‘아무’의 지시적 성격과 출현 형태 및 의미적 해석

구종남(Koo, Jongnam) 한국언어문학회 2011 한국언어문학 Vol.79 No.-

This paper aims to elucidate the morphological, semantic, and pragmatic characteristics of the Korean indefinite pronouns ‘amwudo’ and ‘amwuna.’ ‘Amwu’ can be used as the form ‘amwudo’, ‘amwuna’ which are auxiliary case marker ‘-do’, ‘-na’ combined forms. Thinking ‘amwu’ is a nominal, the case marker combining restraints to ‘Amoo’ is ununderstandable. And the fact that ‘amwu’ can be combined only with auxiliary case marker ‘-do’(also),‘-na’(or)must be explained. In this paper, in relation to the referent which it refers, I argued that the expression ‘amwu’ has the sense that it’s referring object is not fixed, so it cannot be a existence or identity which is a precondition in action, statehood. Therefore it cannot be combined with case markers. The reason why ‘amwu’ can combine with auxiliary case marker ‘-do’(also), ‘-na’(or) is that these can make a fixed entities by the meanings of them. I discussed the characteristics of ‘amwudo’ and ‘amwuna’. The former can be used only in negative context, and the latter can be used only in the affirmative context. ‘Amwudo can be interpreated universally in negative contexts, but principally ‘amwuna’ can be interpreted existentially.

형용사에서 영파생된 동사에 대한 인지적 분석

구종남(Koo Jongnam) 국어문학회 2021 국어문학 Vol.78 No.-

외현적 접사가 결합되지 않고 형용사가 동사화된 ‘밝다’, ‘크다’, ‘길다’, ‘붉다’, ‘검다’, ‘시다’의 파생 원리를 밝히는 것이 본고의 목적이다. 형용사에서 영파생된 동사는 해당 형용사에 ‘-어 지다’가 결합된 형과 동일하게 상태 변화를 나타낸다는 점에서 이미 존재하는 단어가 있을 경우에는 새로운 단어의 생성이 차단된다는 저지(blocking) 원리를 생각하면 위의 형용사가 동사로 파생되는 것이 문제가 될 수 있다. 본고에서는 저지 원리가 존재함에도 형용사에서 동사가 파생될 수 있는 이유는 형용사에서 영파생된 형용사파생동사와 형용사에 ‘-어 지다’가 결합된 형식이 상태 변화에서의 내적 양상이 달라 이들은 Plag(2003)의 완전 동의어 조건에 벗어나기 때문이라고 주장했다. 본고에서는 형용사에서 동사가 영파생되는 현상을 인지언어학의 체험적 견해로 설명했다. 이들 영파생 동사가 특정한 주어를 취해 기술하는 상황은 모두 상태 변화로서 우리가 주변에서 체험하는 현상이며 일상적, 보편적, 획일적, 자연적, 점진적이라는 특징을 갖는다는 사실이 형용사로부터 영파생동사가 가능하게 되는 기본적인 이유라고 보았다. 본고에서는 이들 체험이 나타내는 상태 변화를 영파생동사의 기저어인 형용사가 영파생동사의 주어를 취하여 나타내는 상태를 시간의 흐름에 따라 연속 주사하는 방식과 같다고 보고, 특정 상태 변화를 상태의 연속 주사로 인식하는 것을 형용사파생 동사의 생성 원리로 해석했다. 이렇게 볼 때 문제의 형용사와 이에서 파생된 동사의 여러 가지 특징이 설명되었다. 형용사파생동사가 지역, 사회, 문화와 관련된 생성과 존재 방식을 갖는 사실에 대해서도 본고에서 논의되었다. 파생동사로의 인정 여부, 빈도상의 차이, 활용어미와 결합에서의 차이는 바로 이런 형성 배경과 관련이 있다고 할 수 있었다. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the generating principle of the zero-derived verbs from adjectives ‘baktta’(bright), ‘keuda’(big), ‘gilda’(long), ‘buktta’(red), ‘geomtta’(black), and ‘seeda’(sour). In this paper, the phenomenon of verb derivation from adjectives without affixes is explained through the experiential view of cognitive linguistics. The situations which these zero-derived de-adjectival verbs describe in sentences, are all related to state changes, which are the phenomena that we experience around us. And they are ordinary, universal, uniform, natural, and gradual. The fact that the situations have such characteristics is the basic reason that zero-derived verbs from adjectives are made. In this paper, we also discuss the mode in which zero-derived de-adjectival verbs are formed and exist in relation to region, society, and culture. The problems of whether or not they are recognized as derived verbs, and the differences which they show in frequency of use, and taking conjugation endings, are directly related to this formation background.

종결어미 ‘-다면서’의 문법화와 의미 해석

구종남(Koo, Jongnam) 국어문학회 2020 국어문학 Vol.75 No.-

본고의 목적은 인용 구성의 축약형 ‘-다면서’가 문법화를 통해 각기 다른 의미를 지닌 ‘-다면서1’(확인), ‘-다면서2’(빈정댐), ‘-다면서3’(환기)으로 종결어미화되는 과정을 밝히고, 이들 형식의 의미 기능과 이들 의미가 나타나는 구문상의 여러 특징을 밝히는 데 있다. 본고에서는 ‘빈정댐’의 의미를 갖는 ‘-다면서’ 구문을 후행절이 생략된 인용 접속 구성의 축약형 ‘-다면서’ 구문과 비교했다. 이를 통해서 ‘빈정댐’의 의미를 갖는 ‘-다면서’는 ‘확인’의 ‘-다면서’와는 다른 방식으로 문법화되었으므로 이들의 의미는 별개로 구별되어 기술되어야 한다고 주장했다. 또한 본고에서는 ‘-다면서’가 ‘환기’의 의미 기능을 나타낼 수 있다는 사실과 연결어미로도 문법화되었다는 사실을 밝혔다. 그리고 종결어미화된 ‘-다면서’가 어떤 원리로 인용 접속 구성의 축약형 ‘-다면서’와는 달리 ‘확인’이나 ‘빈정댐’의 의미를 갖게 되는지에 대해 원리적인 설명을 제시했다. 나아가 본고에서는 종결어미 ‘-다면서’ 구문의 억양, 통사, 의미, 화용적 특성에 대해서도 논의했으며, 여러 유형의 ‘-다면서’ 구문은 통사, 의미적으로 모호한 경계를 지닌다고 주장했다. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the processes in which the abbreviated citation connective form ‘-damyeonseo’(-다면서) changes into sentence final ending which means confirmation, sarcasm, through grammaticalization, and clarify some of the semantic functions of these forms and the various characteristics of the sentences in which these meanings appear. Depending on the fact that ‘-damyeonseo1’(confirmaion), ‘-damyeonse2’(sarcasm) grammaticalized diffenently, this paper argued that their meanings must be discriminated and their meanings should be described separately. In addition, this paper argued that ‘-damyeonseo’ grammaticalized as a sentence final ending representing the meaning of awakening, and ‘-damyeonseo’ also grammaticalized as a connective ending. I argued that in what principles sentence final ending ‘-damyeonse1,2,3’ have the different meanings. Furthermore, the terminal contour, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic characteristics of final ending ‘-damyeonseo’ were examined in this paper.

화용론적 가정과 부정극어

구종남(Koo Jongnam) 한국언어문학회 2007 한국언어문학 Vol.60 No.-

  Pragmatic negative polarity items(PNPIs) can be NPIs not by the inherent lexical meaning but by the pragmatic assumption. This thesis aims to explore the principles and the conditions of PNPIs.<BR>  Expressions assumed as endpoints in pragmatic scales come to have upward entailments if used in negative sentences, and bear universal negative inferences. Therefore the endpoints cannot be used in positive context. If the expressions were used in positive contexts, the meaning of the sentences are contradictory to the universal negative inferences. In this reason these expression cannot occur in positive context, so they come to gain [+negative] features. By way of these features these expressions can be NPIs which can occur only in negative contexts.<BR>  But these endpoint expressions can be used in positive contexts in literal meaning. So we may doubt whether these are real NPIs. But generally the usage of literal meaning of pragmatic NPIs is ignored in discussion, because these used in positive sentences as literal meanings are different from those of NPIs in nature.<BR>  This thesis proposed two conditions which qualifies pragmatic endpoints as NPIs. Firstly, the exclusive usage in negative context must be conventionalized. Secondly, the usage of literal meaning should be extremely limited.

담화표지 ‘다’에 대하여

구종남(Koo Jongnam) 한국언어문학회 2008 한국언어문학 Vol.67 No.-

The purposes of this paper are to elucidate the syntactic and semantic properties of discourse marker ‘da’(all). Generally ‘da’ is used as a adverb or noun, but it can be used as a discourse marker, too. In this paper I showed several evidences which support ‘da’ to be a discourse marker, and explored the meanings and syntactic phenomena of ‘da’. ‘Da’ appears with high frequency in oral discourse and has no lexical meaning, so it is optional in sentence. ‘Da’ can appear sentence medially and finally as well. I argued that the main function of ‘da’ is to represent the speaker’s unexpectedness. Also in this paper I discussed the process that ‘da’ becomes a discourse marker. I demonstrated that discourse marker ‘da’ had been derived from adverb/noun through the pragmatic strengthening in grammaticalization.

‘-어 오다/가다’의 직시적 의미와 상적 특징

구종남(Koo, Jongnam) 한국언어문학회 2011 한국언어문학 Vol.76 No.-

. This paper aims to elucidate the functions and properties of auxiliary verbs ‘oda(come)’ and ‘gada(go)’ in relation to the deictic meanings. ‘O/gada’ are deictic verbs when used as main verbs. The functions of these auxiliary verbs have not been explained enough in spite of the many studies about them. The Aspect functions of these verbs are similar to those of progressive makers in that both need time span in situation type. In this paper I examined similarities and differences between ‘o/gada’ and ‘-go itta’(progressive maker) and showed that ‘o/gada’ cannot be progressive makers. I argued that ‘o/gada’ are continuative aspect markers. The deictic center of ‘o/gada’ in the unmarked anchorage points are speaker, speaker’s utterance time, and speaker’s utterance location. The properties of the deictic center are maintained when they are used as auxiliary verbs. These deictic meanings are represented in auxiliary verb constructions. And ‘oda’ represents speaker’s subjective view point, but ‘gada’ shows speaker’s objective viewpoint. I proposed that these are related to deictic center of ‘o/gada’. Lastly I explained the syntagmatic restraints of ‘o/gada’ to verbs, adjectives, existent verb ‘itta’ and copular ‘ida’, and showed the aspect meanings in relation to deictic meaning of ‘o/gada’ as main verbs. And I examined the meanings and usage of ‘o/gada’ when speakers have special normalcy and desirability. If speakers have desirability on a special state, they choose ‘oda’ and if not, they choose ‘gada’.