의료보험에 있어서의 약제급여

김보연 한국병원약사회 1993 병원약사회지 Vol.10 No.1

인공지능의 국제법상 책임추궁에 관한 소고

김보연 경희대학교 법학연구소 2022 경희법학 Vol.57 No.4

이 글에서는 인공지능의 국제법상 책임추궁 문제를 고찰한다. 인공지능은 인간의 지시나 통제 범위를 넘어 자율적 상황인식과 판단을 하기 때문에 국제위법행위가 발생하였을 때 그 국제법적 책임을 누구에게 어떻게 추궁할 것인지가 문제가 된다. 국가라는 추상적 실체를 중심으로 논의되었던 국제법위원회의 국가책임 초안규정을 인공지능을 통한 국제위법행위에 대해서도 그대로 적용하여 그 책임을 추궁할 수 있는지가 중요한 법적 쟁점으로 등장하였다. 인공지능은 외부상황의 인식과 판단에서 인간의 개입을 배제하는 자율성을 그 특성으로 한다. 다만 인공지능은 현재 국제공동체에 의해 독자적 국제법인격으로 승인되지는 못하였다. 이러한 전제에서 이 글은 인공지능을 통한 국제위법행위 유형을 구분하여 각 유형별로 국가책임을 추궁할 수 있는 경로를 검토한다. 우선, 국제법상 국가책임 성립요건 중 행위귀속 원칙이 인공지능을 통한 국제법상 행위에는 어떻게 적용되는지를 살펴본다. 그 중에서도 인공지능을 통한 국제위법행위 발생 시 국제책임 추궁과 관련하여, 국가책임법상 개인이나 단체의 행위에 대한 국가책임 추궁 근거로 활용된 ‘실효적 통제’(effective control) 기준을 적용하여 행위귀속을 판단하는 것이 적절한지를 살펴본다. 다음으로 국가기관으로의 행위귀속 입증이 어려운 사안에서 상당한 주의의무 위반을 근거로 국가의 책임을 추궁할 수 있는지를 검토한다. 인공지능을 통한 국제위법행위가 발생한 경우에 기존 국가책임 초안규정과 법리를 그대로 적용하는 것은 적절하지 않으며, 상당한 주의의무를 반영한 책임성립 기준을 도입할 필요가 있다.

A finite thin circular beam element for out-of-plane vibration analysis of curved beams

김보연,김창부,범현규,송승관,조종두 대한기계학회 2009 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.23 No.5

A finite thin circular beam element for the out-of-plane vibration analysis of curved beams is presented in this paper. Its stiffness matrix and mass matrix are derived, respectively, from the strain energy and the kinetic energy by using the natural shape functions derived from an integration of the differential equations in static equilibrium. The matrices are formulated with respect to the local polar coordinate system or to the global Cartesian coordinate system in consideration of the effects of shear deformation and rotary inertias. Some numerical examples are analyzed to confirm the validity of the element. It is shown that this kind of finite element can describe quite efficiently and accurately the out-ofplane motion of thin curved beams.

Synthetic secapin bee venom peptide exerts an anti-microbial effect but not a cytotoxic or inflammatory response

김보연,이광식,옥민,진병래 한국응용곤충학회 2017 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.20 No.1

Our previous study demonstrated that the secapin peptide fromthe venomof the Asiatic honeybee (Apis cerana, AcSecapin-1) exhibits anti-fibrinolytic, anti-elastolytic, and anti-microbial activities. In the present study, we investigated the anti-microbial activity and cytotoxicity of a synthetic AcSecapin-1 peptide. Seven synthetic AcSecapin-1 peptides (AcSecapin-S1 to AcSecapin-S7) were synthesized based on the peptide sequence of AcSecapin-1. AcSecapin-S1, which consists of the 25-amino acid sequence identical to that of the mature AcSecapin-1 peptide, exhibited the highest anti-microbial activity against bacteria and fungi. This was followed by AcSecapin-S6, which was missing 10 N-terminal amino acids and 6 C-terminal amino acids from AcSecapin- S1. Furthermore, AcSecapin-S1 was not cytotoxic and did not activate macrophages. Taken together, our data demonstrated that a synthetic AcSecapin-1 peptide could exhibit anti-microbial activity without producing a cytotoxic or inflammatory response, suggesting that this synthetic AcSecapin-1 peptide can be used as an anti-microbial agent for biomedical applications

2020 Korean Society for the Study of Obesity Guidelines for the Management of Obesity in Korea

김보연,강선미,강지현,강서영,김경곤,김경배,김범택,김승준,김양현,김정환,김재현,김은미,남가은,박지연,손장원,신윤아,신혜정,오태정,이혁,전언주,정소정,홍용희,김종화,대한비만학회 진료지침위원회 대한비만학회 2021 The Korean journal of obesity Vol.30 No.2

Obesity is a prevalent and complex disease. The prevalence of obesity in Korea increased from 29.7% in 2010 to 35.7% in 2018, with the prevalence of abdominal obesity being 23.8% in 2018. Obesity contributes to medical costs and socioeconomic burden due to associated comorbidities. The treatment and management of obesity is changing based on new clinical evidence. The 2020 Korean Society for the Study of Obesity Guideline for the Management of Obesity in Korea summarizes evidence-based recommendations and treatment guidelines.

언텍트 마케팅

김보연,이예진,이상언,이윤지 한국마케팅연구원 2018 마케팅 Vol.52 No.3

Detection of Intestinal Protozoa in Korean Patients Using BD MAX Enteric Parasite Panel and Seegene Allplex Gastrointestinal Parasite Assay

김보연,김형선,김진주,박유진,김대원,용동은 대한진단검사의학회 2020 Laboratory Medicine Online Vol.10 No.3

Background: Intestinal protozoan infection is one of the main causes of gastrointestinal diseases. Protozoa are usually detected by direct smear microscopy, concentration techniques, or special stains; however, these techniques are labor-intensive and require well-trained technicians. Therefore, molecular techniques involving polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been developed to satisfy the need for unbiased and rapid analytical methods with high sensitivity and specificity. In this study, the BD MAXTM Enteric Parasite Panel (EPP) (Becton, Dickinson and Company, USA), designed to detect Cryptosporidium parvum and/or hominis, Giardia lamblia, and Entamoeba histolytica, and the AllplexTM Gastrointestinal Parasite Assays (AGPA) (Seegene Inc., Korea), designed to detect Cryptosporidium species, G. lamblia, E. histolytica, Blastocystis hominis, Dientamoeba fragilis, and Cyclospora cayetanensis were compared to determine whether any of these assays could become a useful tool for detecting intestinal protozoan infections in Korea. Methods: We investigated 295 fecal samples using EPP and AGPA. Then we confirmed the positive results with the conventional and nested PCR. Consistent detection by conventional PCR, nested PCR, and one of the multiplex panels was considered “true positive.”Results: Out of 295 samples, 17 were true positives for B. hominis and 2 were true positives for E. histolytica. EPP detected parasites in only two samples owing to its design; however, its true positive detection rate was 100% (2/2). AGPA detected parasites in 24 samples with 79.2% (19/24) true positives. Conclusions: The incidence of protozoan, especially B. hominis, infection may be more prevalent than expected. AGPA could be an effective tool for screening protozoan infections.

The dual roles of Bombyx mori immulectin in cuticular melanization and innate immunity

김보연,진병래 한국응용곤충학회 2017 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.20 No.3

Insect immulectins are involved in various aspects of the innate immunity, including encapsulation, melanization, and phagocytosis. Although the silkworm Bombyx mori immulectin (BmIML) has been reported previously, the ligand and functions of BmIML have not been investigated. Here, we show the dual roles of BmIML in cuticular melanization and immunity of B. mori. BmIML recognizes carbohydrates in a Ca2+-dependent manner and binds to Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, and yeast. BmIML was expressed in the fat body during infections and localized to the hemocytes of silkworms. Additionally, BmIML was expressed in the epidermis during the prepupal stage and localized to the cuticle of silkworms. After treatment with E. coli, dopa, dopamine, or tyrosine injections, BmIML production was induced in the fat body but not in the epidermis of silkworms. Treatment with BmIML RNAi resulted in the arrest of pupal cuticular melanization. Therefore, we concluded that BmIML is involved in pupal cuticular melanization and innate immunity responses of silkworms, suggesting dual roles for BmIML.

영화진흥위원회, 다양성영화 지원 정책 속의 독립영화전용관 지원 방향

김보연 한국독립영화협회 2007 독립영화 Vol.34 No.-

유전자 검사로 확인된 p 표현형 한국인 여자 환자에서 동정된 항-PP1Pk 1예

김보연,최승준,조덕,김신영,김현욱 대한진단검사의학회 2020 Laboratory Medicine Online Vol.10 No.1

In this study, we report a case of anti-PP1Pk (Tja) alloantibody with p phenotype detected and confirmed in a 20-year-old Korean woman diagnosed with anemia during long-term rehabilitation treatment due to mental retardation. She did not have any transfusion history, except two exchange transfusions received 6 days after she was born. Her blood type was B, RhD+, and findings from antibody screening and identification tests showed strong reactivity (3+ to 4+) in all panel cells except in her autologous cells. Based on these results, we concluded that she had an alloantibody to a high-prevalence antigen. Anti-PP1Pk alloantibody with p phenotype was identified by additional serological tests in a foreign reference laboratory. To confirm the patient’s p phenotype, polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of the A4GALT gene were performed on her blood sample. She was homozygous for c.301delG in the A4GALT gene, which finally confirmed that she had the anti-PP1Pk antibody with p phenotype. Fortunately, her anemia caused due to iron deficiency could be treated with iron supplementation without the need for any transfusion. However, it remains extremely difficult to find compatible red blood cells in such settings in Korea. Moreover, there has been very little research on the prevalence of the p phenotype in the Korean population. Therefore, additional research is needed on rare blood group antibodies and high-prevalence antigens, including anti-PP1Pk cases. 저자들은 정신지체로 장기간 재활 치료를 받던 중 빈혈이 진단 된 20세 한국인 여성에게서 항-PP1Pk 동종항체를 발견하였고 환자 의 p 표현형도 확인한 증례를 보고하고자 한다. 환자는 태어난 지 6일 만에 받은 2번의 교환 수혈 외의 다른 수혈력은 없었다. 그녀의 혈액형은 B형, RhD 양성이었으며 비예기항체 선별검사 및 동정검 사에서 3+ ~ 4+정도의 반응 강도로 범응집 소견을 보였고, 자가대 조검사는 음성이었다. 따라서 환자가 고빈도항원에 대한 항체를 가지고 있을 것으로 예상되었고 추가적인 비예기항체의 동정검사 를 위해 스위스 적십자 표준 검사실에 의뢰한 결과 환자의 항체는 항-PP1Pk로 동정되었으며, 추가적으로 환자의 p 표현형도 확인되었 다. 환자의 p 표현형을 확인하기 위해 A4GALT 유전자에 대한 중 합효소연쇄반응법 및 직접염기서열분석법을 시행하였고, 그 결과 c.301delG 돌연변이가 동형접합형으로 관찰되어 환자의 표현형이 유전자형과 일치하는 것을 확인하였다. 다행스럽게도 환자는 철결 핍빈혈로 진단이 되어 수혈 없이 철분제 투약만으로 빈혈 교정이 가능하였으나, 여전히 이러한 환자들에게 적절한 적혈구 제제를 찾아주는 것은 매우 어려운 일이다. 아직까지 한국인을 대상으로 한 p 표현형의 빈도에 대한 연구가 없었기 때문에 항-PP1Pk의 경우 처럼 고빈도항원 및 해당 항원이 없는 사람에게서 발생할 수 있는 비예기항체에 대한 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.