인문,사회과학편 : 시뮬레이션 게임 숙련성에 따른 시각탐색 전략, 선택적 주의, 그리고 눈-손 협응 능력의 차이

김선진(SeonJinKim),이승민(SeungMinLee),한동욱(DongWookHan) 한국체육학회 2008 한국체육학회지 Vol.47 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 시뮬레이션 게임을 수행하는 데에 있어서 숙련성에 따라서 시각탐색 전략, 선택적 주의, 그리고 눈-손 협응의 특성에 어떠한 차이가 있는지 규명하는데 있다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위해 SK 프로 게임단 소속의 프로 게이머 8명과 아마추어 게이머 8명씩 총 16명의 피험자를 대상으로 하였으며, 실험과제는 동일 조건의 스타크레프트 게임을 조작하도록 하였다. 과제를 수행하는 동안 시각탐색 전략과 눈-손 협응의 자료를 얻기 위하여 EMR-8과 Mouse tracker 7.0 프로그램이 사용되었으며, 선택적 주의를 측정하기 위하여 소형 보이스 레코더를 사용하였다. 시각탐색 전략은 탐색률과 시선고정시간비율로 계산하였으며, 구두 표현 기법을 적용하여 선택적 주의에 대한 자료를 분석하였다. 눈-손 협응은 안구 움직임과 마우스 커서 움직임 차이를 평균자승오차근(RMSE) 분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 시각탐색 전략은 프로 게이머가 아마추어 게이머에 비해 높은 시선고정시간비율과 낮은 시각 탐색률을 보였으며, 선택적 주의에 있어서 프로 게이머는 동시에 여러 단서를 지각하는 것으로 나타났다. 눈-손 협응 능력은 프로 게이머가 오차가 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 통해 프로 게이머는 눈과 손이 서로 독립적인 형태의 움직임을 보이며, 마우스 움직임에 대한 시선의 주의 없이 정보를 받아들인다고 할 수 있다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences of visual search strategy, selective attention and eye-hand coordination on expertise of simulation game. Participants were 16 game players, which were 8 professional players in working for SK professional game team and 8 amateur players. The experimental task was to play a starcraft game in the same situation. In playing the game, an eye movement tracking system (NAC EMR-8) was used to analyse the eye-hand coordination and the visual search strategy. Also, mouse tracker 7.0 program was used to represent the two-dimensional coordinates of the movement and the position of the mouse. Visual search rate and ratio of fixation time was calculated for the analysis of the visual search strategy. Self verbal reporting technique was used to selective attention. For analyzing the eye-hand coordination, RMSE was calculated to show the difference of performance curves of the eye movement and the hand movement. The result of the eye-hand coordination illustrated that professional players had a higher RMSE that of than amateur players. In addition, the professional players showed a higher ratio of fixation time and a lower visual search rate compared to the amateur players. This results represent that the experts had the characteristic of forming the movement of the eye and the hand independently and they accepted the game information without focusing than that of mouse.

운동역학: 자세 유지의 발달적 조절 전략에 대한 연구

김선진(SeonJinKim),한동욱(DongWookHan) 한국체육학회 2002 한국체육학회지 Vol.41 No.5

The purpose of this study was to analyze postural control strategy with age. Posturography was used of sensory organization test and motor control test in various environmental conditions. Each 10 subjects participated in the experiment among children, adults, and elderly people. In the sensory organization test, the results revealed that the postural stability appeared to be stable in the order of adults, ederly people, and children. Also, all groups showed different postural control strategies according to the platform movement. In the analysis of sensory ratio, the somatosensory ratio revealed no differences among three groups. However, there were significant differences in visual ratio and vestibular ratio with age. Especially, visual ratio and vestibular ratio of children group were less than those of adults and ederly groups. In the results of the motor control test, the delay of the reaction time and decrement of the response strength were shown to be an important factor of postural control problem in the elderly group.

인문,사회과학편 : 배드민턴 선수의 공격 방향 예측을 위한 시각탐색 전략과 반응 동작

김선진(SeonJinKim),구해모(HaiMoGub),박승하(SeungHaPark),이승민(SeungMinLee) 한국체육학회 2007 한국체육학회지 Vol.46 No.6

본 연구의 목적은 배드민턴에서 기술 숙련성에 따른 포핸드 스매시 공격 방향의 예측을 위한 시각탐색 전략의 차이를 비교·분석하는 것이다. 국개대표선수 7명과 대학선수 7명은 실제 코트에서 롱 서브 후 상대 선수의 포핸드 스매시 공격 방향을 가능한 한 정확하고 빠르게 예측하여 반응하는 과제를 수행하였다. 그 결과 국가대표선수는 대학선수에 비하여 주요 시각 단서에 시선을 고정시키는 시간이 길고 시선의 이동 빈도가 낮은 탐색 전략을 사용하였으며, QE 유지시간을 길게 하여 보다 안정적으로 정보를 탐색하고 처리하려는 특성을 보였다. 또한 국가대표선수들은 준비 구간에서 셔틀콕과 어깨, 팔 사이 공간 영역에, 공격 구간에서는 공간 영역과 타구가 임팩트 되는 타점 영역에 시선을 주로 두었으며, 대학선수는 준비구간에서 셔틀콕과 라켓 영역에, 공격 구간에서 타점, 라켓, 얼굴 영역에 시선을 많이 두는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과로 기술 숙련성이 높을수록 예측에 필요한 정보를 선택하여 효율적으로 활용할 수 있는 능력이 우수하며, 타구 방향을 예측하기 위하여 공간 영역에 시선을 두고 환경시를 통해 정보를 획득하려는 맥락 제어 전략을 사용하는 것을 알 수 있다. The purpose of this research was to examine the difference of visual search strategies for predicting a forehand smash across badminton player’s skill levels. Seven national and 7 college badminton players served a long serve, and then reacted to the opponent's forehand smash as quickly and accurately as possible. As results, rational players showed lower visual search rate, and longer quiet eye duration than college players. National players fixed longer on the spatial area among the shuttle cock, arm, and shoulder in the preparation phase, and on the spatial area and contact area between racquet and coak in the attack phase. On the other hand, college players fixed longer on the shuttle coak and the racquet during the preparation phase, and on the contact, the racquet, and the opponent's face area in the attack phase. The results were indicated that the higher skill level player had superior ability to select and utilize the visual cues through the peripheral vision for prediction of opponent's attack direction.

노화와 운동수행

김선진(SeonJinKim),김석진(SeokJinKim) 한국체육학회 2013 한국체육학회지 Vol.52 No.5

전 세계적으로 큰 이슈가 되고 있는 고령화 사회 추세에 비해 노화와 운동행동 관련 연구들이 국내에서는 아직 체계적으로 논의되지 않고 있다. 본 연구는 노화에 따른 뇌의 기전과 행동적 변화, 인지와 운동수행의 관계 및 운동학습과 관련된 선행연구결과를 바탕으로 노화와 운동수행에 대한 전반적인 지식을 고찰하고, 향후 관련 연구에 필요한 기초지식을 제공하는데 목적이 있다. 연령이 증가함에 따라 생기는 몸의 구성요소들의 기능적, 구조적 변화로 인해일반적으로 1) 움직임의 느려짐(motor slowness), 2) 운동협응결손(motor coordination deficits), 3) 움직임가변성증가(increased variability of movement), 4) 균형능력과 보행결손(balance and gait deficits)이 생긴다. 노인의 운동수행과 인지기능 간에는 밀접한 상호연관성이 존재하고, 노인의 성공적인 운동수행을 위해서는 인지적 능력의 유지와 개발이 필요한 것으로 보인다. 마지막으로 노인은 반복 및 집중 훈련을 통해 운동학습의 잠재성과 가능성을 가지는 것으로 요약해 볼 수 있다. Studies in the perspective of motor behavior and aging have not been deeply discussed yet in Korea comparing to the world trend. Here, we broadly review age-related differences of neural mechanism of brain according to motor performance, relations between cognition and motor performance and the patterns of motor learning in older adults to present basic understandings in relation to aging and motor performance. In general, functional and structural changes of body components as a result of aging precipitate or coincide with motor slowness, motor coordination deficits, increased variability of movement, balance and gait deficits. The domain motor performance and cognition are likely to be closely related in older adults. Sustaining and enhancing the ability of cognition and function of cognition are likely to be important to present the successful motor performance for elderly persons. Lastly, older adults may have motor learning efficiency and proficiency by repetitive and intensive training.

스포츠심리학 / 초등학교 학생들의 던지기 동작 협응형태 변화에 대한 연구

김선진(SeonJinKim),최범규(BumKyuChoi),박승하(SeungHaPark),최시호(SiHoChoi) 한국체육학회 1999 한국체육학회지 Vol.38 No.4

본 연구는 연령에 따른 던지기 기술의 발달적 변화를 이해하고 신체발달 상태에 적합한 던지기 기술의 학습을 위한 효과적인 정보를 찾아내는 데 그 목적이 있다. 즉, 영상분석을 통하여 던지기 동작에 대한 신체분절간의 협응 형태를 살펴보고, 어린 아이들의 성장과 성별에 따라 나타나는 협응 형태의 차이점을 규명하고자 하였다. 이와 같은 과정은 연령과 기술 수준에 따른 던지기 동작의 발달적 단계를 몸통·팔·다리 동작으로 구분하여 정성적으로 분석한 결과에 그 기초를 두고 실시하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 나타나는 던지기 동작의 양적 자료는 초등학교의 교육 현장에서 흔히 나타나는 남·여학생간의 던지기 능력 차이가 운동 형태의 발달적 특성과 밀접한 관계가 있음을 나타냈다. The purpose of this study was to understand the developmental stage of throwing skill and to find the effective information for the learning of throwing skill. It is based on the result of Haywood`s qualitative study, in which the throwing skill was divided into three part motion; thrunk action, arm action, leg action. By using three dimensional motion analysis, we investigated the coordination pattern between body segments in throwing and the difference of coordination over age and gender. These results provided the quantitative information for the developmental characteristic of throwing ability in gender difference, in elementary school students.

스포츠심리학 : 아동의 물체조작기술 발달에 따른 협응 변화의 연구

김선진(SeonJinKim),김용호(YongHoKim),한동욱(DongWookHan) 한국체육학회 2004 한국체육학회지 Vol.43 No.6

The purpose of this study is to understand the changes of coordination and the form of development in kicking and throwing for different age groups and genders. To investigate these, researcher examined the distance of the kicked and thrown ball and coordination characteristic of throwing skill and kicking skill on age and gender. In the analytic result of the distance of the kicked and thrown ball on age and gender, children performed superior abilities of throwing and kicking with the increase of age. And on gender, the results of ball distance showed that the distance increased with the increase of age for both male and female but with the increase of age, the difference of the distance between genders grew bigger. In the analysis of coordinative pattern changes, the turning force of shoulders and hips and the moving center of gravity and wind-up in throwing skill and the last step ahead the kick and the location of the supporting foot in kicking skill were important variables representing coordination pattern changes. In the development of object-control skills, these results show the feature of sensitive period on age and gender. Also on the point of utilization of degree of freedom suggested by Bernstein(1967), it showed that proper coordination pattern were changed in throwing and kicking task. Some variables of the TGMD-2 will not directly apply to explanation of motor development for the Korean boys and girls.

스포츠심리학 : 축구 페널티킥에서 골키퍼의 숙련도, 예측 및 사전시각단서의 활용 능력

김선진(SeonJinKim),이승민(SeungMinLee),박승하(SeungHaPark) 한국체육학회 2005 한국체육학회지 Vol.44 No.1

The purpose of this study was to investigate the reasons lie in those differences in the abilities of utilizing advanced visual cue and of anticipation the direction of penalty kick based on goalkeepers’ skill level. 12 subjects were selected for this study; 6 subjects (n=6) were male players with more than 10-year experience, whereas the rest (n=6) was inexperienced novices. By watching motion pictures of penalty kicks, they were required to press a reaction system as fast as they estimate the direction of ball. For this experiment, an eye movement tracking system (NAC emr-8), equipment for measuring anticipation, screen and beam projector, were prepared. By classifying the output from experiment into 1st interval between running and landing of non-kicking leg, and 2nd interval between landing of non-kicking leg and impact, the subjects’ accuracy of anticipation and visual search strategy were analyzed.The results were as follows. First, experts tended to predict the direction of penalty kick more accurately than novices. In addition, it was found that the both groups tend to predict well on the penalty kick to side direction rather than to above and below. Second, although every experts had higher fixation time during the 1st and 2nd interval of penalty kicks, there was no difference between two groups regarding the search rate. Third, it was found that the experts gaze at kicker’s shoulder, trunk, and kicking leg during the 1st interval and at the right side of soccer ball and non-kicking leg during the 2nd interval, whereas the novices fixated longer at head, waist, non-kicking leg, and succor ball during the 1st interval and at soccer ball and kicking leg during the 2nd interval. In conclusion, it is found that the accuracy of anticipation depends on the ability of acquiring the useful visual cue based on the predictor’s experience and knowledge. The pattern of visual search was found to be different in each interval and it tells experts tend to acquire more information through the environment to anticipate penalty kick just before the impact moment.

표현 움직임의 형태와 숙련성에 따른 사지 협응의 변화

김선진(SeonJinKim),김수연(SooYeonKim) 한국체육학회 2010 한국체육학회지 Vol.49 No.6

본 연구는 사지간 협응 움직임 분석을 통해 표현 움직임과 운동 협응의 관계를 알아보는데 있다. 이를 위하여 초보자 6명과 숙련자 6명의 무용 경력자가 연구 대상자로 참여하였다. 실험 과제는 두 가지 표현 움직임(가벼운 무게 표현, 무거운 무게 표현) 팔 들고 내리기와 무릎 굽히고 펴기의 사지간 협응 동작을 수행하는 것으로, 협응 형태 조건(같은 위상 형태, 반대 위상 형태)과 호흡 형태 조건(호흡 배제, 호흡 사용)에서 이루어졌다. 무게 표현력의 분석을 위해 저크 코스트와 수직지면반력이 이용되었으며, 팔과 다리의 협응 구조를 알아보기 위하여 교차상관분석이 사용되었다. 가벼운 무게 표현력 분석 결과, 두 집단 모두 반대 위상, 호흡 사용 조건에서 가장 부드러운 움직임을 보여주었다. 무거운 무게 표현력 분석 결과, 숙련자 집단에서는 반대 위상, 호흡 사용 조건에서 가장 큰 지면반력 힘값을 보여주었으며, 초보자 집단에서는 같은 위상, 호흡 사용 조건에서 가장 큰 지면반력 힘값을 보여주었다. 교차상관분석 결과, 비숙련자 집단이 숙련자 집단에 비해 호흡 움직임 조건에 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 드러났다. 이러한 결과는 표현 움직임의 형태와 숙련성에 따라 사지간 협응에 체계적인 변화가 나타났다는 것을 보여준다. This study examined the relationship between human expressive movement and motor coordination by analyzing coordinated inter-limb movement. Expert and novice dancers were selected to participate in this study. 4 different conditions were applied; in-phase and anti-phase inter-limb movement depending on the type of breathing movement. For the experimental task, the subject performed an upward and downward right arm movement while flexing and extending the lower limbs. For the quantitative analysis, jerk cost and maximum ground reaction force were analyzed. For the coordination pattern analysis, cross-correlation was analyzed. The results of this study were as follows; For light weight expression, all the subjects showed smoother performance in anti- phase than in in-phase condition. All the subjects showed the lowest jerk cost in anti-phase coordination with breathing. For strong weight expression, the experts showed less smooth performance in anti-phase than in in-phase condition. However, the novices showed better performance in in-phase than in anti-phase condition. The result of cross correlation showed the novices were more affected by breathing condition than the experts. It represented the systematic change of inter-limb coordination in expressive movement pattern and expertise.

스포츠심리학 : 배구 수비자의 시각탐색 전략

박승하(SeungHaPark),김선진(SeonJinKim) 한국체육학회 2004 한국체육학회지 Vol.43 No.6

The purpose of this study was to investigate the skill-based differences of visual search strategy in volleyball defensive players when predicting the opposing setter`s set direction. Eight expert and eight novice players participated in this experiment. All subjects were asked to anticipate the setter`s set direction as quickly and accurately as possible, after viewing a sequence of films. These films simulated twenty-four offensive patterns similar to various real game situations. The sequences were edited from serve to setter`s initial contact moment with a ball. After responding, they were also asked to express the level of confidence on their anticipation. To measure the eye movement, an eye movement recorder (NAC EMR-8) was used. The results indicated that experts` anticipation was more accurate than novices and experts had higher level of confidence on their anticipation than novices. But there was no difference in speed of anticipation between the two groups. In both the serve-receive and receive-set period, experts exhibited longer mean fixation duration than novices, which means that experts have lower search rate, more fixations of shorter duration Lastly, experts fixated longer on the attacker`s area in the both periods, and directed less time toward ball area than novices in the receive-set period.

인문,사회과학편 : 럭비태클 동작에서의 시각탐색 전략

권민혁(MinHyukKwon),김선진(SeonJinKim),한동욱(DongWookHan) 한국체육학회 2009 한국체육학회지 Vol.48 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 럭비 태클과제에 있어서 숙련도에 따른 시각탐색 전략의 차이를 규명하는 것이다. 숙련자, 중간숙련자, 초보자를 대상으로 7가지의 럭비공격 동작으로 구성된 동영상에 대해 태클 동작시의 시선이동수, 시선고정빈도, 평균시선고정시간, 시선고정시간비율, 신체부위별 시선고정 위치를 산출하였다. 산출된 자료는 다음과 같은 결과를 나타내고 있다. 첫째, 시선이동수와 시선고정빈도에서 숙련자가 중간숙련자나 초보자보다 낮은 시선 빈도의 움직임을 보였다. 둘째, 평균시선고정시간에 있어서 숙련자가 중간숙련자와 초보자보다 고정시간이 긴 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 시선고정시간 비율은 숙련자가 더 높게 나타남으로써 중간 숙련자나 초보자 보다 오랫동안 시선을 고정한다는 것을 알 수 있다. 네째, 공을 포함한 9개의 신체영역에 대한 전체영역별 시선고정시간에 있어서 숙련자는 오른쪽 허리, 오른쪽 다리, 왼쪽허리 순으로, 중간숙련자는 머리, 오른쪽 어깨, 왼쪽 어깨 순으로 고정시간이 길었다. 그리고 초보자는 오른쪽 어깨, 머리, 왼쪽어깨, 공 순으로 고정시간이 길었다. 이와 같은 결과를 토대로 럭비 태클 동작에 있어서 공격유형에 따라 숙련도에 따른 다양한 시각행동의 특성이 나타난 것을 알 수 있다. This study is to examine visual search strategies difference in a rugby tackling based upon rugby expertise. According to expertise and performance, The eye movement tracking system tracked the eye movements of 3 groups (experts, intermediates and novices) that made the decision of tackling performance depending on the films which composed of seven rugby offensive movements. Depending on expertise, the dependent variables which were the number of eye movements, fixations frequency, the ratio of fixations time, the average of fixations duration, the regional fixations duration on the body were analyzed through one-way ANOVA. The results of study are follows. First, in the number of sight movement and fixation frequency, experts appears to have lower fixations frequency than intermediates and novices. Second, in the average of fixations duration, experts had longer duration than two groups. Third, the ratio of fixations time in total performance duration is higher among experts. Finally, total regional fixations duration on the 9 body parts including ball shows that novices tended to set sight upon head, shoulder region which are vividly moved when making faint motion. Otherwise, experts tended to set sight upon waist region which is center of the body, and right leg which is axis of faint movement. Based on the result, as the variety attacking of rugby, expertise made different characteristics of visual action in rugby tackling. The results show that the traits of the eye movements were distinguished by expertise according to tackling performance against a variety of rugby offensive movements.