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Halothane 마취중 Propranolol 이 Gallamine 의 속맥에 미치는 영향
김순태,임웅모 대한마취과학회 1978 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.11 No.4
That gallamine causes tachycardia during general anesthesia is well known, but the efficacy of its anticholinergic action or an adrenergic beta blocking action remains to be determined. Twelve patients were subjocted to this study, in which under halothane anesthesia small doses of propranolol. an adrenergic beta-blocker, was administered. In all cases bradycardia resulted and the greatest decrease was noted five minutes after intravenous injection of propranolol(0. 5 1. 0mg). At the height of bradycardia, gallamine 80 mg was administered intravenously. In all cases gallamine produced a significant increase of heart rate over the level before the injection of propranolol, but not so much as without propranolol pretreatment. But fifth minute values after propranolol expressed as 100 per cent, (per cent change in heart rate after propranolol followed by gallamine,) and after gallamine were similsr effectively. This study suggested that gallamine-induced tachycardia is modified, but its anticholinergic aetion is not impaired by propranolol, and that gallamine-induced tachycardia is caused by anticholiaergic action of gallamine.
풍상 관측 기반 2019년 국내 시도별 PM2.5 국외 배출 영향 보정 및 국내 배출량의 불확도 추정
김순태,배민아 한국대기환경학회 2022 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.38 No.4
In this study, we estimated the foreign emission impact on PM2.5 concentration in South Korea using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)-Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling with a set of bottom-up emissions inventories over Northeast Asia during 2019. PM2.5 foreign impact based on the emissions inventory was estimated to 12.7 μg/m3 for the study period. However, when compared to the PM2.5 observations in China, simulated PM2.5 concentration for the period was overestimated by about 10 μg/m3 (24%) during 2019. When adjusted with ratios of monthly mean observed to simulated concentrations over the upwind region, the period mean foreign impact was lowered by 2.6 μg/m3. The relative foreign impacts in South Korea before and after the adjustment was 54% and 43%, respectively. On the other hand, the bias between observed and simulated PM2.5 concentrations in South Korea has increased from 0.1 μg/m3 before foreign contribution adjustment to -2.5 μg/m3 after the adjustment. This indicates that additional domestic emissions are necessary to explain the lack of PM2.5 self-contribution (2.5 μg/m3). After the adjustment, the biases between the observations and simulated concentrations for seventeen provinces ranged from -10.5 to 24.5 μg/m3. This result represents that accuracy of provincial level emissions should be guaranteed when future direction on the sub-regional air quality managements in South Korea to lower the ambient concentration of the secondary air pollutant is considered. Overall, this study exhibits that uncertainties in foreign contributions need to be better understood prior to estimation of uncertainties embedded in domestic emissions in South Korea to weigh the importance of PM2.5 transboundary impact.
1~3차 미세먼지 계절관리제 기간 중 국내 PM2.5 농도 변화 요인 분석
김순태,배민아,김세기 한국대기환경학회 2022 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.38 No.4
Since 2019, Korean Ministry of Environment has implemented the 1st - 3rd PM2.5 Seasonal Management Plans (SMP) to reduce PM2.5 concentration during high PM2.5 concentration period. In this study, we quantitatively evaluated the major drivers (meteorology, foreign emissions, and domestic emissions) of which changes led to change of PM2.5 concentrations in South Korea during the PM2.5 SMP periods (S1, Dec. 2019 - Mar. 2020; S2, Dec. 2020 - Mar. 2021; S3, Dec. 2021 - Mar. 2022) based on observational data and Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) simulation results. The nation-wide period mean PM2.5 concentration in S1, S2, and S3 decreased by 8.7, 9.1, and 10.1 μg/m3 compared to that during Dec. 2018 - Mar. 2019. Results show that anthropogenic emission reductions in Northeast Asia decreased the PM2.5 concentration by 5.9, 5.5, and 8.8 μg/m3 respectively during S1 - S3. Note that the effect of the regional emission reduction includes not only domestic emission reduction but also reductions in foreign emission impact. The combined impact of meteorology and foreign emission changes explained 65%, 61% of the total PM2.5 decreases over South Korea and the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) respectively during the S1 - S3. Consequently, domestic emission reductions including governmental air quality management plans (i.e., the PM2.5 SMP) and socioeconomic changes (i.e., COVID-19 outbreak) led to PM2.5 concentration decrease in South Korea by 35% during the periods. Among seventeen provinces in South Korea, the impacts of domestic emission reduction on the PM2.5 concentration decreases were as high as 39% and 56% in the SMA and Chungnam where the major emission sources such as transportation, power generation facilities, and industrial complex locate and where the PM2.5 SMP measures were probably penetrated. It implies that the effects of domestic emission controls were meaningful to lower PM2.5 concentrations during the periods.