‘로리타’ 작품에 나타난 러시아어, 영어 동사의 비교연구 (1)

김군선(Kim Kun Sun) 한국노어노문학회 2010 노어노문학 Vol.22 No.2

본 연구는 ‘로리타’ 작품의 영어와 러시아어 본에 나타난 동사를 비교하여 양언어의 형태 통사론적 특성과 의미를 밝히려 한다. 본 연구는 상응하는 두 언어의 동사표현을 파생별로 분류하여 이를 형태 통사 및 의미론적으로 분석 비교하는 방법을 쓴다. 이에 덧 붙여 러시아어 동사를 형태 통사론적 기준으로 볼 때 동사는 어근, 접두사, 재귀소사 등의 형태소로 구성되는데 여기서 접두사는 사건의 행위자가 기타 참여자에 대한 상관관계에서 고유의 형상으로 나타남과 더불어 동사의 어근에 부가되며 나머지 참여자가 항가로 결합축을 형성한다는 이론에서 출발한다. 이러한 연구의 결과 영어는 비교적 명사, 형용사 등에서 파생이 용이할 뿐만 아니라 물론 러시아어와 같이 접두사, 어근의 구조를 보이는 어휘들이 있기는 하지만 형태적으로도 대부분 단순구조를 보인다. 또한 영어는 형태적으로 다른 조어론적 다양성이 풍부한 어휘를 만들어내는 이점을 보인다. 이에 반해 러시아어는 영어와 달리 주로 행위를 의미구조로 분석하여 이를 형태소로 재구성하는 형식을 취하고 있다. 이러한 조어적, 형태적 차이는 의미론적으로 볼 때 영어는 파생전의 어휘가 행위적 의미로 바뀌는데 그치고 있으며 러시아어는 형태소의 복합적 구성에 따라 내포적 의미를 포함하여 메타포적 의미로서 다양한 의미를 나타내고 있다. This is to conduct a comparative study of expressions centered on verbs in the English and Russian versions of Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov with a view to characterizing the literary device of both English and Russian. The approach is taken to classify corresponding verbal expressions by types of derivation and compare the morpho-syntactic structure of the expressions. All along the line, the comparative study shows that English exhibits varieties of derivation, i.e. denominal, deadjectival, deverbal, where morphological mechanism has the advantage of facilitating the derivation in terms of parts of speech and meaning, whereas Russian has a unique mechanism with a use of various morphemes of verbal roots, prefixes, and/or verbal reflexive particle where prefixes are oriented to relate participants to one another in events. In terms of derivation, English is so productive of verbal conversion in a simple way as to resort to varieties of sources for makeup of words to the extent where meaning derivation is likewise simply made, whereas in the most part, Russian re-interpretes the meaning of English words to rely on the mechanism of word formation with the apparatus of roots, prefixes, verbal reflexive particle in combination of which meanings are made in a complex way. The differences in the makeup mechanisms lead to it that English words denote the meaning of single morpheme except for words with the makeup of prefix and root, whereas Russian words show the complex representation of various morphemes which device has the advantage of not only enabling word formation in a constructive way but also denoting complex tiers of meaning.

러시아어 감정표현 메타포의 인지적 개념구조

김군선(Kim Kun Sun) 한국노어노문학회 2006 노어노문학 Vol.18 No.3

본 논문은 러시아어 동사어구로 표현된 감정표현의 메타포를 분석대상으로 한다. 분석의 도구로는 Jackendoff가 원래 개념적 의미론자의 입장에서 개발한 모델을 필자가 러시아어 동사에 맞게 보완한 개념구조의 틀을 이용한다. 감정표현의 메타포는 기본적으로 내면적인 감정의 사건에 외부의 가시적인 공간적 사건의 형상을 상응하게 함으로써 감정 현상을 형상화하는 데 사용되는데, 이 메타포의 성격은 러시아어 동사어구에서 핵을 이룬다고 할 수 있는 PV(P는 접두사, V는 동사어간)의 구조에 의해 결정된다. 감정 사건의 일반적 행위종류는 V 즉, 동사어간이 결정하고, 이 사건의 구체적 형상은 P즉, 접두사가 결정한다. 이를 본 논문에서 사용되는 개념구조도로 설명하면, 감정 사건의 성격은 V가 나타내고 P는 이 V의 시공간적 진행경로의 궤적을 조망하여 사건전체의 공간적 형상을 제공한다는 것이 된다. 이러한 메타포 분석의 메커니즘을 이용해, ‘에워싸다’, ‘멀리 끌고 가다’ 등과 같은 일반적 공간적 사건 진행의 예에서부터 보다 구체적인 파도의 범람, 무거운 짐의 중압, 고통, 감염의 병리적 형상, 식물의 형상, 자연의 색깔 등과 같은 예에 이르기까지 다양한 메타포를 분석하고자 한다. This thesis is to investigate the metaphoric expressions of emotions in Russian verbal phrases. In the investigation is applied a methodology of conceptual structure which, originally developed by the conceptual semanticist Jackendoff, has been adapted to reflect the characteristics of Russian verbal structure by the present author. To elaborate into the theory, to focus on the center piece of Russian verbal phrases, prefixed verbs (from now on P V(P for prefix, V for verbal stem)) are structured to represent a spatial configuration of events where V characterizes a generic category of actional events and P specifies the path of the motion in process, imparting an overall spatial configuration to it. Now to introduce the formal theoretical framework, an event is conceptually represented by [event V ([THING<SUP>α</SUP>; FEELING], [path PREF TO [place P [THING<SUP>β</SUP>; CONTAINER of FEELING]]])] where the head is V(action), the agent THING<SUP>α</SUP>, the goal THING<SUP>β</SUP>, PREF prefix and P preposition. To paraphrase it in prose, an event occurs in a way that the agent takes action with regard to the goal with a spatial perspective of PREF and P. Then to proceed to the metaphoric representation of emotions, a mapping is made to correspond the entities in source domains to the entities in target domains so that in the formalism the former is put on the right in the entity bracket, whereas the latter on the left, e.g. [THING<SUP>α</SUP>; FEELING], [THING<SUP>β</SUP>; CONTAINER of FEELING]. With the methodology, our analysis of the metaphors starts with general actional events, then proceeds to more concrete metaphoric actions, i.e. waves, tooth pains, burden, infection, shapes of plants, and colors.

러시아어 감정표현의 메타포에서 접두사와 동사의 선택적 결합

김군선(Kim Kun Sun) 한국노어노문학회 2008 노어노문학 Vol.20 No.4

본 논문은 러시아어에서 감정을 표현하는 메타포가 만들어지고, 형성되는 데 중심이 되는 인식론적 핵을 이룬다고 할 수 있는, 동사와 접두사의 의미적 결합관계의 구체적인 양상을 살펴본다. 이러한 동사의 통사적 메커니즘은 선택적으로 이루어지는데, 이를 살펴보기 위해 동일한 동사에 비슷한 형상을 표현하는 접두사들이 결합하게 되는 다양한 양상을 고찰하고자 한다. 이를 통해 동사와 접두사 결합의 의미적 관계의 일반성, 그리고 미세한 차이를 파악할 수 있을 것이다. 우선 공간적으로 일정한 정향적 형상을 나타내는 접두사 за-, у-, пере-는 감정표현을 위해, ‘과다한 정도’의 형상을 매개로 하여 여러 행위동사들과 결합할 수 있는데 여기서 이들이 어떻게 나타나는 지를 살피는 것이다. 또한 이외에 다른 형상인 정면지향의 на-나 접근의 형상의 при-가 감정표현에서 위의 접두사와 달리 어떤 동사와 결합하며 어떻게 다른 가를 다룬다. 이러한 선택적 결합관계에서 접두사 за-는 ‘정도의 과다’의 형상을 매개로 감정의 메타포에, 접두사 у-는 원거리 목표영역의 지향으로서 감정적, 정신적 메타포에 잘 쓰이는 반면, 경계이동의 형상을 나타내는 접두사 -пере는 ‘감정의 과다’를 표현하거나, 혹은 ‘감정의 전위’ 도 표현하는 등, 의미관계가 다양하게 나타나 그 결합관계의 일반성을 추출해내기가 힘들다. 반면 접두사 на-는 ‘감정의 정면지향’과 ‘양의 과다’로 나타난다. The thesis is to investigate the interaction of verbs and prefixes in the metaphoric representation of emotions in terms of meaning in Russian verb phrases with a cognitive approach with a view to finding semantic authenticities or differences in each prefix. The prefixes chiefly employed in the emotional metaphor are first za-, u-, pere- which are figured to represent the spatial configuration of direction and/or distance, translocation, and secondly na- with a configuration of one-on-one direction and quantity, o- with that of circumferential dimension. The prefixes, for the most part, would be combined with action verbs to express emotions in phrases where the semantic make-ups of the two elements are investigated to first delineate, if any, the semantic differences of each prefix in the seeming similarities, to say nothing of different uses of prefixes. Through this examination is it proven that among the seemingly identical prefixes, to say, za-, u-, pere-, first za- is figured to denote excessiveness of degree in direction, and on the other hand, u- to mark goal-oriented distant direction in the respect of which the prefix is mostly employed for mental metaphor, and lastly pere- , confusingly, to be dispersed among excessiveness of degree and transference. Next for na-, it is employed to mark one-on-one direction and quantity differently from the above.

러시아어 이동동사 구문에서의 공간구조

김군선(Kim Kun Sun) 한국슬라브유라시아학회 2001 슬라브학보 Vol.16 No.1

This article is to investigate how space is structured in Russian motional verbal phrases. The study adopts a cognitive linguistic approach to deal with how we perceive an event in space and make a linguistic representation of it. It is characteristic of Russian verbal phrases that the cognitive aspect of spatial elements in events is structured. We assume that events occur in a spatial continuum of path which consists of a starting point, intermediate points and an ending point. In Gestalt psychology, events are perceived in a saliency relationship between the participants of figure and ground, where an agent or theme stands as figure with regard to a reference object as ground. Now the spatial structural framework of events is postulated as follows: [event V ([ X ], [path PREF [place PREP [ Y ] ] ] ) ] where X refers to the cognitive ontological category of agent or theme, Y to the ontological category of reference object and V is the head of the verbal phrase, the quintessential element of the predicate, PREF is prefix and PREP is preposition. Events are organized as a path along a spatial continuum in which the figure moves to or towards the ground. The path involves primarily an overall spatial view of the whole event and then within it a partial view of the event, where the figure is in contact or noncontact with the ground. We call the overall view of the event headed by PREF a macro-spatial perspective and the partial view headed by PREP a micro-spatial perspective. In this spatial framework, the event is organized so that the macro- perspective of prefixes functions as an overall view of path from the starting point to the ending point and the micro perspective of prepositions as a detailed view of the culminating point of the path. The macro-perspective is relatively more encompassing inasmuch as it includes a variety of micro-perspectives, while the micro-perspective is a concrete representation of the event at the culminating point. This shows the functional distribution and structuring of the spatial perspectives representing the spatial continuum of the event. The parameter of macro-perspective is orientation in terms of which macro-perspectives are classified into horizontal, vertical or circular ones. The parameter of micro-perspective is contact or noncontact of the figure with the ground, where prepositions represent a dimensional character of the reference object or a relative location of the figure with regard to the object. The two spatial perspectives are organized in a structural hierarchy to represent four classes of event paths: route path, origin path, goal path and direction path.

러시아어 동사에서 접두사의 의미와 접두사부가의 통사론적 성격

김군선(Kim Kun-Sun) 한국슬라브유라시아학회 2000 슬라브학보 Vol.15 No.1

러시아어동사구에서의 부가어규칙

김군선(Kim Kun Sun) 한국노어노문학회 2003 노어노문학 Vol.15 No.2

This investigation is to study how to lexically treat with and link the adjuncts of actional head verbs at the levels of conceptual structure and syntactic structure from the position of conceptual semantics. Adjuncts here may comprise both optional and obligatory arguments. i.e., PNP, NPins, so far as the semantic interpretation of the latter can be properly formulated by extralexical rules in terms of the lexical simplification of lexical entry. Thus the theory here is assuming adjunct rules that provide for semantic interpretations of the adjuncts left unspecified at the conceptual structure of the head verbs. on the condition that the sub-variables of the verbal function satisfy the rules. The formulation of adjunct rules for arguments at the thematic tier is now combined with the linking rules for arguments at the action tier (K.S.Kim, 2002) to present an overview of the conceptual semantics of actional head verbs in Russian.

러시아어의 동사구문에서의 격의 의미적 접근

김군선(Kim Kun Sun) 한국노어노문학회 2002 노어노문학 Vol.14 No.1

This investigation is an attempt to propose a new approach to case forms in Russian verbal phrases. It adopts the hypothesis that a semantic structure of verbs at lexical level is posited as an array of thematic roles. to which syntactic representations are to be matched. The semantic representation is made by the modification of Jackendoff's "lexical conceptual structure" that applies the Talmy's force-dynamics theory to capture various dynamic relationships of entities participating in events or states. The makeup of arguments constituting the semantic structure is then to be related to the case forms in the syntax by linking theory. which constitutes a lexical redundancy rule. Along the line. it illustrates that insofar as case forms in the syntax correspond to an array of arguments in the semantic structure. they are semantic by virtue of making a semantic contribution to the lexical interpretation. To such a category of semantic case belong some uses of case forms. i.e. accusative. dative, instrumental. This argument. albeit demonstrative. goes contrary with the case theories of Chomsky and Babby. First, accusative may be semantic as opposed to the treatment of it as configurational. Secondly, dative and instrumental also may be semantic since the arguments corresponding to the case forms are to be represented in the semantic structure. In other word, the case forms are predictable and productive at lexical level. which runs counter to the conclusion of Babby that they are unpredictable and ideosyncratic. This investigation demonstrates a semantic approach to case forms in Russian such as to open a way to further study many uses of accusative. the semantic structure of subjectless sentences and the linking of dative to the structure, and many uses of instrumental.

The Application of 'Force Dynamics' to the Psychological Force Verbs and the Social Interaction Verbs

Kun-Sun Kim(김군선) 한국노어노문학회 2005 노어노문학 Vol.17 No.1

This study investigates that the dynamic force mechanism constitutes the semantics of the psychological force and social interaction verbs at the underlying base. First, as for the class of the psych -sja verbs, e.g. starat'sja(to try), pytat' sja(to attempt), it is seen that in it applies the principle that with two split selves in a conflict one self(X) prevails over the other(X). This mechanism is represented as a type of CAUSE function, [CS ([X], [AFF([X], [event])]). This shows the relation of the first X as prevailing agent to the second X as subjected theme or patient. The relation may be more elaborated on in the action tier with the scheme of AFF (DIR, FAV, EFF) (X, X) that specifies the semantics (AFF) of the relation. First the DIR relates to the mode of the exertion of X(actor) to X(patient). Secondly the FAV signifies the evaluation of the exertion by the patient. Lastly the EFF denotes the outcome of the exertion. Further this force dynamics mechanism is applied in the verbs relative to social interaction, e.g. ugovorit'(persuade), protivit' sja(oppose). This is a social interaction between social entities where one socio-psychological dynamic force(X) affects another force(Y). This mechanism is schematized as [CS ([X], [AFF ([Y], [event])]]. The scheme may be more specified to differentiate the semantics of the verbs in the action tier: AFF (DIR, FAV, EFF) (X, Y) or REACT (DIR, FAV, EFF) (X, Y). Thus it is seen that this force dynamics machinery is applied in the verbs of other than proper domain.

Spatial Structure in Russian verbal phrases 러시아어 동사구문에서의 공간구조

김군선(Kun-Sun Kim) 한국노어노문학회 2001 한국노어노문학회 학술대회 발표집 Vol.2001 No.4