마크 트웨인의 생태주의

김봉은(Kim Bong Eun) 새한영어영문학회 2005 새한영어영문학 Vol.47 No.1

In the light of ecology, Twain's discourse does not appear merrely ambivalent but coherent with ecological vision: he does not sound pessimistic or skeptical but optimistic, fully aware of the mysterious energy of life flowing in cyclical harmony. His respect of every life as equally valuable agrees with the post-anthropocentric ecology of the 21st century. The purpose of this paper is to define Twain's discourse as ecological. After the brief introduction of ecological theories of the twenty first century ecologists such as Lesley Head, Andrew C. Isenberg, Alan Holland, and John O'Neill, the ecological layer of Twain's works will be discussed in the chronological order: Twain's early protest against the devastation of ecological cycle in nature, the ecological regret in his middle period, and the ecological conviction in his later works. Ecological theories illuminate the Native Americans in Twain's texts as one of ecological elements just as much as white Euro-Americans.

이바와 톱시: 『톰 아저씨의 오두막』의 이분법적 만화경

김봉은 ( Bong Eun Kim ) 미국소설학회 2012 미국소설 Vol.19 No.1

Although it provoked the readers, deploring the slavery and the Fugitive Slave Law and setting an African American slave as a heroic protagonist, Harriet Beecher Stowe`s novel Uncle Tom`s Cabin was an extraordinary success. What is the main cause of the success? As one of the causes, many critics have indicated the author`s appeal to the readers` emotion with the vivid description of slave mothers` deadly suffering from losing their children, for which some critics have harshly criticized Stowe`s writing style as sentimental, exaggerating and simplifying. Focusing on two young characters, an angelic white girl, Evangeline St. Clare, and an African American slave girl, Topsy, and interpreting them as binary kaleidoscope Stoew intends to smash, this paper will bring forth a secret key to the success of Uncle Tom`s Cabin.

Mark Twains` Hyperreal Projection of American Indians

김봉은 ( Bong Eun Kim ) 근대영미소설학회 2000 근대 영미소설 Vol.7 No.2

마크 트웨인은 그의 후기작 『아담과 이브의 일기』와 『캡틴 스톰필드의 천국 방문기』에서 성격적인 공간인 `에덴 동산`과 `천국`을 하이퍼리얼 공간으로 모사화하고, 그 공간에서 하이퍼리얼 영상으로 인디언이 미국의 진정한 주인임을 표명한다. 이러한 파격적인 영상은 그의 초기작 『톰소여의 모험』에 설정된 인디언의 전통적인 재현을 전복하는 것으로서, 트웨인이 작품상에서 인디언을 무시한다는 기존의 해석을 붕괴한다. 이렇게 조성된 하이퍼리얼 영상은 트웨인이 시대에 앞서서 인도주의에 입각한 탈식민주의를 구현하였음을 입증한다. 『톰소여의 모험』에서 경멸적으로 묘사된 악마적인 인준 죠가 에드워드 사이드의 오리엔탈리즘이나 크리스토퍼 밀러의 아프리카니즘처럼 서구 중심의 시각으로 날조된 `타자`를 재현한다면, 후기 작품의 신화적인 하이퍼리얼 공간에서 미국의 주인으로 부각된 인디언의 모습은 트웨인이 세계의 미개발 지역을 여행하며 미개인들의 문화적인 우수성과 인간적인 성숙함을 체험한 후 획득한 열린 시각을 대변한다. 트웨인은 정통의 성경 읽기를 전복하여 에덴과 천국을 하이퍼리얼적인 공간으로 형상화하고, 그 공간상에서 전형주의에 입각한 미국의 역사관이 성격을 왜곡하여 `타자`에 대한 비인도적인 착취를 정당화하기 위하여 날조한 모사에 불과하다는 인식을표명한다. 하이퍼리얼 에덴의 주인으로서 이브에게 고통을 받으며 미국 인디언을 상징하는 아담은 전형주의를 해체하고, 백인 천사는 거의 없고 인디언 천사가 다수를 차지하는 하이퍼리얼 천국은 백인 우월주의를 해체한다. 트웨인은 당대 이데올로기에 정면으로 도전하는 파격적인 인식을 제시하기 위하여 쟝 보드리야르가 『모사물과 모사』에서 설명하는 실재와 거짓, 현실계와 상상계의 구분이 모호한 하이퍼리얼 영상을 사용한다. 따라서 독자가 큰 위협을 느끼지 않고 당대 이데올로기의 최면으로부터 깨어나 미국의 역사 현실을 직시하도록 고무하는 효과를 성취한다.

『쟌다크』에 나타난 들뢰즈와 가따리의 전쟁 기계: 마크 트웨인의 문어 문화 비판

김봉은 ( Bong Eun Kim ) 근대영미소설학회 2001 근대 영미소설 Vol.8 No.2

Since the late twentieth century we have witnessed the rapid de-territorialization of existing concepts and boundaries French philosophers, Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari in their 1980 book A Thousand Plateaus Capitalism and Schizophrenia, designate the generator of de-territorialization as "the war machine." They explain that the war machine constantly undermines established territories, surfacing the amorphous fluidity of molecular dimension. Deleuze`s and Guattari`s innovative code, "the war machine," illumines the affirmative aspect of Mark Twain`s novel Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc (1896). Joan of Arc has been often estimated as a failed history novel because Twain`s writing transgresses four conventional norms of literacy-rationality, objectivity, authenticity and reliability. Twain has his four major characters--Joan, Sieur Louis de Conte, the Paladin and Bishop Cauchon--function as the war machine in his text. Their transgression disintegrates the suppression of the rigid norms, animating Twain`s text with vitality. Through deconstructive and self-reflexive writing, Twain problematizes the finitude of literacy and admonishes the danger it can bring about. In addition, all four characters can be defined as schizophrenic, which Deleuze and Guattari have suggested as idealistic condition pregnant with fluid mutability. Thus, Deleuze and Guattari`s recent theory discloses a true account Twain`s harbinger transgression, which has been incomprehensible through existing theories` Twain conscientiously tries to examine the cause of social evil and offer a cure to rehabilitate social justice.

마마데이의 의미 탈주: 『비 내리는 산으로 가는 길』 중심 연구

김봉은 ( Bong Eun Kim ) 한국현대영미소설학회 2017 현대영미소설 Vol.24 No.2

N. Scott Momaday in The Way to Rainy Mountain attempts to offer Native Americans` creative identity. He exposes existing concepts and images of indigenous Americans as fantasies distorted and frozen by caucasian mythical desires, thus inviting the readers to realize the fantasies as the very cause of tremendous misunderstanding, conflict and psychic dissociation. Throughout the whole text, he continuously erases and disintegrates the fantasies, leading the readers to get liberated. The unique juxtaposition of three voices with some petrified pictures and empty spaces inserted in his text discloses the denatured subjectivity of the fantasies. Awakened to and animated with sound indigenous and tribal spirit, his readers, even including non-Americans and non-Indians, are induced to pursue a healthy encounter with global others. To prove the validity of this argument, I will briefly introduce and apply the post-modern theories of the fantasy discussed in French psycho-analysts Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari`s L`Anti-Oedipe and the continental philosopher Slavoj Zizek`s The Plague of Fantasies and Looking Awry. The paradox of desire that the object a is an object that can be perceived only by a gaze “distorted” by desire, an object that does not exist for an “objective” gaze, will lucidly illuminate the heart of Momaday`s text, which will eventually emerge as the collection of multiple, evanescent and meaningless stains, immobilized and devitalized.

독자 중심 연구로 영미문학 교육의 가능성 탐색

김봉은(Bong Eun Kim) 한국영미문학교육학회 2004 영미문학교육 Vol.8 No.2

Reader-centered research opens a new avenue for the possible pedagogy of English Literature for Korean students. Korean readers can take a detached and objective stance and make an impartial interpretation of the English texts written by and for the British or Americans. The juxtaposition of white American readers' reading with African American readers' reading of mulatto writer Charles Waddell Chesnutt's short story 'The Wife of His Youth"" serves as the point of departure. The implication of the difference, charged with the negotiating strategy about the rhetorical issue of racism, illuminates the significant contribution of the indifferent third person perspective. Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin's dialogics, Roland Barthes's ""the death of the author,"" and Michel Foucault's theory of power and knowledge provide the theoretical basis for the pursuit of right path for Korean readers of British or American texts to take.

미국인의 고향: 『주홍글자』에 함축된 환상 치유

김봉은(Kim, Bong Eun) 새한영어영문학회 2014 새한영어영문학 Vol.56 No.1

“Home” is a complicated concept. It is not only a place; it is a past, a set of values and parents, an ‘ancien regime’. The global era seems to have attenuated the shadowy weight of nostalgia. Still the issue of home may remind Americans of the national trauma for most of Americans and their forefathers have gone through losing home. Along with the concept of home, Slavoj ?i?ek’s theory of fantasy illuminates that the American foundation myth on the basis of the May Flower and Christianity is a fantasy, an excessive fixation, to hide the trauma of the loss of home as well as of the guilt about unjust dispossessing Native Americans of the cornucopia. To compare Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter and its film directed by Roland Joffe in 1995, in the light of ‘home’ and ‘fantasy’ shows how Hawthorne and Joffe traverse the mythologized fantasy of America, curing the trauma imbedded in the national heart.

“타자” 알레고리를 해체하는 제 삼 세계의 인도주의 : 진 리스의 『광활한 싸가소 바다』 Jean Rhys`s Wide Sargasso Sea

김봉은 ( Bong Eun Kim ) 한국영미문화학회 2005 영미문화 Vol.5 No.2

로만 폴란스키의 <테스>: 육체와 자본의 미학

김봉은 ( Bong Eun Kim ) 한국영미문화학회 2009 영미문화 Vol.9 No.1

David Harris argues that mass media suppress counter-hegemonic factors in order to reach audience. According to Harris`s theory, the success of the film "Tess" depends on its effective adaptation from Thomas Hardy`s novel Tess of the D`Urbervilles (1891). Tess (1979), directed by Roman Polansky, casting Nastassia Kinski for Tess, was acclaimed as a professional and commercial success, awarded with various prizes. Hardy`s aim at criticizing Victorian English social and moral standard through Tess appears obscure in Polansky`s film which focuses on the aesthetics of human body and capital. Polanski`s Tess with urban white beauty does not emerge victimized by poverty, which the late twentieth century audience under the capitalist umbrella may abhor. To examine his use of music, sound effect, visual images by means of camera operation-angles, distances, close-ups and frequent movements-light and color, and mythic elements in the film, show Polansky`s sharp perception of his contemporary audience`s desire and conscientious work upon it.

제럴드 비즈너의 『그리버: 중국의 미국 원숭이왕』에 제시된 소서사의 탈주

김봉은 ( Bong Eun Kim ) 미국소설학회 2013 미국소설 Vol.20 No.2

Jean-Francois Lyotard claims, “The grand narrative has lost its credibility” for ``petit narratives,`` constantly violating the rules of language games, actively resist being totalized, simultaneously expressing multiple heterogeneity. Gerald Vizenor assembles petit narratives in his novel, Griever: An American Monkey King in China. The petit narratives about a Native American trickster`s traveling and teaching English in China in conjunction with the witty parody of The Journey to the West, a famous Chinese fantasy, derange various borders and allegorical concepts. To view Vizenor`s text in the light of Lyotard`s theories of the petit narrative, the sublime and the fantasy pedagogy, Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari`s theories of becoming and the line of flight, and Gisela Brinker-Gabler`s theory of travel to encounter others reveals how Vizenor configures petit narratives and their ``flight`` from diverse existing constraints. The protagonist Griever situated in-between serving as a de-constructive pivot of multi-layered, multi-dimensional narratives, presenting the under-developed China in parallel with American Indian reservations and comparing the legendary Chinese monkey king with a post-indian trickster, helps the readers to step back and get liberated from their own reality and cure.