현대시조의 형식론적 계승에 대한 비판적 검토

김남규(Kim, Nam-Kyu) 한국시학회 2015 한국시학연구 Vol.- No.44

본 논문은 현재까지 창작되고 있는 현대시조가 ‘과연 정형시인가’라는 질문과 함께, ‘음보(音譜)’라는 개념의 불분명함을 논의하면서 현대시조의 형식론적 계승을 검토하였다. 음절수가 아닌 음량(mora)으로 음보율을 설명하려는 의도에서 우리는 음량이라는 단위는 객관적 실체로 입증하지 못한 채 막연한 심리적 경향으로 제시될 수밖에 없으며, 보편적 언어 체계 안에서 변별적 자질로 인정되기 어렵다. ‘등장성(等張性)’이라는 개념과 발음에 따른 음성학적 휴지에 의한 음보라는 개념에는 이미 통사적으로나 음성학적으로나 심리적 혹은 무의식적 배려가 작동하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 또한 통사적 구분에 따라 나눠지는 경계와 설정된 음보는 정확하게 일치하지도 않으며, 시의 특성과 시인 개별 발화 그리고 독자 모두와 상관없는 추상적인 마디 설정을 그 한계로 떠맡는다. 시의 의미와 상관없는 통사 구분은 시의 호성(ambiguity)과 결정불가능성(undecidability)의 기회조차 박탈해버리고, 하나의 음보 단위 안에 해석의 여지를 가둬버린다. 이에 따라 종장의 제2음보가 초중장의 음보보다 ‘과(過)’한 구조라는 것만 규칙으로 확정지을 수 있다. 고시조에서는 강한 정서적 중량을 가진 어사가 종장 제1음보를 이뤘으나, 현재에 이르면서 종장 제1음보는 3음절이라는 조건만 남게 되었다. 탈형식의 방식으로 시조가 현재까지 변형되며 지속되어 왔기 때문이다. 따라서 새로운 시조의 음보론이 요청되며, 현재 논의되고 있는 일반 자유시에 대한 리듬 연구에서도 마찬가지로 음보에 대한 논의는 계속 새롭게 씌어져야 한다. This study examined formalistic succession of modern sijo, discussing the ambiguity of the concept of ‘metre(音譜)’ as well as questioning ‘Is modern sijo still being composed until now really a fixed verse?’ Because of the intention that foot meter is explained not by the number of syllables, but by mora, the unit of mora can not help being presented as a vague psychological tendency without any objective reality, and it is difficult to recognize the mora as a distinctive feature in universal linguistic system. It is verified that the concept of metre by phonological pause according to the concept of ‘isometricity(等張性)’ and pronunciation is already operated by psychological or unconscious consideration in terms of syntax or phonetics. In addition, boundary by syntactic division didn’t exactly match with set metre. The characteristics of the poem, the poet’s own individual articulation, and the reader all took the limitation of irrelevant abstract foot set-up. Regardless of the meaning of the poem, syntactic division deprived the chances of poetic ambiguity and undecidability and confined any other choice of interpretation inside of one single foot unit. Accordingly, it is possible to make a rule that the second foot of the last of the 3 verses sijo is ‘more(過)’ stretched structure than the other verses. Although Ancient Korean sijo had the first foot of the last verse with more emotional tone, there has remained only the rule that the first foot of the last verse has 3 syllables up to modern times. It is because the trend of avoiding the formalism has transformed and continued to be reflected on the modern sijo. Therefore, it is necessary to suggest that a new theory of sijo metre is required, and rhythm research with present discussion on the general free verse should be reviewed in terms of metre as well.

도인(挑仁)이 일측 신절제와 streptozotocin으로 유발된 당뇨병성 신증 Rat에 미치는 영향

김남규,오재선,전상윤,Kim, Nam-Kyu,Oh, Jae-Seon,Jeon, Sang-Yun 대한한방내과학회 2014 大韓韓方內科學會誌 Vol.35 No.4

Objectives: Diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of end stage renal disease. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-${\beta}1$, type IV collagen, advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) are the main factors of diabetic nephropathy. We investigated the effects of Prunus on renal function and histopathological changes of diabetic nephropathy rat model induced by unilateral nephrectomy and streptozotocin. Methods: Diabetes was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats ($290{\pm}10g$) by injecting streptozotocin (55 mg/kg) into the tail vein after unilateral nephrectomy. Rats were divided into 3 groups (n=6): normal, control, and Prunus. After 8 weeks of oral administration of Prunus extract on the Prunus group from 3 days after streptozotocin injection, we checked weight, 24 hrs urine, blood biochemistry and renal tissue to evaluate renal function and histopathological changes by examining parameters including albuminuria, BUN, creatinine, cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride, TGF-${\beta}1$, type IV collagen, AGEs, and AT1. We also measured mRNA expression of TGF-${\beta}1$, type IV collagen, AGEs, and AT1 by Real Time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: Prunus decreased the amount of 24 hrs proteinuria, and inhibited histopathological changes of diabetic nephropathy including the expression and accumulation of TGF-${\beta}1$, type IV collagen and AGEs which could promote development of diabetic nephropathy. Prunus also inhibited mRNA expression of TGF-${\beta}1$, type IV collagen. Conclusions: These findings suggest that Prunus might protect the renal function and inhibit the development of renal injury by regulating factors including TGF-${\beta}1$, type IV collagen, AGEs, except AT1, so Prunus can be used for diabetic patients to prevent the progression of diabetic nephropathy.

목탄이 첨가된 $MgB_2$의 초전도 성질에 미치는 열처리 온도의 영향

김남규,탄카이신,전병혁,박해웅,주진호,김찬중,Kim, Nam-Kyu,Tana, Kai Sin,Jun, Byung-Hyuk,Park, Hai-Woong,Joo, Jin-Ho,Kim, Chan-Joong 한국초전도학회 2007 Progress in superconductivity Vol.9 No.1

Charcoal was used as a carbon source for improving the critical current density of $MgB_2$ and the effect of annealing temperature on the $J_c$ of $MgB_2$ was investigated. The charcoal powder used in this study was $1{\sim}2$ microns in size and was prepared by wet attrition milling. $MgB_2$ bulk samples with a nominal composition of $Mg(B_{0.95}C_{0.05})_2$ were prepared by in situ process of Mg and B powders. The powder mixture was uniaxially compacted into pellets and heat treated at temperatures of $650^{\circ}C\;-\;1000^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes in flowing Ar gas. It was found that superconducting transition temperature of $Mg(B_{0.95}C_{0.05})_2$ decreased by charcoal additions which indicates the carbon substitution for boron site. $J_c$ of $Mg(B_{0.95}C_{0.05})_2$ was lower than that of the undoped $MgB_2$ at the magnetic fields smaller than 4 Tesla, while it was higher than that of the undoped sample especially at the magnetic field higher than 4 T. High temperature annealing seems to be effective in increasing $J_c$ due to the enhanced carbon diffusion into boron sites.

도핑 비율에 따른 하이브리드 백색 OLED의 효율 향상에 관한 연구

김남규,신훈규,권영수,Kim, Nam-Kyu,Shin, Hoon-Kyu,Kwon, Young-Soo 한국전기전자재료학회 2014 전기전자재료학회논문지 Vol.27 No.9

We synthesized new materials of $Zn(HPB)_2$ and Ir-complexes as blue or red emitting material. We fabricated white Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED) by using $Zn(HPB)_2$ for the blue emitting layer, Ir-complexes for the red emitting layer and $Alq_3$ for the green emitting layer. We fabricated white OLED by using double emitting layers of $Zn(HPB)_2$:Ir-complexes and $Alq_3$. The doping rate of Ir-complexes was varied, such as 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8%, respectively. When the doping rate of $Zn(HPB)_2$:Ir-complexes was 0.6%, white emission was achieved. The Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of the white emission was (0.322, 0.312).

Hole Blocking Layer 사용에 따른 하이브리드 백색 OLED의 색순도 향상에 관한 연구

김남규,신훈규,권영수,Kim, Nam-Kyu,Shin, Hoon-Kyu,Kwon, Young-Soo 한국전기전자재료학회 2014 전기전자재료학회논문지 Vol.27 No.12

Novel materials of $Zn(HPB)_2$ and Ir-complexes were respectively synthesized as blue or red emitting material. White Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED) were fabricated by using $Zn(HPB)_2$ for a blue emitting layer, Ir-complexes for a red emitting layer and $Alq_3$ for a green emitting layer. White OLED was fabricated by using double emitting layers of $Zn(HPB)_2$ and $Alq_3:Ir$-complexes, and hole blocking layer of BCP. We also varied the thickness of BCP. When the thickness of BCP layer was 5 nm, white emission was achieved. We obtained a maximum luminance of $3,500cd/m^2$. The CIE coordinates was (0.375, 0.331). From this study, we could propose that the hybrid structure is efficient in lighting application of white OLED by improvement of color purity.

PSCAD/EMTDC를 이용한 ESS의 LVRT 제어 성능에 관한 연구

김남규(Nam-Kyu Kim),허재선(Jae-Sun Huh),권영진(Young-Jin Kwon) 대한전기학회 2019 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2019 No.7

전이학습을 이용한 외래식물 분류

김남규(Nam-Kyu Kim),이재원(Jae-Won Lee),김종인(Jong-In Kim),홍성훈(Sung-Hoon Hong) 대한전자공학회 2018 대한전자공학회 학술대회 Vol.2018 No.11

Accurate and fast classification of exotic plants can help farmers respond appropriately and improve crop productivity and quality. In this paper, we classified 16 exotic plants using the transfer learning method among the learning methods. In order to obtain the data, the features were cut out from the high-resolution photographs taken directly from the exotic plants using a tool made by MATLAB, and the learning and testing were carried out by changing the hyperparameters to the customized VGG-19 model pre-trained by ILSVRC"s ImageNet weight. For these 16 species, the network is able to achieve a classification accuracy of 97.71%.

BESS를 이용한 RI 운영시 SOC 관리 알고리즘 개발

김남규(Nam-Kyu Kim),허재선(Jae-Sun Huh) 대한전기학회 2018 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2018 No.11

임피던스 모델링 기반 STATCOM 계통 연계시 공진 현상 분석

김남규(Nam-Kyu Kim),권영진(Young-Jin Kwon),정주용(Joo-Yong Jung) 대한전기학회 2024 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2024 No.7

‘현대시조’라는 이념과 ‘율’의 문제

김남규(Kim, Nam-kyu) 한국시학회 2016 한국시학연구 Vol.- No.47

본 논문은 현대시조가 탄생하는 지점 혹은 현대시조가 구성되는 1920~1940년대 현대시조 관련 담론에 주목하였다. 그동안 현대시조와 관련된 연구 대부분이 시조부흥론자들의 논의에 보다 집중하면서 안확의 시조론은 상대적으로 소외시켰다. 그러나 안확의 『시조시학』은 그 당시 실증적이고 과학적인 ‘최초의 시조 연구서’였으며, 왕실 소장 자료를 토대로 연구한 시조론이기에 주목할 필요가 있다. 시조부흥론자들은 고시조(시조창)에서 현대시조의 기원을 찾았고, 시조창으로부터 악곡을 제거한 형식을 제시하며 새로운 조선 시형을 모색한다. 전통과의 연속성과 민족성을 담지하는 조선 시형을 기획하면서 동시에 근대적인 시형을 추구해야 하는 시대적 과제가 주어졌기 때문이다. 결국 이들에게 시의 성립 요건이 되는 ‘율(律)’의 문제가 도래하였다. 조윤제는 고시조에서 통계를 냈고, 이병기는 도막을 제시했지만, 안확은 끝까지 음악성을 제시하면서 불변적 정형성을 ‘선율’로 제시하였다. 시조부흥론자들과 다르게 안확에게 있어 선율의 문제는 균등한 박자의 배분과 강약의 안배, 즉 음성의 율동에 의해 발생하는 것이었다. 이들 모두에게 신시와의 차이, 그리고 조선적인 문학 장르가 필요했기 때문이다. 이에 따라 시조를 짓는 행위 자체가 민족적 동일성을 공유하고 있다는 이념이 되었다. 즉, ‘현대시조’는 문학 장르적 실체가 아니라, 이념이었던 것이다. The present study began with interest in the discourses of modern Korean Sijo(verse) in 1920s through 1940s, during which modern Korean Sijo was born or started to be written. Until now, most of the studies on modern Korean Sijo have paid more attention to the discussions of Sijo revivalists and less to Sijo Theory of Jasan An, Whak. However, An, Whak"s Sijo Sihak(Poetry) is worth paying attention to because it was then "the first research paper of Sijo", which is practical and scientific, and a Sijo theory that was researched based on the royal collections. Sijo revivalists maintained the origin of modern Korean Sijo is the ancient Korean Sijo(Shijo-chang; chang means Korean traditional narrative song) and sought for a new form of Chosun poem by removing melodies from Shijo-chang. They did so because they were given a challenge of the times to plan and find a modern form of Chosun poem, which contains all of tradition, continuity, and ethnicity of Chosun. Eventually, they faced a hard issue of "Yeul(scale)", which is a key requirement of a poem. While Cho, Yoon-jae suggested statistics for "Yeul(scale)" of ancient Korean Sijo and Lee, Bung-ki proposed "Domak(part form)", An, Whak put forth "melody" as unchangeable pattern of ancient Korean Sijo, emphasizing the musicality of Chosun Sijo to the end. Unlike Sijo revivalists, An, Whak understood that melody was about equal beat and arranging dynamics. In other words, melody was what is created by rhythms of sounds. To all of them, they needed a difference of Chosun Sijo from new poem and a Chosun-exclusive literature genre. Therefore, the act of composing Sijo itself became a, ideological symbol for sharing the same ethnic identity. That is, "modern Korean Sijo" was not the substance of a literature genre, but ideology.