'音'의 建築 : 도시 음환경의 시각적 재구성을 통한 건축 디자인 가능성 탐구

김두용 경기대학교 건축전문대학원 2005 경기대학교 건축대학원 논문집 Vol.9 No.-

Starting from a personal interest in music, this study was begun from a kind of searching process as to which way it has correlation on an extension line with the architecture and which way it can respond to mutual sphere. In fact, the correlation between music and architecture can go back up to the past Greek age due to its structural and creative similarity. However, it is thought that the music and the architecture at this time has a little difference from the result of avant-garde thoughts, which are being performed in modern times. In other words, as for the music and the architecture at this time, its background had the value criterion with deeply religious inclination, and also it was understood as the result of the expression. Even as for the direct effect on music and architecture, there were many examples that sensitive elements of music with somewhat abstract and deep-intangible feature or the structural elements such as an artist's mental image, tone or a chord, are directly replaced as architecture, and it is thought that there were only attempts to structurally analyze music through principles of numerical value and proportion such as a golden ratio, which arose from the human body and nature, and to apply this to design. However, as time goes on, a change in an era allowed numerous thoughts and isms to be appeared, with going in gear with a change in value system. There were radical artists who tried to experiment such changes, and the works. which show an interest in a concept called 'contingency,' came to appear in the whole of arts, passing over dada and surrealism even among them. In terms of music, many composers such as Stockhausen and Xenakis including John Cage experimented as to the value of contingency through their works, and it is a fact that its influence became a stimulus to the wholly artistic fields including music in modern times, as the result such as an effort for the challenge and experiment toward the new world and for the expansion of vision, aside from the excellency of a melody. These experiments assisted in seeking for the conversion into the new viewpoint toward value and order that the architecture has pursued on and on since history, and the cross-over works surpassing each of the artistic sphere, allow many architects to explore. This report aims to retrace a meaning from the past in terms of music and architecture on the basis of this position, to search for the correlation between music and architecture as another value, and to seek for possibilities that are revealed through its architectural process. In case of mentioning the correlation between music and architecture, from the position of architecture, it can be found its linking pin with largely three viewpoints. Those include the structurally analysis method that substitutes the rules of the musical scale, a chord, and a musical composition for an architectural space, facade ratio, and a plane scheme, the numerical method that analyzes in accordance with the peculiar frequency being possessed by tone, sound and noise, and with properties of sound, and a method of metaphorically substituting an artist's sensitivity and inspiration being felt from music, for a space constitution and the feature of architecture, as the creative aspect that is influenced by an artist's capability and sensitivity as well as architecture. This project aims to focus on progressing the architectural process while having an interest in the numerical analysis, which is the second method among these three approaches. That is because it can be seen that sound and noise in any form, namely, various sound sources always exist in all the space and in a space of physical media where we are living, even though being invisible, and because of judging that it is possible to be formed by the objectively data scape based on this. And, as mentioned beforehand, it is included the intention of the person in question who tries to once again manifest experimental composers' spirit in the architecture, in terms of the basic value and possibilities for 'sound' in music. Additionally in the above, what "it can occur in any space" and "the relationship among diversely sound sources" mean the happening of an event, and this enables the conceptual approach of Bricolage. That is to say, as 'the process of aiming to change into a new role,' which is being described in 'the wild thought' of Levi-Strauss, from the aspect as to the relationship between structure and an event and the relationship between material and a tool. this study can be seen to have symbolized 'sound' and it can be said to be the purpose of this study that visually recomposes by the Bricolage of sound sources, which are possible to occur around a site. In conclusion, the noise, which is produced around a site, enables a role of 'conceptual material,' which will make it possible for the starting as the architectural shape, and a computer comes to be in charge of the function of 'a tool' which visualizes this. In this study, it comes to make 'the space of sound' and 'the space responding to sound' as the finally architectural form through the repetitive work of this, by having it as the motif of architectural design, through visualizing and spacing the target named invisible 'sound,' by searching for the spatial possibilities through this computer and by specifying through virtually modeling study. Accordingly, this study has a meaning in the process of visualizing as to 'sound' that locally occurs through a site like this, and in experimenting the possibilities that can be recognized by people as the positive element along with another perceptive response, through being induced and changed into the form of visual and spatial perception, other than only the negative aspect being possessed by noise, namely, the auditory target, which is being, recognized as pollution, as well as in applying this as the element of architectural design and in understanding as the specific context of a site. 본 연구는 개인적인 음악에 대한 관심에서 출발하여 그것이 건축과의 연장선상에서 어떤 식으로 연관성을 갖고 서로의 영역에 대해 반응할 수 있는지에 대한 일종의 탐구과정에서 시작되었다. 사실 음악과 건축의 상관성은 그 구조적, 창조적 유사성으로 인해 과거 그리스시대로까지 거슬러 올라갈 수 있다. 하지만 이때의 음악과 건축은 현대에 와서 행해지는 아방가르드적 사고들의 결과물과는 다소 차이가 있다고 본다. 즉 그 당시의 음악이나 건축에 있어 그 배경에는 짙은 종교적 성향에 가치기준이 있었고 또 그 표현의 결과로서 이해되어졌다. 음악과 건축에 있어서의 직접적인 영향 또한 다소 추상적이고 무형적 성격이 짙은 음악의 감성적 요소들이나 작가적 심상, 또는 음율 이나 화음 등의 구조적 요소들이건축으로 직접 치환되어지는 예가 많았었고, 인체와 자연으로부터 이끌어온 황금비등과 같은 수치, 비례의 원리들을 통해 음악을 구조적으로 분석하고 이를 디자인에 적용하고자 하는 시도들만이 있어 왔다고 본다. 그러나 시간이 흐르면서 시대의 변화는 가치관의 변화와 맞물려 수많은 사상과 이즘을 등장시켰다. 그러한 변화들을 실험하고자 했던 많은 급진적 작가들이 있었고 그중에서도 다다와 초현실주의를 넘어서면서 '우연성'이란 개념에 대해 관심을 보이는 작업들이 예술 전반에 등장하게 되었다. 음악에서는 이러한 우연성의 가치에 대해 John Cage를 비롯하여 Stockhausen, Xenakis 등의 많은 작곡가들이 그들의 작품을 통해 실험을 하였고 그 영향력은 곡의 우수성을 떠나 새로운 세계에 대한 도전과 실험, 시야의 확대를 위한 노력 등의 결과로 현대에 음악을 비롯한 예술분야 전반에 커다란 자극제가 된 것이 사실이다. 이러한 실험들은 건축이 역사 이래 끊임없이 추구해온 가치와 질서에 대한 새로운 관점으로의 전환을 모색하게 하는데 일조하였고 각각의 예술의 영역을 뛰어넘는 크로스오버적인 작업들이 많은 건축가로부터 탐구되기에 이른다. 본 보고서는 이러한 입장을 기준으로 음악과 건축에 있어서의 과거로부터의 의미를 되짚어 보고 현대건축에 드러나는 또 다른 가치로서의 음악과 건축의 상관성에 대해 탐구하고자 하며, 그 건축화과정을 통해 드러나는 가능성들을 모색하고자 한다. 건축과 음악의 연관성을 이야기할 경우 건축의 입장에서 크게 세 가지 관점으로 그 연결고리를 찾을 수 있다. 그것은 음계나 화음, 악곡구성의 법칙을 건축 공간이나 입면비율, 평면의 계획 등에 대입하는 구조적 분석방법과 음이나 소리, 소음 등이 갖는 고유주파수 및 음의 성질에 따라 분석하는 수치적 방법, 그리고 건축과 마찬가지로 작가의 역량과 감성 등에 많은 영향을 받는 창조적 측면으로 음악으로부터 느껴지는 작가적 감성과 감응을 건축의 공간구성과 성격에 은유적으로 대입하는 방법이다. 본 프로젝트에서는 이 세 가지 접근법 중 두 번째 방법인 수치적 분석에 대해 관심을 갖고 중점적으로 건축화 과정을 진행 시키고자 한다. 그 이유는 우리가 생활하고 있는 모든 공간과 물리적 매개체 사이에는 보이지는 않지만 항상 어떠한 형태로든 Noise, 즉 다양한 음원들이 존재한다고 볼 수 있으며 이를 근거로 객관적인 Data Scape에 의한 구성이 가능하다고 판단하기 때문이다. 그리고 앞에서 언급하였던 것처럼 음악에 있어서 '소리'에 대한 근본적인 가치와 가능성들에 대한 실험적 작곡가들의 정신을 건축에서 다시 한번 발현하고자 하는 본인의 의도가 포함되어 있다. 덧붙여 앞에서 "어느 공간에서나 발생할 수 있다. " 라는 것은 events의 발생을 의미하고 이는 Bricolage의 개념적 접근을 가능하게 한다. 즉 구조와 사건의 관계, 재료와 도구의 관계에 대한 측면에서 레비스트로스의 '야생의 사고'에서 기술하고 있는 새로운 역할로 바꾸기 위한 과정으로 본 연구에서는 '소리'를 기호화 하였다고 볼 수 있으며 사이트 주변에서 발생 가능한 음원들을 Bricolage하여 시각적으로 재구성하는 것이 이 프로젝트의 목적이라고 할 수 있다. 결과적으로 사이트 주변에서 생산되어지는 소음은 건축적 형태로의 출발을 가능하게 할 '개념적 재료'의 역할을 하게 되며, 컴퓨터는 이를 시각화하는 '도구'의 기능을 담당하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 컴퓨터를 통한 공간적 가능성들을 탐구하고 실제 모델링스터디를 통해 구체화함으로써 비가시적인 '소리'라는 대상을 시각화하고 공간화하여 건축 디자인의 모티브로 삼고 이를 반복하는 작업을 통해 최종적인 건축 형태로서의 '소리의 공간화', '소리에 반응하는 공간'을 만들어 내게 된다. 따라서 본 논문의 의미는 이처럼 사이트를 통해 국지적으로 발생되는 '소리'에 대한 시각화의 과정에 있으며, 이를 건축 디자인의 요소로 적용하고 사이트의 구체적인 context로 이해함과 동시에 Noise가 지니는 부정적 측면, 즉 공해로 인식되어 지는 청각적 대상이 아닌 시각적, 공간적 지각의 형태로 유도되고 변화됨으로서 또 다른 지각반응과 함께 긍정적 요소로서 사람들에게 인식될 수 있는 가능성들을 실험하는데 있다.

전립선 비대증 환자에서 Alfuzosin, Doxazosin 단독요법 및 Finasteride를 포함한 병합요법의 효과비교

김두용,류현열 KOSIN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE 2006 高神大學校 醫學部 論文集 Vol.21 No.1

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of alpha-blocker monotherapy and alpha-blocker + 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor combination therapy for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and the rate of surgery for acute urinary retention or resistance to medical therapy. Methods: From Jan. 2000 to Jan. 2004, one hundred sixty five symptomatic BPH patients had taken alfuzosin only, doxazosin only, alfuzosin + finasteride, and doxazosin + finasteride. Eighteen patients had taken alfuzosin only, 25 doxazosin only, 62 affuzosin + finasteride, 60 doxazosin+finasteride. The mean follow-up time was 7.4±4.2 months, 10.5±6.4 months, 10.3±5.6 months, and 10.6±6.8 months each. International prostatic symptom score (IPSS), quality of life (QOL) index, PSA, and TRUS were checked at first visit. IPSS and QOL index monthly follow-up were done. The response was assessed by measurement of IPSS and QOL index. The cases of acute urinary retention and surgery for resistance to medical therapy were included in this study. Result: The mean age of alfuzosin group is 62.2±8.2 years, doxazosin is 65.5±10.5 years, alfuzosin+finasteride is 66.7±9.4 years, and doxazosin+finasteride is 68.1±9.0 years. The mean PSA of patients is 1.45±0.89ng/dl, 1.63±1.00ng/dl, 1.63±1.00ng/dl, and 1.83±1.09ng/dl. The mean weight of prostate is 35.8±18.1gm, 29.6±9.8gm, 39.8±18.1gm, and 35.5±10.0gm. The change of IPSS after medication in four groups is 17.5±7.7 to 8.5±6.2, 17.5±4.8 to 9.8±4.0, 17.9±7.6 to 10.4±7.5, and 17.8±4.8 to 10.1±8.1. The change QOL index is 3.6±1.1 to 2.3±1.1, 3.4±0.7 to 2.5±0.9, 3.6±1.4 to 2.5±1.3, and 3.7±1.2 to 2.5±1.3 (P<0.05). The rate of surgery for acute urinary retention or resistance to medical therapy is 11.1%, 8.3%, 9.6%, and 6.6%. Conclusion: IPSS and QOL index are statistically improved in all of four groups after medical therapy but, no statistical difference was found between the efficacy of alpha-blocker monotherapy groups and those of alpha-blocker plus finasteride combination therapy groups. The comparison of rates of inevitable surgeries in each groups were also not different statistically. Monotherapy with Alpha-blocker is effective to improve low urinary tract symptom due to BPH. It will be necessary to make a long-term study about the efficacy of finasteride later.

2 클래스 CDMA 시스템의 성능과 블록킹 확률

김두용,최덕규 한국통신학회 1996 韓國通信學會論文誌 Vol.21 No.6

Mobile stations can be classified by the transmission power level in CDMA system. Different performance parameters will be given to each class of mobile stations so that the appropriate quality ofservices can be provided. In this paper, it is assumed that there are two clsses of mobile stations. with the classification of mobile stations, analytical models are presented for the estimates of the reverse link capacity and the blocking probability. From the model for the reverse link capacity, the maximum number of each class of mobile stations to be served is derived. It is shown that $E_{b/}$I reduction of 1 dB allows the capacity to be increased by 25% and the data transmission rate and the power control accuracy have a significant effect on the reverse link capacity and the blocking probability. Simulation results are provided for validating the anlaytical estimates of the blocking probability.ocking probability.y.

SAE Level 3 자율주행자동차의 고장 안전성 정량적 평가 방법 개발에 관한 연구

김두용,이상엽,이혁기,최인성,신재곤,박기홍 한국ITS학회 2019 한국ITS학회논문지 Vol.18 No.1

자율주행자동차는 고장이 발생하면 큰 위험에 노출되기 쉬우며, 이런 이유로 각국에서는자율주행자동차가 본격적으로 양산되기 전부터 고장 안전성을 객관화된 기준으로 평가하기위한 연구에 많은 노력을 기울이고 있다. 특히 레벨3로 불리는 조건부 자율주행자동차는 고장이 발생할 경우 제어권이 운전자에게 이전되어야 하는데 이때에 운전자의 제어 가능성이 충분히 확보되어야 한다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 조건부 자율주행자동차를 대상으로 고장 안전성을정량적으로 평가할 수 있는 방법에 관한 연구를 수행하였으며, 개발된 방법을 시뮬레이션을통해 검증하였다. 또한 본 논문에서 제안하는 평가 방법이 고장 안전성을 정량적으로 판단할수 있음을 확인 하였다. Autonomous vehicles can be exposed to severe danger when failure occurs in any of its components. For this reason many countries are making efforts on the legislative issue how to objectively evaluate failure safety of an autonomous vehicle when such a vehicle is commercially available to a customer in the near future. In level-3 automation, a driver must take over the control of his vehicle when failure occurs, and the driver's controllability must be secured for escape from the imminent danger. In this paper, quantitative methods have been developed for evaluating failure safety of the level-3 autonomous vehicle, and they were validated by simulation. And also, we confirmed that the proposed evaluation method can quantitatively evaluate the failure safety.

사물인터넷을 이용한 반도체 장비 통신 프로토콜 모델

김두용,김기완 한국반도체디스플레이기술학회 2019 반도체디스플레이기술학회지 Vol.18 No.4

The smart factory has developed with the help of several technologies such as automation, artificial intelligence, big data, smart sensors and communication protocols. The Internet of things(IOT) among communication protocols has become the key factor for the seamless integration of various manufacturing equipment. Therefore, it is important that the IOT cooperate with the standards of communication protocols proposed by the SEMI in the semiconductor industry. In this paper, we suggest a novel reference model of the communication protocols for semiconductor equipment by introducing an IOT service layer. With the IOT service layer, we can use the functions and the additional services provided by the IOT standards that give the inter-operability between factory machines and host computers. We implement the standard of the communication protocols for semiconductor equipment with the IOT service layer by using ns3 simulator. It concludes that it is necessary to provide the platform for the IOT service layer to deploy efficiently the proposed reference model of the communication protocols.

전립선비대증 환자에서 Alfuzosin, Doxazosin, Tamsulosin 단독요법과 Finasteride의 병합요법의 효과비교

김두용,김한석,김택상,최성,류현열 고신대학교의과대학 2007 고신대학교 의과대학 학술지 Vol.22 No.1

Background : The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of alpha-blocker monotherapy and alpha-blocker plus finasteride combination therapy for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) and the rate of surgery for acute urinary retention or resistance to medical therapy. Materials and Methods : From Jan. 2000 to Jan. 2004, 284 symptomatic BPH patients had taken alfuzosin only, doxazosin only, tamsulosin only, alfuzosin+finasteride, doxazosin+finasteride and tamsulosin+finasteride. 18 patients had taken alfuzosin only, 25 doxazosin only, 34 tamsulosin only, 62 alfuzosin+finasteride, 60 doxazosin+finasteride, and 85 tamsulosin+finasteride. The mean age of the patients was 65.9±9.6 years. The mean follow-up time was 7.4±4.2 months, 10.5±6.4 months, 7.0±5.6 months, 10.3±5.6 months, 10.6±6.8 months, and 9.6±8.5 months each. IPSS (international prostatic symptom score), QOL (quality of life) index, PSA, and TRUS were checked at first visit. IPSS and QOL index monthly follow-up were done. The response was assessed by measurement of IPSS and QOL index. The cases of acute urinary retention and surgery for resistance to medical therapy were included in this study. Results : The mean age of alfuzosin group is 62.2±8.2 years, doxazosin is 65.5±10.5 years, tamsulosin is 64.9±10.4 years, alfuzosin+finasteride is 66.7±9.4 years, doxazosin+finasteride is 68.1±9.0 years, and tamsulosin+finasteride group is 66.0±9.5 years. The mean PSA of patients is 1.45±0.89ng/dl, 1.63±1.00ng/dl, 1.58±1.26ng/dl, 1.63±1.00ng/dl, 1.83±1.09ng/dl, and 1.75±1.13ng/dl. The mean weight of prostate is 35.8±18.1gm, 29.6±9.8gm, 33.5±14.8gm, 39.8±18.1gm, 35.5±10.0gm, and 35.1±12.0gm. The change of IPSS after medication in six groups is 17.5±7.7 to 8.5±6.2, 17.5±4.8 to 9.8±4.0, 16.6±8.1 to 8.3±6.3, 17.9±7.6 to 10.4±7.5, 17.8±4.8 to 10.1±8.1, and 16.8±6.6 to 10.8±7.5. The change of QOL index is 3.6±1.1 to 2.3±1.1, 3.4±0.7 to 2.5±0.9, 3.4±1.0 to 2.4±1.1, 3.6±1.4 to 2.5±1.3, 3.7±1.2 to 2.5±1.3, and 3.6±1.1 to 2.7±1.2. (P<0.05). The rate of surgery for acute urinary retention or resistance to medical therapy is 11.1%, 8.3%, 11.7%, 9.6%, 6.6%, and 9.4%. Conclusions : IPSS and QOL index are statistically improved in all of six groups after medical therapy but, no statistical difference between efficacy of alpha-blocker monotherapy groups and alpha-blocker plus finasteride combination therapy groups was found. And no statistical difference was found in the rate of inevitable surgery also. Monotherapy with Alpha-blocker is effective to improve low urinary tract symptom due to BPH. It will be necessary to make a long-term study about the efficacy of finasteride later.

Qunatitative characterization of Internal Defects in RDX

김두용,정재욱,김현수,김광주 한국공업화학회 2007 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2007 No.1

낮은 지연을 갖는 사전등록 핸드오프의 성능분석

김두용,박상현 한국산학기술학회 2003 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.4 No.4

본 논문에서는 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 이용하여 모바일 IP에서 사용하는 낮은 지연을 갖는 사전 등록 핸드오프 방식 의 성능을 분석한다. 시스템의 이용률에 따라서 패킷 손실과 지연을 평가한다. 사전 등록 핸드오프 방식에 참여하는 외부 에이전트는 입력 및 출력포트를 갖는 큐로써 모델링 할 수 있으므로 본 논문에서는 오픈 큐잉 네트워크 모델을 이용하여 사전 등록 핸드오프 방식의 지연 시간값과 시스템내에 있는 패킷수를 얻기 위한 해석적 모델을 제시한다. 해석적 모델과 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션으로 얻은 값이 거의 일치함을 알 수 있다. In this paper we analyze the performance of the low latency pre-registration handoff method of mobile IP by computer simulation. Packet losses and delays are evaluatedin terms of system utilization. Foreign agents that participate in the handoff process can be modeled as queues representing input and output ports. Therefore, we propose an analytical model of pre-registration handoff by using open queueing network model. Simulation results are shown for validating analytical estimates.

Self-Similar 데이타 트래픽을 갖는 Mobile IP의 모델링

김두용,김기완 순천향대학교 부설 산업기술연구소 2001 순천향 산업기술연구소논문집 Vol.7 No.1

In this paper, we design and analyze the performance of routed optimization Mobile IP with Self-Similar Traffic using computer simulation. Mobile IP provides mobility for hosts connected to the Internet without changing their IP addresses. Generalized extensions of Poisson distribution have been used for modeling Internet traffic of arriving data packets at network. But, recent measurement shows these fluctuations over a wide range of time scales. That effect is called self-similar behavior. Traffic characteristics, α, registration process time, and buffering schemes during a handoff at the foreign agents have an impact on performance which we analyze in terms of average packet loss rate.

비정상상태하에서의 TDM 네트�p의 성능 분석

김두용 순천향대학교 1993 논문집 Vol.16 No.3

A central issue in computer network is that of modeling and performance analysis. It is critical that computer networks provide the user with good performance. Recently, it is noted that computer networks not only must have good steady state performance but must also provide acceptable performance under nonstationary and transient conditions. Typically, nonstationary can prevail by load sharing, changes in routing and flow control parameters, topological changes, network start-up and shoutdown, and nonstationary input loads. In fact, it is known that nonstationary conditions exist in most packet switched networks. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the performance features under the nonstationary conditions. In this research, the methods for analyzing nonstationary behavior of TDM networks are presented and the techniques developed here can be applicable to the general class of nonstationary queueing systems.