module)과 대립하는 개념으로 사용된다. 일본 제조업의 높은 국제경쟁력은 일본 제조업의 특이성에 기인하는데 제조 현장을 팀워크, 정보 공유, 미세한 조정, 까다로운 고객에 대한 대응, 장인 정신과 같이 정량화하기 어려운 요소들을 통합·상호조정(integral)하는 조직 능력에 있다고 본다. 한편, 종래 일본기업은 기술혁신에 성공해 신제품을 출시하면 시장점유율, 수익성, 국제경쟁력은 자연히 증가하는 패턴을 유지해 왔다. 그러나 이러한 전제는 장기불황이 지속한 ‘잃어버린 20년’ 동안에는 적용되지 않았다. 수많은 특허와 세계 최고 수준의 기술력을 보유하고 혁신 제품을 출시했음에도 불구하고 시장점유율과 수익창출로 이어지지 못하는 아이러니한 현상들이 나타나기 시작했는데 일본의 전기·전자산업은 그 대표적이다. 거품 붕괴 이후, ‘잃어버린 20년’ 동안에 일본 전기·전자산업의 정체 및 경쟁력 하락에 대해서 많은 연구가 축적됐다. 그 내용을 정리해 보면, 일본경제 관련(장기불황, 급격한 가격하락, 円高), 기술 변화의 측면(디지털 기술과 범용화의 확산, 이노베이션, 과잉 품질 등), 모노즈쿠리 구조변화(표준화 전략 대응의 실패, 수평분업 체계의 확산, 수직통합의 딜레마, 통합형 모노즈쿠리의 한계) 등으로 분류된다. 본 논문은 선행 연구 성과에 기초해 일본 전기·전자산업이 세계 최고의 기술력을 보유하면서도 사업에서는 좋은 성과를 내지 못하는 원인에 대해서 일본형 기업모델 혹은 일본적 경영과의 관계에서 고찰·분석하고자 한다. In general, there is an approach named “product architecture” which is used to analyze competitiveness of Japanese manufacturing industry. The success of Japanese manufacturing industry lies in the organizational ability to integrate·mutually adjust factors that are difficult to be quantified such as teamwork, information sharing, fine tuning, dealing with demanding customers and artisan spirit. In the past, when a Japanese company launched a new product by succeeding in technological innovation, they were able to secure stable profits based on strong international competitiveness. However, this premise has not been valid during the “two lost decades” when long-term recession took place. Ironically, Japanese companies were in possession of numerous patents and world-class technology but they did not ensure expansion of market share and profit creation. The electrical·electronics industry in Japan was an representative example. During the 20 years after the collapse of bubble, several factors have been noted as the cause for recession and deteriorated competitiveness of Japanese electrical·electronics industry including economic factors (long-term recession, rapid price decline, strong yen), technological factors (expansion and generalization of digital technology, innovation, excess quality) and monozukur structural change (failure in response to standardization strategy, expansion of horizontal division of labor, vertical integration dilemma, limitation of integrated monozukuri). Based on investigating the findings from previous studies, the present research aims to examine the causes for business failures of Japanese electrical·electronics industry despite their world-class technology. In particular, I focus on examination from a business management perspective to identify the cause of competitiveness decline in Japanese electrical·electronics industry and business management agendas, by comparing between electrical·electronics industry and semiconductor industry.

공감의 신경생물학적 이해

김양태(Yang-Tae Kim) 대한생물치료정신의학회 2015 생물치료정신의학 Vol.21 No.3

일본 기업방재 현황과 지원정책 연구

김양태 ( Kim Yang-tae ),임상혁 ( Yim Sang-hyuk ) 한국일본근대학회 2019 일본근대학연구 Vol.0 No.66

본 연구는 우리나라에 BCP보급·확산을 위해 방재선진국인 일본의 기업방재 현황과 BCP지원정책을 고찰·분석한 연구이다. 일본의 재해대책은 지진, 풍수해 등의 재해 원인을 특정하고 생명·신체와 자산에 대한 피해를 막는 ‘방재(防災)’가 중심이었다. 그러나 1995년 한신·아와지(阪神淡路)대지진 이후, 많은 기업이 피해를 경험하면서 자연재해와 사고에 의한 공급사슬 단절 문제가 경영현안문제로 등장했다. 특히 동일본대지진은 지진과 해일(쓰나미)뿐만 아니라 원전의 방사선물질 유출과 전력부족 등의 영향으로 일본기업에 커다란 손해를 입히면서 종래 ‘방재’에 중점을 둔 위기관리체계를 되돌아보는 계기가 되면서 ‘감재(減災, Disaster reduction)’가 중요한 키워드로 등장했다. 감재(減災)의 사고에 입각한 재해대책으로 사업지속성계획(BCP: Business Continuity Plan)과 사업지속계획관리(BCM: Business Continuity Management)가 등장했다. 사업지속성계획(BCP)이란 재난이 발생해도 기업의 비즈니스 연속성을 유지하기 위한 방법론으로 사업 중단의 원인이 되는 여러 가지 위험을 상정하여 이들을 미연에 회피, 혹은 피해를 받아도 신속하게 복구할 수 있도록 방침이나 행동수순을 규정한 것이다. 일본의 경제산업성, 내각부, 중소기업청 등은 영미 기업들 사이에 도입된 BCP, BCM를 일본에 보급·확대를 위해 BCP 가이드라인이나 운용지침을 발표하여 방재의 측면만이 아닌 경영의 관점에서 사업을 중단시키지 않고 지속시키는 지혜가 몸에 배도록 메시지를 발신하고 있다. 일본은 중앙정부, 지방정부, 민간단체에 의해 다양한 BCP책정 지원을 전개하고 있으며, 많은 성과를 거두고 있다. 우리나라는 2013년 3월 23일 「재해경감을 위한 기업의 자율 활동 지원에 관한 법률」이 제정되고 동년 12월에는 ‘기업재난 관리표준’이 마련되어 시행 중에 있다. 본 논문은 향후 우리기업이 재해경감활동에 적극적으로 관여하기 위해서는 어떠한 정책과 지원이 필요한지를 일본 사례를 통해 다양한 시사점을 제공해 주리라 사료된다. This research is a study that examined and analyzed the current status of business disaster prevention in Japan, a disaster prevention country, and the BCP support policy in Korea for the purpose of supplying and expanding BCP. Japan’s disaster measures were centered on “disaster” that specified causes of disasters such as earthquakes and feng shui and prevent damage to life, body and assets. However, since the 1995 Hanshin and Aaji earthquakes, the problem of cutting off supply chains caused by natural disasters and accidents has emerged as a management issue as many companies experience damage. In particular, “disaster control” has emerged as an important keyword as the earthquake and tsunami as well as the earthquake and tsunami, which caused huge losses to Japanese companies due to the leakage of radiation materials from nuclear power plants and power shortages, and thus led to a review of the crisis management system that traditionally focuses on “disaster.” BCP (Business Continuity Plan) and BCM (Business Continuity Management) emerged as disaster measures based on the accident of the deduction. A Business Continuity Plan (BCP) is a methodology for maintaining the business continuity of an enterprise in the event of a disaster, which presumes various risks that contribute to the disruption of the business so that they can be averted or quickly recovered from damage. Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Industry and Energy, and the Small and Medium Business Administration have issued BCP guidelines or operating guidelines to distribute and expand BCP and BCM introduced among U.S. companies, sending messages to the body so that it is wise to keep the business afloat from a management perspective, not just from a disaster perspective. Japan has deployed various BCP-assigned support by the central government, local governments and private organizations, and has made a lot of progress The Act on Support of Self-Governing Activities of Enterprises for Reducing Disaster was enacted on March 23, 2013, and the Industrial Accident Management Standards were prepared and in place in December of the same year. It is believed that this paper will provide various implications through the Japanese case on what policies and support our company needs to actively engage in disaster mitigation activities in the future.

중독환자에서 보이는 사회인지의 손상

김양태(Yang-Tae Kim) 대한생물치료정신의학회 2011 생물치료정신의학 Vol.17 No.1

When we engage in social interaction with others, we constantly share and infer their emotion, belief, and thought. Thus, social cognitions such as emotion recognition and mind-reading play a crucial in successful interpersonal relationship. It has been demonstrated that social brain including the amygdale, anterior cingulated cortex, insula, orbitofrontal cortex and medial prefrontal cortex are activated in association with social cognition. In fact, social cognition deficits have been reported in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, for example, autistic spectrum disorder, patients with frontal lobe damage, and schizophrenia. Recently, several studies revealed that substance abusers showed the impairments in social cognition and alterations in neural correlates relevant to it. Thus, social cognition deficits and altered neural networks related to it in substance abusers may lead to misunderstandings and impairment of interpersonal communication, which could in turn contribute to hostility and stress during interpersonal relationship. These alterations in socio-emotional behaviors might be related to relapse and sustainment of substance abuse. Therefore, treatment and rehabilitation for substance abusers must consider the role of social cognition and include relearning of social interactions and behaviors.

일본 소재·부품산업 경쟁력 원천과 연구개발 파트너십에 관한 연구

김양태 ( Kim Yang-tae ),임상혁 ( Lim Sagn-hyuk ) 한국일본근대학회 2020 일본근대학연구 Vol.0 No.68

본 연구는 우리나라의 소재·부품·장비 부문의 경쟁력 강화 정책의 효율성을 높이기 위해 정책적 대안을 마련하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 일본의 부소재(部素材)산업을 대상으로 산업분석과 함께 경쟁력 원천을 정부정책과 기업 행동을 상세히 고찰·분석해 그 시사점을 얻고자 한다. 그러나 주지하는 바와 같이, 한·일 양국의 산업구조에는 많은 유사성이 관찰되지만, 일본의 소재 산업은 한국보다 훨씬 먼저 공업화를 추진해 왔고 그 과정에서 많은 경험과 노하우 및 기술축적을 이룩해 왔다. 우리나라는 무엇보다 원천기술의 확보를 정부 정책의 목표로 두고 있지만, 일본은 이미 확보된 탄탄한 원천기술을 바탕으로 지속적인 연구개발을 통해 한국, 중국, 대만 등 후발 국가의 추격을 따돌리면서 고부가가치 분야로의 전환을 끊임없이 시도하고 있으며 일본 정부도 보조금 및 연구개발 감세 등의 제도를 활용해 간접적 지원을 시행하고 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 양국의 소재·부품·장비 산업의 특수성과 상이성을 파악·인식하고 우리나라가 효율적으로 원천기술을 확보하는 방향에 대해서 중점적으로 고찰해 보았다. 본 연구는 일본에서 과거부터 성공적으로 진행 시켜 온 연구개발 파트너십 제도 즉 기술연구조합제도의 도입을 제언하고자 한다. 기술연구조합은 기업(중소, 대), 대학, 정출연 연구기관이 참여해 공동으로 시험연구 및 제품개발까지 시행하는 조합이다. 외부기관과의 연계를 통해 대학의 요소 기술을 중심으로 한 산학연계뿐만 아니라 공동연구, 대·중소기업 간 협력영역의 확대 및 공동연구 및 제품개발이 가능하다. This research is to develop policy alternatives to enhance the efficiency of the nation’s policies to strengthen competitiveness in the materials, parts and equipment sectors. In this study, we want to gain implications for Japan’s subsidiary industries by examining and analyzing the sources of competitiveness in detail, along with industrial analysis. As is noted, however, many similarities are observed in the industrial structure of Korea and Japan, but Japan’s material industry has pushed for industrialization much earlier than Korea and has achieved a lot of experience, know-how and technology accumulation in the process. Korea aims to secure original technologies, among other things, but Japan is constantly trying to shift to high-value-added areas by avoiding the pursuit of Korea, China, Taiwan and other later countries through continuous research and development through solid original technologies already secured, and the Japanese government is also implementing indirect support by utilizing such systems as subsidies and R&D tax cuts. This study focused on identifying and recognizing the specificity and differences between the materials, components and equipment industries of the two countries and on the direction in which Korea efficiently secures original technologies. This research suggests the introduction of a research and development partnership system, or technology research cooperative system, which has been successfully implemented in Japan since the past. Technology Research Association is a combination of companies (medium and large), universities, and research institutes that jointly conduct test research and product development. Through its links with external institutions, joint research, joint research and product development is possible, as well as industry-academic links centered on university’s element technology.

신경생물학적 관점에서의 사회적 의사결정

김양태(Yang-Tae Kim) 대한생물치료정신의학회 2012 생물치료정신의학 Vol.18 No.2

A lot of important decisions are made in the context of social interactions because we live in highly complex social environments. In order to investigate social decision-making in the laboratory setting, simple but sophisticated tasks such as Ultimatum game, Prisoner’s dilemma, and Trust game have been used from a branch of behavioral economics. Recently, a variety of neuroscience methods including functional neuroimaging, brain-damaged neurological patients, transcranial magnetic stimulation, pharmacological manipulations have been used to examine the underlying neural networks for social decision making. Neural systems such as insula, caudate nucleus, ventromedial, ventrolateral, dorsolateral, and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex are recruited for inequity aversion, reciprocity, abstract and delayed reward, emotional regulation, social norm, and mentalizing respectively. These neural systems are also modulated by neurochemicals including serotonin and testosterone, which promote and suppress prosocial behavior respectively. Additionally, recent progress has been made in understanding the neural differences between normal subjects and patients with mental illness in social decision-making. Overall, the study of social decision-making in the perspective of neurobiology has been growing rapidly and the current state of knowledge as described here seems to provide many interesting avenues for future research.

시점간 선택과 중독

김양태(Yang-Tae Kim) 한국중독정신의학회 2016 중독정신의학 Vol.20 No.2

Intertemporal choice refers to decision making between immediate but smaller and delayed but larger rewards. This decision-making is ubiquitous in real life such as in the domains of health, retirement savings, and education. Although it is usually assumed that humans generally prefer sooner over later rewards, growing evidence suggests that this preference shows interindi-vidual diversity and can vary according to the context. Recently, interdisciplinary approaches including behavioral economics, neuroscience and psychiatry have elucidated the psychological and neural mechanism underlying intertemporal choice and have suggested novel intervention methods for intertemporal choice. Therefore, the goal of this article is to review the diverse literature related to intertemporal choice. First, the concept of intertemporal choice and context-dependent change in intertemporal choice will be introduced. Next, the neural mechanism of intertempoal choice will be explained from the perspective of neural network and dopamine. Then, the high discount rate in intertemporal choice in patients with addiction will be addressed. Finally, diverse interventions which reduce high discount rate in intertemporal choice will be suggested.

우반구와 좌반구의 기능적 비대칭성

김양태(Yang-Tae Kim) 대한생물치료정신의학회 2013 생물치료정신의학 Vol.19 No.1

Asymmetry between right and left hemispheres had been of interest long before Broca reported the specialization of the left hemisphere for language. Recently, however, the concept of left hemisphere dominance was changed into an effort to investigate functional differences between two hemispheres as neuroscientific research has extended into the areas of visuospatial perception, emotion, and social cognition. Here, we review the diverse literature describing hemisphere asymmetries in terms of evolutionary theory, neuroscience, and psychotherapy. First, the conflict between both hemispheres, from ancient times until the present, ending in the final triumph of the left hemisphere, will be discussed. Then, from the neuroscientific perspective, the functional asymmetries between right and left will be provided. Finally, the application of functional asymmetry between two hemispheres to psychotherapy will be addressed through right-brain affect regulation and couple cases. From the perspective of neurobiology, psychotherapy can stimulate horizontal, and interpersonal integration.

자기조절의 신경과학

김양태(Yang-Tae Kim) 대한생물치료정신의학회 2016 생물치료정신의학 Vol.22 No.1

Recently, self-regulation has attracted increasing attention at both theoretical levels and practical applications. Self-regulation, changing one’s responses based on some rules, values or standards, is a crucial key to success in life. Most self-regulation occurs in three domains : thought, emotion, and impulse control. Therefore, the aim of this article reviews diverse literature on self-regulation from the perspectives of neurobiology, limited resources, and strength model. First, the costs and benefits of self-regulation as well as its definition will be provided. From a neurobiological perspective, self-regulation is mainly involved in top-down control from the prefrontal cortex over subcortical areas related to thought, emotion, and impulse. Second, acts of self-regulation seem to depend on limited resources, of which blood glucose is a key energy component. Finally, in terms of strength model, self-regulation can be improved through targeted exercises over a period of weeks.